- In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called.
- When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name.
- Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java:
collapsed:: true
- Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object.
- Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object.
- Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object.
- Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object.
- It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them.
- Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable.
- DONE Past exam papers
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13
- Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes**
- ## polymorphism
- encapsulation
- Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**.
- abstraction.
- Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user.
- Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or
[**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter).
- Overloading vs. overriding
- When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters
- Interface
- DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}}
collapsed:: true
SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13Tue>
- DONE 看笔记
- DONE 做题
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01
- DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_
- DONE Job application letter
- Cover letter (application letter)
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
[Your name]
[Your address]
[Your city, state and zip code]
[Date]
[Hiring manager's name]
[Hiring manager's title]
[Company name]
[Company address]
[Company city, state and zip code]
Dear [Hiring manager's name],
I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job.
[Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.]
[Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.]
[Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.]
Sincerely,
[Your name]
#+END_VERSE
- DONE Academic
- DONE research proposal
- Format
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
Your proposal should include the following:
1. TITLE
Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question
2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
You should include:
the background and issues of your proposed research
identify your discipline
a short literature review
a summary of key debates and developments in the field
3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S)
You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
You should provide an outline of:
the theoretical resources to be drawn on
the research approach (theoretical framework)
the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods
5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE
You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis.
For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration.
For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
You should include:
a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal
a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research
#+END_VERSE
- DONE academic paper
- DONE abstract
- Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts
- ● Short -uaually less than 120 words.
- ● Includes:
- ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives)
- ● methods used
- ● scope of the paper/work
- ● introducing the subject.
- ● Doesn’t include:
- ● results, conclusions and recommendations
- It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper.
- ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without
providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document
contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond
what you would find in the document's table of contents.
- ● An outline of your work
- •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts
- ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more.
- ● Include:
- ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives)
- ● method used
- ● scope of the work
- ● results / findings
- ● conclusions and recommendations
- ● contributions, novelty (optional)
- It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the
conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these
results.
- DONE introduction
- a clear sense of purpose,
thorough understanding of reader needs, and
close attention to correct formats.
- Research paper introductions are always unique.
After all, research is original by definition. However, they often
contain six essential items. These are:
- **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of
your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific
subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case.
Note that you will address them in the publication.
- **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review
other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern
scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior
research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have
that expertise.
- **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to
be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues.
Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a
gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will
interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of
your paper.
- **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to
make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you
will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you
measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices.
- **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a
thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run
through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and
clear.
- **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline.
Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the
following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the
end of your paper.
- These six items are emphasized more or less,
depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might
emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the
overview.
- DONE conclusion
- Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper.
- Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study.
- Demonstrating the importance of your ideas.
- Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem.
- DONE Report
- Informal
- DONE letter report
- Format
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are:
Heading;
Date;
Address;
Salutation;
Body;
Complimentary close;
Signature.
The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts:
Introduction: Here the writer states the problem.
Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented.
Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body.
The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report.
#+END_VERSE
- Sample
- ```text
Opex Apparel Ltd.
(A house for best Garments)
Dhanmondi, Dhaka
25th, May 2021
Managing Director
Opex Apparel Ltd.
Dhanmondi, Dhaka.
Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom.
Dear Sir,
In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara
showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and
therefore submitting my report hereunder. <abstract,introduction>
A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments
but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their
best to return the garments but failed because there was no
attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a
result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed
complaints regarding this issue. <findings>
In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to
handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for
the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting
dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of
competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business.
I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served
with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there
for proper functioning. <recommendation>
I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation
for the betterment of our company.<close>
Yours faithfully
M. A Khan Secretary
```
- DONE memo report
- Format
- Abstract
- Clear statement of memo's purpose
Outline of main parts of memo
- Body
- Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end
Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items
Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader
Tactful presentation of any negative news
- Conclusion
- Clear statement of what step should occur next
Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers
- Sample:
- ```text
MEMORANDUM
DATE:
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo].
As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening
paragraph].
Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your
cooperation as [official business information] takes place.
```
- Formal
- DONE Letter Text Combination Form
- Types
- proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a
particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically
prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific
idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report
is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable,
beneficial, and worth pursuing.
- feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors.
- progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status,
achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative.
It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or
quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward
established goals and objectives.
- evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the
performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or
initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the
subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives.
- problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes
of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions
or recommendations.
- recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the
recommendation.
- Template
- ```text
Report on [topic of the report]
Submitted on [date of submission]
Summary or Abstract
[This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and
overall conclusion.]
Introduction
[This provides insight into the purpose of the report.]
Background
[This section provides background information for the reader to understand the
context of the remaining content.]
Methodology
[This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your
findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using
qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.]
Findings
[Present your findings based on your research.]
Conclusions
The main issues we found were as follows:
[Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.]
Recommendations
To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps:
[Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions
to help solve the problem.]
Appendix
[List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other
sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables,
- Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
- Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data.
- SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases.
- Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval.
- disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard
- Maps the conceptual data model on to a **logical model (e.g. relational)**, but i*ndependent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations*.
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard
- Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails.
- Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules.
- Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts.
- Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes.
- In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept
that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one
attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**.
normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
- Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other
that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table.
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._
- Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._
- Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._
- You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
- It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
- Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process.
- Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project.
- **Project Planning**: Understand and represent different tasks in projects
- A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column.
- The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix.
- We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends.
- Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row.
- Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column.
- The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies.
- PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart.
- The _dependencies_ among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path.
- The _critical path_ is the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks.
- **Definition** :-> project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time.
- Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects.
- Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan?
- Workshops with **multi-voting**: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas.
产品规划 (product planning)流程发生在一个产品开发项目正式启动，大量的资源开始使 用及更大的开发团队形成之前。该流程将确定一个公司应该从事的项目组合 (portfolio, 或译 为项目投资组合),并决定什么时候从事什么子项目。产品规划流程确保产品开发项目可以支持公司未来更多的商业策略·This phase takes place before a product development project is formally approved·It takes place before substantial resources are applied ·It takes place before the larger development team is formed ·Product planning is an activity that ·considers the portfolio of projects that an organisation might pursue. i.e. what mix of new products and markets to develop, if they focus is on basic or applied research or diversification projects and ·determines what subset of these projects will be pursued over what time period
- 规划流程始于对产品开发机会的识别，这种机会可能包括上述四种类型项目中的任何一 种。这一步可以看成是机会漏斗 (opportunity funnel), 因为它将来自整个公司的各种投入汇聚到一起。每个想法应该有一个简短的描述，包括产品概念、市场机会等。把这些想法方放到一起然后进行筛选·The first stage of the planning process is to identify product development opportunities·Each of the ideas should be expanded into a short description – including the potential business opportunity·These ideas can then be stored and revisited later·Each of the ideas should have a ‘champion’ who is responsible for supporting the idea through theprocess
- 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms 在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场
* - ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies
* - ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency
* - ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences
* - ● 模仿策略 (imitative): 这一策略要求紧跟市场趋势，允许竞争者探索每一部分已获成功的新产品。当确定了可行机会之后，企业快速开始模仿成功竞争者的新产品。快速的 发流程对于这一策略的有效实施至关重要 When a clear opportunity has been identified and has been successful, the organisation launches a competitive version.
* - 市场细分 Market Segmentation 一般认为顾客属于市场的不同部分。把市场分为不同的部分，使企业能够按照各详细定义的顾客群来考虑竞争者的行动和企业已有产品的市场力度。通过将竞争者的产品和企业自己的产品对应到各个细分市场，企业就可以评价哪些产品机会最好，以揭示出企业自身的(或竞 争者的)产品生产线问题 Divide the market into segments in order to be more focused on the customer and competitors
* - 技术曲线 Technological Trajectories 在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range
- ● 企业中冠军产品 (product champion) 的存在 l Market size (units/year x average price)l Market growth rate (percent per year)l Competitive intensity (number of competitors and their strengths)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the marketevaluation criteria (contd.)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the technologyl Fit with the firm’s capabilitiesl Fit with the firm’s other productsl Potential for patents, trade secrets or other barriers to competitionl Existence of a product champion within the firm
- 资源分配 Resource Allocation 如果公司开发太多的项目而不考虑开发资源的有限性，那么有经验的工程师和经理就会被分配到越来越多的项目上，生产效率急剧下降，项目完成时间延长，产品上市迟缓，利润水平低下。l Over commitment of resources will inevitably lead to a drop in productivity l An example of over commitment would be allocating engineers and managers to more than one project (where they are already at full capacity working on one)
- product planl This is the set of projects approved by the planning processl These are sequenced in time l The plan may include a mix of fundamentally new products, platform projects and derivative projects l The updating of these plans is usually undertaken on a periodic basis e.g. quarterly or annually（这个同样不属于资源分配和时间安排里的两步，但是 PPT 放上去了）
- 当项目确定下来，但是还未进行物质资源的分配时，就需要进行项目前期规划。这一过程涉及一个小的跨职能团队，通常被称为核心团队 (core team)，分别代表技术、市场、制造和服务部门等多方。¡ After project approval, but before the commitment of resources, a pre-project planning activity takes place¡ This activity involves a small, cross-functional team – the Core Team
* 任务陈述（mission statement）#flashcard
* - ● 对产品的概括性描述 (用一句话描述):这一描述通常包括产品的主要用途，但要避免包含特定的产品概念。实际上它可以是产品的前景说明。 A brief description of the product
* - ● 获益方案 (或称为获益建议， benefit proposition): 这一部分阐述了顾客会购买商品的几个关键原因。Typically includes the key customer benefit of the product
* - ● 主要商业目标： 除了支持公司战略的项目目标之外，这些目标通常包括时间、成本和质量目标(如产品的上市时间、预期财务效益和市场份额目标等)。 ¡ The goals which support the corporate strategy ¡ The goals for l Time e.g. timing for product introduction l Cost e.g. desired financial performance l Quality
* - ● 产品目标市场： 每一种产品可能会有几个目标市场。任务陈述的这一部分确定了一级市场和二级市场。 Target market for the product Primary and secondary markets that should be considered in the development effort
* - ● 指导开发工作的设想和限制： 必须仔细地制定设想，尽管它会限制可能的产品概念范 围，但是它有助于项目管理。有关设想和限制的决策信息可以附加到任务书中。 Assumptions and constraints that guide the development effort
* - ● 利益相关者 (stakeholder): 确保开发流程中的细微问题均被考虑到的一种方法是，清楚地列出产品的所有利益相关者，也就是所有受产品成败影响的人群。利益相关者列表以末端使用者(最终的外部顾客)和做出产品购买决定的外部顾客开始，包括企业内 部与产品相关的人，如经销商、服务商和生产部门。利益相关者列表可以提醒团队考 虑被产品影响到的每个人的需求。¡ List all of the product’s stakeholders to ensure that many of the subtle development issues are addressed ¡ The list of stakeholders serves as a reminder for the team to consider the needs of everyone who will be influenced by the product
