- In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called.
- When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name.
- Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java:
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- Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object.
- Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object.
- Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object.
- Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object.
- It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them.
- Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable.
- DONE Past exam papers
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13
- Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes**
- ## polymorphism
- encapsulation
- Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**.
- abstraction.
- Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user.
- Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or
[**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter).
- Overloading vs. overriding
- When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters
- Interface
- DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}}
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SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13Tue>
- DONE 看笔记
- DONE 做题
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01
- DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_
- DONE Job application letter
- Cover letter (application letter)
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
[Your name]
[Your address]
[Your city, state and zip code]
[Date]
[Hiring manager's name]
[Hiring manager's title]
[Company name]
[Company address]
[Company city, state and zip code]
Dear [Hiring manager's name],
I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job.
[Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.]
[Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.]
[Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.]
Sincerely,
[Your name]
#+END_VERSE
- DONE Academic
- DONE research proposal
- Format
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
Your proposal should include the following:
1. TITLE
Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question
2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
You should include:
the background and issues of your proposed research
identify your discipline
a short literature review
a summary of key debates and developments in the field
3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S)
You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
You should provide an outline of:
the theoretical resources to be drawn on
the research approach (theoretical framework)
the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods
5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE
You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis.
For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration.
For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
You should include:
a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal
a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research
#+END_VERSE
- DONE academic paper
- DONE abstract
- Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts
- ● Short -uaually less than 120 words.
- ● Includes:
- ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives)
- ● methods used
- ● scope of the paper/work
- ● introducing the subject.
- ● Doesn’t include:
- ● results, conclusions and recommendations
- It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper.
- ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without
providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document
contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond
what you would find in the document's table of contents.
- ● An outline of your work
- •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts
- ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more.
- ● Include:
- ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives)
- ● method used
- ● scope of the work
- ● results / findings
- ● conclusions and recommendations
- ● contributions, novelty (optional)
- It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the
conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these
results.
- DONE introduction
- a clear sense of purpose,
thorough understanding of reader needs, and
close attention to correct formats.
- Research paper introductions are always unique.
After all, research is original by definition. However, they often
contain six essential items. These are:
- **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of
your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific
subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case.
Note that you will address them in the publication.
- **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review
other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern
scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior
research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have
that expertise.
- **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to
be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues.
Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a
gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will
interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of
your paper.
- **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to
make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you
will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you
measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices.
- **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a
thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run
through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and
clear.
- **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline.
Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the
following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the
end of your paper.
- These six items are emphasized more or less,
depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might
emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the
overview.
- DONE conclusion
- Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper.
- Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study.
- Demonstrating the importance of your ideas.
- Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem.
- DONE Report
- Informal
- DONE letter report
- Format
- #+BEGIN_VERSE
This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are:
Heading;
Date;
Address;
Salutation;
Body;
Complimentary close;
Signature.
The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts:
Introduction: Here the writer states the problem.
Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented.
Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body.
The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report.
#+END_VERSE
- Sample
- ```text
Opex Apparel Ltd.
(A house for best Garments)
Dhanmondi, Dhaka
25th, May 2021
Managing Director
Opex Apparel Ltd.
Dhanmondi, Dhaka.
Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom.
Dear Sir,
In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara
showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and
therefore submitting my report hereunder. <abstract,introduction>
A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments
but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their
best to return the garments but failed because there was no
attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a
result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed
complaints regarding this issue. <findings>
In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to
handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for
the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting
dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of
competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business.
I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served
with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there
for proper functioning. <recommendation>
I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation
for the betterment of our company.<close>
Yours faithfully
M. A Khan Secretary
```
- DONE memo report
- Format
- Abstract
- Clear statement of memo's purpose
Outline of main parts of memo
- Body
- Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end
Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items
Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader
Tactful presentation of any negative news
- Conclusion
- Clear statement of what step should occur next
Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers
- Sample:
- ```text
MEMORANDUM
DATE:
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo].
As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening
paragraph].
Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your
cooperation as [official business information] takes place.
```
- Formal
- DONE Letter Text Combination Form
- Types
- proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a
particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically
prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific
idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report
is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable,
beneficial, and worth pursuing.
- feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors.
- progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status,
achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative.
It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or
quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward
established goals and objectives.
- evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the
performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or
initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the
subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives.
- problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes
of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions
or recommendations.
- recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the
recommendation.
- Template
- ```text
Report on [topic of the report]
Submitted on [date of submission]
Summary or Abstract
[This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and
overall conclusion.]
Introduction
[This provides insight into the purpose of the report.]
Background
[This section provides background information for the reader to understand the
context of the remaining content.]
Methodology
[This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your
findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using
qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.]
Findings
[Present your findings based on your research.]
Conclusions
The main issues we found were as follows:
[Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.]
Recommendations
To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps:
[Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions
to help solve the problem.]
Appendix
[List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other
sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables,
- Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
- Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data.
- SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases.
- Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval.
- disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard
- Maps the conceptual data model on to a **logical model (e.g. relational)**, but i*ndependent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations*.
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard
- Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails.
- Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules.
- Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts.
- Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes.
- In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept
that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one
attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**.
normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
- Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other
that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table.
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._
- Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._
- Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._
- You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
- It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
- ## Topic 2: Project Mtasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time.
id:: 648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb
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Do project schedulinganagement
- **Define** what is project management #flashcard
- For all but the simplest products, product development involves many people completing many different tasks.
- is the activity of planning and coordinating resources and tasks to achieve these goals.
- Two Phases of **PM**#flashcard
- Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process.
- Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project.
- **Project Planning**: Understand and represent different tasks in projects
- **Definition** :-> A useful tool for representing and analysing
task dependencies is the design structure matrix
(DSM).
- Working:
- A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column.
- The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix.
- We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends.
- Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row.
- Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column.
- The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies.
- Gantt Chart
- Features: #flashcard
- Gantt charts show how the work is broken down into a set of activities
- They show the scheduling of these activities as a series of horizontal bands against a series of vertical lines representing dates
- They can be used to show dependencies between activities
- They can be used to measure progress on a project or compare planned production with actual production
- PERT Charts #flashcard
- PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart.
- The _dependencies_ among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path.
- The _critical path_ is the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks.
- Undertake a baseline project plan
- **Definition** :-> project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time.
- Do project scheduling
- Methods: #flashcard
- Contract Book
- Project Task List
- Team staffing & Organisation
- Project Schedule
- Project Budget
- Project Risk Plan
- Modifying the baseline plan
- Accelerate projects
- Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects.
- **Execute** projects #flashcard
- Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan?
- Workshops with **multi-voting**: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas.
产品规划 (product planning)流程发生在一个产品开发项目正式启动，大量的资源开始使 用及更大的开发团队形成之前。该流程将确定一个公司应该从事的项目组合 (portfolio, 或译 为项目投资组合),并决定什么时候从事什么子项目。产品规划流程确保产品开发项目可以支持公司未来更多的商业策略·This phase takes place before a product development project is formally approved·It takes place before substantial resources are applied ·It takes place before the larger development team is formed ·Product planning is an activity that ·considers the portfolio of projects that an organisation might pursue. i.e. what mix of new products and markets to develop, if they focus is on basic or applied research or diversification projects and ·determines what subset of these projects will be pursued over what time period
- 规划流程始于对产品开发机会的识别，这种机会可能包括上述四种类型项目中的任何一 种。这一步可以看成是机会漏斗 (opportunity funnel), 因为它将来自整个公司的各种投入汇聚到一起。每个想法应该有一个简短的描述，包括产品概念、市场机会等。把这些想法方放到一起然后进行筛选·The first stage of the planning process is to identify product development opportunities·Each of the ideas should be expanded into a short description – including the potential business opportunity·These ideas can then be stored and revisited later·Each of the ideas should have a ‘champion’ who is responsible for supporting the idea through theprocess
- 项目评价和优先级排序Evaluate and prioritise projects
- 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场
- * ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies
- * ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency
- * ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences
- * ● 模仿策略 (imitative): 这一策略要求紧跟市场趋势，允许竞争者探索每一部分已获成功的新产品。当确定了可行机会之后，企业快速开始模仿成功竞争者的新产品。快速的 发流程对于这一策略的有效实施至关重要When a clear opportunity has been identified and has been successful, the organisation launches a competitive version.