- (5)对结果和过程进行反思 Reflect on the results and the process
* ● 项目方向经常变动。l ·Inadequate coverage of target markets with competitive products l ·Poor timing of market introductions of products l ·Mismatches between aggregate development capacity and the number of projects pursued l ·Poor distribution of resources, with some projects overstaffed and others understaffed l ·Initiation and subsequent cancellation of illconceived projects l ·Frequent changes in the directions of projects
- ● 全新产品 (fundamentally new products): 这类项目涉及全新的产品或生产技术，并由此进入一个新的、不熟知的市场。这种项目本质上存在更大的风险，但是，公司的长期成功可能要依赖从这种重要的项目中获得的经验。New product or production technology for new and unfamiliar markets
新产品平台 (new product platform): 这类项目主要致力于在一个新的通用平台基础开发出一个新产品家族，这一新产品家族将进入相关市场和产品领域。New products for familiar markets and product categories
- ● 已有产品平台的衍生品 (derivatives of existing product platform): 这类项目是在已有产品平台上进行扩展，用一种或多种新产品更好地占有相关市场。Projects extend an existing product platform to better addresses familiar markets with one or two more products
- ● 对已有产品的改进 (incremental improvements to existing products): 这类项目只是增加或改进已有产品的特点，以使生产线跟上潮流和具有竞争力。May only involve adding or modifying some features of existing products to keep the product line current and competitive
Innovation is the process of creating something new that adds value to society. It can involve developing new products, services, processes, or business models. Innovation can be driven by a variety of factors, such as technological advances, changes in consumer preferences, or shifts in the competitive landscape.
There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as:
- Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad.
- Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions.
- Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time.
- ### Further Resources
The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development.
- ## Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products
- **Digitisation** is :-> the process of converting information from analog to digital.
- **Digitalisation** is :-> the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient.
- **Digital transformation** is :-> the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements
- **Process Transformation** :-> aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business.
- **Business Model Transformation** :-> aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology.
- **Domain Transformation** :-> This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies.
- **Cultural/Organizational Transformation** :-> This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking.
- **Guidelines** for a successful Digital Transformation #flashcard
- **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers.
- **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers
- **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product.
- 专利 (patent):专利是政府向发明人授予的暂时垄断权，以排除他人使用该发明。在美国，专利有效期自其存档日期起共20年。“ 专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约”专利是由政府授予的有限时间的垄断，作为交换，它向公众传授新的有用的知识 其目的是通过授予临时垄断来鼓励一个经济体内部的创造力和创新·a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention¡ ·“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state¡· A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge ¡ ·The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopolyThis means that individuals and organisations will know that any l· idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and l ·any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others（也就是说个人和组织将知道他们所研发的想法将得到保护，同时任何投资回报（ROI）将由他们获得，而不是别人）
- ▪ 实用新型专利 (utility patent)美国法律允许为与下列事物有关的发明申请专利：新工艺、机器、制品、合成物，以及对 上述事物新的和有用的改进。Patents are granted to individuals andorganisations who can lay claim to a newproduct or manufacturing process, or to animprovement of an existing product orprocess that was not previously known（只用记这个）
- ◦ 工业应用Industrial application如果发明可以是机器、产品或工艺，则该发明应被视为能够进行工业应用专利是关于产品 /工艺的，因此最终目标是行业应用。即被授予专利的发明必须在某种情况下对某些人有用·The invention shall be taken to be capable of industrial application if it can be a machine, product or processl ·Patents are about products/processes and therefore the final aim is industry application (unlike, for example, PhD research)
- ◦ 新颖 (novel): 新颖的发明是还没有公开的，在现有产品、出版物或先前专利中未见的发明。新颖性的定义还与实际发明的披露有关。·‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’– the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK) ¡ ·A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid在英国，如果你要申请一个专利，它必须从未在公众里出现过
- ◦ 创造性步骤Inventive step当对本领域技术人员来说不显而易见时，发明应被视为包括创造性步骤‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘
- ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损）
- ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others
- ▪ 法院费用Court fees 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce itl ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts
- ▪ 上诉权Offensive right要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款）
- ▪ 现有技术Prior art专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by thelegal system to be known publicly
- ▪ 防御性权利Defensive right以专利形式公开现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护。它可以阻止竞争对手为公开的发明申请专利。因此，尽早申请很重要·the disclosure of this prior art in theform of the patent is a defensive protection for theowner – it can block a competitor frompatenting the disclosed inventionl· Therefore it is important to apply early（比如现在有一项技术，你和你的竞争对手都在研究。如果你提前把这个技术申请专利的话，那么这个技术就归你所有，别人就不能用或者用了要给你交钱，这样就能在技术上占据优势，来保护自己的公司。由于专利是先到先得，所以如果别人先申请了的话你就申请不了了）
- ▪ 在专利期限内，只有所有者 (个人或组织 )才能从发明中受益。专利所有者可以自己在法商业上利用他们的想，也可以向其他机构收取专利使用费，从而找到一个替代收入来源。这在组织没有资源或市场知识来开发与专利相关的发明时特别有用·Only the owner (individual or organisation) can benefit from the invention for the duration of the patent·Patent owners can commercially exploit their ideas themselves or they can charge other organisations to use their patent – thereby identifying an alternative source of income¡ ·This is particularly useful where an organisation doesnot have the resources or market knowledge toexploit the invention associated with the patent（比如使用专利权/专有技术使用权入股）
- ◦ 专利限制
▪ 原则上，必须申请专利。申请专利的国家为了享有专利保护，专利申请应符合形式和实质要求，专利发明应向公众公开。这些要求在法律上和技术上可能很复杂，遵守这些要求通常需要法律专家的帮助。如果专利侵权，就要由专利所有人在法庭上为专利辩护，这对小企业来说可能非常昂贵，而且通常是不可能的。保持专利有效需要年费¡ ·A patent must be applied for, in principle, in each country in which you seek patent ¡ ·In order to enjoy patent protection, an application for apatent shall comply with both formal and substantiverequirements, and a patented invention shall bedisclosed to the public¡· These requirements can be legally and technically complex, and their compliance often requires a legal expert’s assistance ¡ ·It is up to the patent owner to defend a patent in thecourts if there is infringement, which can prove veryexpensive and often impossible for a small business¡ ·Annual fees are needed to keep the patent in force首先是专利申请很难，你要符合专利申请的条件。其次申请后的专利应该向共中披露，对于有些公司来说可能不愿意公开。而专利又是个很复杂的事情，不仅要有技术专家还得请法律专家。如果侵权诉讼你要支付一笔昂贵的律师费用和其他费用，而且一般来说专利侵权能难界定，并且很难打官司同时每年还得上交专利年费。
- ¡ ·Field of the inventionl Describe the problem addressed¡ ·Background of the inventionl Describe the “prior art”l List advantages over existing methods¡ ·Summary of the invention¡· Detailed descriptionl Best mode: the best way to implement the inventionl Examples of use and modes of implementation¡ ·Claimsl What exactly is the invention
- ◦ 申请专利的六个步骤
- 商标 (trademark): 商标是政府授予商标拥有人的、与一类产品或服务相关的特定名 称或标志的排他性使用权。商标的基本功能是专门识别产品或服务的来源或原产地，因此它是原产地标记与商业形象、商誉密切相关。商标专用权产生于与商品和服务有关的标志的使用，它持续 10年，之后只要没有异议，它可以反复更新¡· The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so it serves as a badge of origin¡ ·Closely associates with business image, goodwilland reputation¡ ·Trademark exclusive rights arise from the use of thesign in relation to goods and services, it lasts 10years after which it can be renewed repeatedly for as long as there are no objections
- 1. A sign2. Distinctive as to origin3. Capable of being represented in a clearand precise manner某些标志永远不能注册——不是标志，没有特色，描述性，违反公共政策，欺骗性，等等。有些商标不能注册，因为市场上已经存在相同或相似的商标
- 产品外观设计designs for product appearance产品整体或部分的特征，特别是产品本身或其装饰的线条、轮廓、颜色、形状、纹理或材料只有其实际形状、结构、图案或装饰所赋予的外观才能得到保护，而不是任何潜在的想法它赋予所有者在其地理管辖范围内 (英国 /欧盟 )阻止任何人复制其产品外部设计的权利.在美国设计专利注册可以持续 25年，但必须每五年更新一次`A registered design protects the external shape of theproductl `Only the appearance given by its actual shape, configuration, pattern or ornament can be protected, not any underlying idea ¡` It gives the owner the right to stop anyone copying theexternal design of their product, within their geographicaljurisdiction (UK / EU)¡ ·In the US similar protection exists under the concept of adesign patent¡ T·he registration can last 25 years, but it must be renewed at five-yearly intervals
- 版权保护仅延伸到表达方式，而不延伸到思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。为了版权的存在，作品必须 :原创性要求并不要求作品是原创思想的表达，但表达思想的方式必须是原源自作者，以及属于受保护的主题¡ ·Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, including computer programs and databases are protected by copyright for duration of the author’s life + 70 years after their death ¡ ·Sound recordings, films, broadcasts and cable programmes, the typographical arrangement or layout of a published edition are protected by related rights for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made available to the public (except for films)
- ◦ 专有权、保护形势
- ▪ 1.它从第一次被记录的那一刻起自动产生，不需要任何正式的登记
- 2.版权授予专有权，如复制作品、向公众传播、提供或分发作品的权利
- 3.奏鸣曲将作为作者作品受到版权保护，奏鸣曲的录音将受到相关权利的保护1.It arises automatically from the moment it has beenfirst recorded and does not require any formalregistration2.Copyright grants exclusive rights such as to the rightto reproduce the work,communicate it to the public,make it available, or distribute it3.A sonata will be protected as an authorial work bycopyright, a sound recording of the sonata will beprotected by related rights
- 所有者可以控制并从使用他们的知识产权中获得回报，这鼓励了进一步的创新和创造，对我们所有人都有好处。 l ·Intellectual property, often known as IP, refers to intangible assets created by human intellectual or creative activity.l· Intellectual property rights (IPRs) allow people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. l ·The owner can control and be rewarded for the use of their IP, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all.