- * 市场细分Market Segmentation一般认为顾客属于市场的不同部分。把市场分为不同的部分，使企业能够按照各详细定义的顾客群来考虑竞争者的行动和企业已有产品的市场力度。通过将竞争者的产品和企业自己的产品对应到各个细分市场，企业就可以评价哪些产品机会最好，以揭示出企业自身的(或竞 争者的)产品生产线问题Divide the market into segments in order to be more focused on the customer and competitors
- * 技术曲线Technological Trajectories在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range
- ● 企业中冠军产品 (product champion) 的存在l Market size (units/year x average price)l Market growth rate (percent per year)l Competitive intensity (number of competitors and their strengths)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the marketevaluation criteria (contd.)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the technologyl Fit with the firm’s capabilitiesl Fit with the firm’s other productsl Potential for patents, trade secrets or other barriers to competitionl Existence of a product champion within the firm
- (3)资源分配和时间安排Allocate resources and plan timing
- 资源分配Resource Allocation如果公司开发太多的项目而不考虑开发资源的有限性，那么有经验的工程师和经理就会被分配到越来越多的项目上，生产效率急剧下降，项目完成时间延长，产品上市迟缓，利润水平低下。l Over commitment of resources will inevitably lead to a drop in productivity l An example of over commitment would be allocating engineers and managers to more than one project (where they are already at full capacity working on one)
* product planl This is the set of projects approved by the planning processl These are sequenced in time l The plan may include a mix of fundamentally new products, platform projects and derivative projects l The updating of these plans is usually undertaken on a periodic basis e.g. quarterly or annually（这个同样不属于资源分配和时间安排里的两步，但是PPT放上去了）
- (4)完成项目前期规划Complete pre-project planning
* 当项目确定下来，但是还未进行物质资源的分配时，就需要进行项目前期规划。这一过程涉及一个小的跨职能团队，通常被称为核心团队 (core team)，分别代表技术、市场、制造和服务部门等多方。¡ After project approval, but before the commitment of resources, a pre-project planning activity takes place¡ This activity involves a small, cross-functional team – the Core Team
* ● 对产品的概括性描述 (用一句话描述):这一描述通常包括产品的主要用途，但要避免包含特定的产品概念。实际上它可以是产品的前景说明。 A brief description of the product
* ● 获益方案 (或称为获益建议， benefit proposition): 这一部分阐述了顾客会购买商品的几个关键原因。Typically includes the key customer benefit of the product
* ● 主要商业目标： 除了支持公司战略的项目目标之外，这些目标通常包括时间、成本和质量目标(如产品的上市时间、预期财务效益和市场份额目标等)。 ¡ The goals which support the corporate strategy ¡ The goals for l Time e.g. timing for product introduction l Cost e.g. desired financial performance l Quality
* ● 产品目标市场： 每一种产品可能会有几个目标市场。任务陈述的这一部分确定了一级市场和二级市场。 Target market for the product Primary and secondary markets that should be considered in the development effort
* ● 指导开发工作的设想和限制： 必须仔细地制定设想，尽管它会限制可能的产品概念范 围，但是它有助于项目管理。有关设想和限制的决策信息可以附加到任务书中。 Assumptions and constraints that guide the development effort
* ● 利益相关者 (stakeholder): 确保开发流程中的细微问题均被考虑到的一种方法是，清楚地列出产品的所有利益相关者，也就是所有受产品成败影响的人群。利益相关者列表以末端使用者(最终的外部顾客)和做出产品购买决定的外部顾客开始，包括企业内 部与产品相关的人，如经销商、服务商和生产部门。利益相关者列表可以提醒团队考 虑被产品影响到的每个人的需求。¡ List all of the product’s stakeholders to ensure that many of the subtle development issues are addressed ¡ The list of stakeholders serves as a reminder for the team to consider the needs of everyone who will be influenced by the product
- ● 项目方向经常变动。l ·Inadequate coverage of target markets with competitive products l ·Poor timing of market introductions of products l ·