产品架构可以描述为 :“ 将产品的功能元素排列成物理块以及块之间相互作用的方案”功能性——有助于整体绩效的单个操作和转换.物理–实现产品功能的零件、组件和子组件（通俗来讲，顺序是完成相应功能的零件 component--->组件 chunks---->产品，产品架构就是以实体组件来实现产品的各功能单元，并使各组件相互作用的配置方案） Product Architecture can be described as: 1."the scheme by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact” 2.Functional – individual operations and transformations that contribute to its overall performance 3.Physical – parts, components and subassemblies that implement the product’s functions
- 目的：架构决策允许将这些物理模块的详细设计和测试分配给团队、个人和 /或供应商，以便不同部分的开发可以同时进行 Architectural decisions allow the detailed design and testing of these physical blocks to be assigned to teams, individuals, and/or suppliers, so that the development of different portions can be carried out simultaneously
- ◦ 模块化架构 modular architecture 特点：1.各个组件分别实现一个或多个功能 2.组件之间的关系是明确的，这种关系往往是实现一个产品功能的基础 ·Each chunk implements one or a few functions entirely. ·The interactions between chunks are well defined. ·Modular architecture has simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform. 理解：当每个功能都只被一个组件完成时，并且组件之间的配合十分完美时，这种架构允许在不改变的情况下只改变一组而不影响整体功能。也就是说各个组件可以单独设计
- ▪ 槽形模块架构 Slot-modular (the most common type) 每个接口都与于其它接口类型不同，产品中的组件不能互换 Each of the interfaces between chunks in a slot-modular architecture is of a different type from the others – therefore the various chunks in the product cannot be interchanged 例子：汽车上的收音机接口与速度仪、仪表盘的接口都不同
- ▪ 总线模型 Bus-modular 有一个通用总线，其他组件通过同类型的接口连接到这个总线上 There is a common bus to which the other chunks connect via the same type of interface 例子：轨道照明
- ▪ 组合型模块架构 Sectional-modular 所有接口都是同类型的，但是没有一个所有组件都与之相联的元件。组装是通过将同样的接口相连接而完成的 1.All interfaces are of the same type, there is no single element to which all the other chunks attach 2.The assembly is built up by connecting the chunks to each other via identical interfaces 例子：分体沙发
- ▪ 产品架构的含义 你所做的关于产品架构的决定是有影响的 产品变化 模块化块允许对产品的一些孤立的功能元素进行修改，而不一定影响其他块的设计 改变的动机包括——升级、附加、适应、磨损、消耗、使用的灵活性、重复使用 There are implications to the decisions you make about product architecture ·Product change ·Modular chunks allow changes to be made to a few isolated functional elements of the product without necessarily affecting the design of other chunks ·Motives for change include – upgrades, add-ons, adaptation, wear, consumption, flexibility in use, reuse
- ▪ 积簇 多样性指的是企业在特定时期内根据市场需求所能生产的产品模型的范围 围绕模块化产品架构构建的产品可以更容易地变化，而不会给制造系统增加巨大的复杂性 例如移动电话手机设计、便携式音频 Product variety l Variety refers to the range of product models the firm can produce within a particular time period in response to market demand l Products built around modular product architectures can be more easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing system
- • ·几何集成与精确性 Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员 <20><> 好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。 l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a single individual or group to control the physical relationships among the elements l ·Elements requiring precise location or close geometric integration can often be best designed if they are part of the same chunk
- • ·功能共享 Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement several functional elements of the product, these functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car
- • ·供应商能力 Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team may choose to cluster those elements about which the vendor has expertise into one chunk
- • ·设计或技术生产的相似性 Similarity of design or production technology 当两个或更多的功能单元可能用同样的设计或生产技术完 成时，将这些元素集成到同一组件中将会使设计或生产更经济 When two or more functional elements are likely to be implemented using the same design and/or production technology, then incorporating these elements into the same chunk may allow for more economical design and/or production
- • ·集中修改 Localisation of change 当开发人员预计某些单元可能要做大量的修改时，就有必要把该单元独立为 一个模块化的组件，这样对该组件的修改就不会影响到其他的组件。 When a team expects there to be a great deal of change in an element, it makes sense to isolate that element into its own modular chunk l In that way, any necessary changes to the element can be carried out without disrupting any of the other chunks
- • ·适合多样化 Accommodating variety 示意图中元素的聚类应该有利于企业按照客户的具体要求来对产品做出 改动。打印机将在全世界电力标准不同的各个地区销售。所以，开发团队为与直流供 电有关的元素建立了单独的组件。 ·Elements should be clustered together to enable the firm to vary the product in ways that will have value for customers l ·Example – a power supply needs to handle different mains supplies in different countries
- • ·标准化 Enabling standardisation 如果有一套元件在其他的产品中也可以使用，那么应该把它们集成到一个组件中。这样可以提高组件中各实体单元的生产质量。 l ·If a set of elements will be useful in other products, they should be clustered together into a single chunk l· This allows the physical elements of the chunk to be produced in higher quantities
- 几何结构可以采用草图、计算机模型或物理模型(例如卡板纸或泡沫制成)在二维平面或者三维空间中进行设计。设计几何结构时，设计人员要考虑组件之间的几何关系是否可以实现，并确定组件间的基本空间关系。 A geometric layout can be created in 2 or 3 dimensions or as physical models l· an example can be found on a later slide ¡ ·Creating a geometric layout forces the team to consider l ·whether the geometric interfaces among the chunks are feasible and l ·to work out the basic dimensional relationships among the chunks
- ◦ 确定基本的和附属的相互作用关系 Identify the fundamental and incidentalinteractions
- 首先是基本的相互作用关系 (fundamental interaction), 它与 示意图中连接各组件的那些线条相对应。例如， 一张纸从纸张托盘移动到打印装置中，因为 这种基本的相互作用关系是系统运行的基础，所以，在最早设计示意图时就应该计划好，并 要很好地加以理解。其次是附属的相互作用关系 (incidental interaction), 它是功能单元特定的 实体设置或组件之间具体的几何排列造成的。例如，纸张托盘中的传动器所引起的震动会干 扰打印墨盒在 X 轴的精确定位。 It is most likely that a different person or group will be assigned to design each chunk ¡ Because the chunks interact with one another in both planned and unintended ways, these different groups will have to coordinate their activities and exchange information ¡ To manage this coordination process better, the team should identify the known interactions between chunks during the system-level design phase There are two categories of interaction l Fundamental ¡ Those which correspond to the lines on the schematic that connect the chunks to one another ¡ These are the fundamental interactions of the systems operation l Incidental ¡ Those that arise because of l the particular physical implementation of functional elements, or l because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks ¡ An incidental interaction graph is used to document this type of interaction, see next slide
- The output of Phase 3 is the control documentation for the product¡ ·The control documentation is:l ·The drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part to be made and its production toolingl ·The process descriptions for the fabrication and assembly of the productl· The specifications of the parts to be purchased
- 什么是原型 :-> “依据一个或多个方面的兴趣而得到的产品的近似品”(an approximation of the product along one or more dimensions of interest)a smallscale modeli.e.¡ ·Industrial designers produce prototypes of their concepts, such as models¡ ·Engineers prototype a design¡ ·Software developers write prototypeprogramsPrototyping is the process of developing such an approximation of the product
- ◦ Beta 原型在内部进行了广泛的评估，并且通常由客户在他们自己的使用环境中进行测试测试原型的目标通常是回答关于性能和可靠性的问题，以便为最终产品确定必要的工程更改 Beta prototypes are extensively evaluated internallyand are also typically tested by customers in their own use environment¡ The goal for the beta prototypes is usually to answer questions about performance and reliability in order to identify necessary engineering changes for the final product
- 试产原型 (preproduction prototype)是整个公司生产的第一批产品生产过程 Are the first products produced by the entire production process
- 控制模型和 CAD 模型 Control Models and CAD Models 从 CAD 数据构建和匹配的模型产品的完整模型和完整详细的组成由于成本或时间短缺，该模型的组件将被简化或忽略· Model that is constructed and matched from CAD data·Complete model and fully detailed composition of the product·Component of this model will be simplified or neglected due to cost or time shortages
- 什么是原型化（prototyping）:-> 原型化是快速组装工作模型 (原型 )的过程，目的是测试设计的各个方面，阐明想法或功能，并收集早期用户反馈。Prototyping is the process of quickly putting togethera working model (a prototype) in order to testvarious aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or featuresand gather early user feedback
- 学习(learning):原型通常用于回答“它能否工作?”和“它满足消费者需求的程度如何?”。 当回答这类问题时，原型就作为学习的工具。Answering questions about performance or feasibility , such as“Will it work?”“How well does it meet the customer needs?”
- 沟通（communication）沟通 (communication): 原型加强了开发团队与高层管理者、供应商、合作人、开发团队 扩展成员、消费者及投资者间的沟通。·Demonstration of a product to get feedbackfrom all stakeholders·A physical, tactile, 3D representation of aproduct is much easier to understand than averbal description or even a sketch of aproduct 例子：以一个可见的、能 触知的三维图形来表现一个产品，比语言草图描述更易理解。在 PackBot 概念开发中，通过利 用“可视、可感知”的原型，设计工程师、经理、供应商和顾客间的沟通得到加强。新的消 费者经常对 PackBot 底盘过于狭小不满意，然而，实物模型清晰地展示了有限的空间。
- 集成 integration 原型用于确保产品的子系统及组件能如预期的一样协同工作。综合化的实体原型在产品开发项目中作为集成工具最为有效，因为它们要求零件、各部件间协调，并与零件组成一个产品。要做出这样的原型，需产品开 发团队成员相互协作。如果产品任何组件的组合妨碍了 产品的整体功能，这一 问题只能在综合化的实体原型中 通过集成来检测。·Prototypes are used to ensure that componentsand subsystems of the product work together as expectedl ·Comprehensive physical prototypes are the most effective as integration tools in product development projects because they require the assembly and physical interconnection of all of the parts and subassemblies that make up a productl ·The integration of the prototype forces coordination between different members of the product development teaml ·For example: alpha or beta test models
- 里程碑 milestones 尤其是在产品开发的后期，原型用于验证产品在功能上已达到期望水 平。里程碑原型提供可触知的目标，表明了进展情况，并用来加强进度安排。Provide goals for the development team’sschedule· Milestone prototypes are defined in the product development project plan 这种原型的数量和它们的时间是整个开发计划的关键要素之一作为一个基本案例，开发团队应该考虑使用 alpha、 beta 和预生产原型作为里程碑 The number of such prototypes and their timingis one of the key elements of the overall development planl ·As a base case, the development team should consider using alpha, beta and pre-production prototypes as milestones¡ e.g. first testable hardware
- Physical prototypes are :-> tangible artifacts created to approximate the product ¡ ·Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation ¡· Examples of physical prototypes include l ·models which look and feel like the product l ·proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly l· experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product 例子：一个木制的玩具模型
- Analytical prototypes :-> represent the product in a non-tangible, usually mathematical, manner¡ ·Interesting aspects of the product are analysed, rather than built 例子：数学分析、建模
- ◦ 综合 (comprehensive) :-> 能完成产品的绝大多数属性。·Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product¡ ·A comprehensive prototype corresponds closely to the everyday use of the work prototype – i.e. it is a full-scale, fully operational version of the product 例子：β 原型，用来给测试功能
- ◦ 专一化原型 (focused prototype) :-> 只履行(完成)产品的某个或某些属性。一个普遍的做法是用两个或多个专一化原型一起探查一个产品的所有性能。这些 原型包括外观 (looks-like)原型和工作原理 (works-like)原型。通过制造两个分离的专一化原型，开发团队可以比制造一个综合化原型更早地解决问题。·Focused prototypes implement one, or a few, of the attributes of a product¡· Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuitboards to investigate the electronic performance ofproduct design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the teammay be able to answer its questions much earlier than ifit had to create one comprehensive prototype
- Analytical prototypes are in general moreflexible than physical prototypes¡ ·Physical prototypes are required to detectunanticipated phenomena¡ ·Prototypes may reduce the risk of costlyiterations¡ ·Prototypes may expedite other developmentsteps¡ ·A prototype may restructure task dependencies 示例 :在零件设计 -模具设计 -成型流程中添加原型制作步骤 原型可以重构任务依赖关系
- 界定原型的目的·define the purpose of the prototype 原型的四个目的是：学习、沟通、集成和里程碑。在界定原型目的的过程中，开发团队列出具体的学习与沟通需求，也列出了集成需求以及这一原型是否作为整个产品开发项目中的一个里程碑。l ·The team lists its specific learning andcommunication needsl ·Team members also¡ ·list any integration needs¡· decide whether or not the prototype isintended to be one of the major milestonesof the overall product development project 例子：车轮原型的目的是决定车轮的抗震性能和安全性能。虽然学习原型的目的专注于性能，但开发团队还是要考虑材料的制造成本，其中，很多材料是不可铸造的，必须机加。
- 建立原型的近似水平 Establish the level of approximation ofthe prototype 对原型进行计划需要确定原型与最终产品的相似程度。开发团队应考虑一个实体化原型是否必需，或一个解析化原型能否最好地满足它的要求。在大多数情况下，最好的原型是那个满足步骤 1 所设定目的的最简单原型 The degree to which the final product will be approximated in the prototype must be defined l The team should consider whether a physical prototype is necessary or whether ananalytical prototype would best meet its needs 例子:对于车轮原型，团队要根据冲击效果来决定车轮的材料和几何形状。然而，车轮的其他 方面可能被忽视，包括生产方法(铸模或者机加)、驾驶系统的附件和铁轨带、车轮的颜色和 整体造型等。团队中一名成员先前就研究了轮辐弯曲效果的解析化原型，她认为原型的物理 特征对于确认她的分析很有必要。她发现抗震效果和车轮力量之间存在一个基本的取舍关系， 因为抗震需要轮辐柔韧，而车轮力量需要车轮尺寸更大。因此，团队使用解析型原型和物理原型来决定轮辐的尺寸。
- 制定实验大纲 Outline an experimental plan 大多数情况下，在产品开发中使用原型可以看成一个实验。好的实验有助于从原型化活动 中获取最大价值。实验计划包括确认各种实验变量、测试草案、进行哪些测试的指示以及分 析最终数据的计划。当必须探索许多变量时，有效的实验设计将极大地加快这一进程。·The use of a prototype in product development can be thought of as an experimentl ·Good experimental practice helps to make sure that you get the maximum value from the prototyping activity 例子：对于车轮原型测试，团队决定只改变轮辐的材料和网的几何形状。根据解析化原型，团队 选择了两种样式的轮辐，每种轮辐又选择了 6 种材料，总共进行了 12 次实验。团队设计了一 个结实的平台，每个车轮被安装后由不同的高度落入平台，通过观察平台的受重就可以测试 车轮传递给 PackBot 的冲击力。在完成所有的实验后，相关人员会观察车轮落下的损伤，包括 裂纹和塑性变形，然后再提高一个高度进行测试。这些测试的结果不仅可以用来选择最好的轮辐几何和材料，而且可以改善车轮的物理解析化原型。
- 制定采购、建造和测试的时间表 Create a schedule for procurement,construction and testing 因为建造和测试一个原型可以看作整体开发项目内的一个子项目，因此，开发团队会从制 定原型化活动计划中获益。对于一个原型计划，有三个日期特别重要：第一，部件可装配的日期(这一 日期有时被称为“部件水桶 (bucket of part)”日期);第二，原型进行首次测试的日 期(这一 日期有时被称为“冒烟实验 (smoke test)”日期，因为在这天，开发团队将首次在产品中通电并在电器系统中“寻找烟”);第三，完成测试并产生最终结果的日期。Three dates are particularly important in defining a prototyping effort¡ ·The team defines when the parts will be ready to assemble¡ ·The team defines the date when the prototype will first be tested¡ ·The team defines the date when it expects to have completed testing and produced the final results
- 定义：创业公司是指经营历史有限的公司 这些公司通常是新成立的，正处于市场开发和研究阶段 通常它涉及一些新颖的技术或技术的使用，但关键是从技术中赚钱的连贯方法高科技(如电信、软件)与生物技术或医疗有很大不同\n A startup company or start-up is a company with \na limited operating history These companies, generally newly created, are in a \nphase of development and research for markets Typically it involves some novel technology, or \nuse of technology, but crucially… \nl a coherent means for making money from the \ntechnology High-tech (e.g. telecom, software) is very different \nfrom bio-tech or medica
- 拥有一家新企业或合资企业，并且承担固有风险和后果的全部责任\nl ·has possession over a new enterprise or venture\nl ·assumes full accountability for the inherent risks \nand the outcome
- 它指的是个人或团队通过创造新的商业机会、设计并开发新产品或服务、组织资源和着手实现创新的一系列行动和过程。 ·Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new\norganisations or revitalizing mature organisations,\nl ·particularly new businesses - generally in \nresponse to identified opportunities
- 社会（social）\n 目的在造福社会而不是去赚钱，包括商业、公众等，如扶贫、环境、文化与艺术\n·Aim is to create socialchange rather than\nmake money Often involvesbusiness, public &charity organisations\n·Examples\nl poverty relief\nl environment\nl arts & culture
- 技术 Technological\n·目标是获得独立性，以利用某项技术。\n·经常是由于在大公司中受挫而导致的。\n·Aim is to gainindependence to exploit\na technology\n·Often results frombeing frustrated in a\nlarge company
- 努力工作，自己做大多数决定涉及相当大的风险融资成本高没有规模经济 Hard work, making most decisions on your own Considerable risks involved Costly to raise finance No economies of scale
- 可扩展的全球技术公司有长期 R&D 计划的生物技术企业具有中期增长计划的制造工厂互联网服务商生活方式商业 Scalable, global technology player Biotech business with long-term R&D plans Manufacturing facility with medium growth plans Service provider Lifestyle business
- 两个或两个以上的人结合资源，形成合伙关系 双方(或多方)之间存在合同。\n 条款包括: \n 各合伙人认缴的出资额 \n 如何确定利润并在合伙人之间分配 \n 合伙人的工资分配 \n 合伙企业的解散程序 Two or more people combine resources and form\na partnership Contract exists between the two (or more) parties;\nterms include:\nl The amount of capital subscribed by each\npartner\nl How profits will be determined and allocated\nbetween partners\nl Salary allocation for the partners\nl Procedure for dissolving the partnership\n\n 比如说你想开一家茶百道的奶茶店，你和茶百道总公司就构成了加盟关系。也比较类似于你和同伴合伙开一家公司，按照技术、资金投入占比进行股权分配和分红。当然要考虑到如果你不想在这个公司干了该怎么把钱拿回来，这就是退出机制（解散程序）
- 在这种情况下，有限意味着所有者不再对其公司的债务承担无限责任 在美国，这些被称为股份有限公司所有公司都有在公司投资的股东 所有公司都有董事，他们是由股东选出来管理公司的\n·Limited in this instance meaning that the owners no \nlonger have unlimited liability for the debts of their \ncompanies \n·In the US, these are known as incorporated \ncompanies \n·All companies have shareholders who have \ninvested in the company \n· All companies have directors who are selected by \nthe shareholders to run the company\n\n 公司所有者的个人财产和资产是与公司完全独立的，这意味着企业的债务不会由个人承担，仅限于承担其所持有的股份投资。这种特殊的财务安排可以帮助创业者控制风险并保护个人财产不受经营活动的影响。
- Technology Intellectual Property (Protection) The Vision (Where can the technology lead? Is there \na market for it) Personnel\nl Scientific leaders\nl Business managers\nl Fund Raisers\nl Scientists/Engineers Money
- 创建高新企业的阶段\nThe stages for creating a hitech start-up
- 预计只有十分之一的人会成功\n A company that collects funds (e.g. from pension \nfunds) and then invests those funds in startups Go for high-risk, high reward Need very large uplift in value, 10 times or more Take large stake in company equity Expect only 1 in 10 to succeed
- The market you plan to enter\nl The unique and compelling features of your \ncontribution to this market\nl Intellectual property\nl Business model and Financials\nl Team and Company development \nand strategy\nl Investment proposition\nl Exit strategy
- 在公司创始人之间提供一份关于未来发展方向的正式协议 可以减少创始人的自欺欺人 定义责任和奖励 帮助将抽象的目标转化为明确的目标 A business plan… provides a formal agreement between the \founders of a company about the direction to be \taken can reduce self-delusion among st the founders defines responsibilities & rewards helps to translate abstract goals into explicit operational needs
- Title Page and Table of Contents Executive Summary Vision and Mission Statement Company History Business and Industry Profile Business Strategy Description of Products/Services Marketing Strategy\nl Document market claims\nl Show customer interest Competitor Analysis Description of Management Team Plan of Operation Projected Financial Statements Loan or Investment Proposa
- 确保你的计划有一个吸引人的封面。(第一印象至关重要。)去掉你计划中所有的拼写和语法错误。让你的计划在视觉上吸引人。包括一个目录，让读者可以轻松地浏览您的计划。让它变得有趣。你的计划必须证明生意会赚钱(不一定马上赚钱，但最终会赚钱)。使用电子表格生成财务预测。总是包括现金流预测。保持你的计划“简洁”——25 到 40 页长。永远说实话。\n Make sure your plan has an attractivecover. (First impressions are crucial.) Rid your plan of all spelling andgrammatical errors. Make your plan visually appealing. Include a table of contents to allowreaders to navigate your plan easily. Make it interesting Your plan must prove that the business will \nmake money (not necessarily immediately, \nbut eventually). Use spreadsheets to generate financial \nforecasts. Always include cash flow projections. Keep your plan “crisp” – between 25 and40 pages long. Tell the truth – always. \n
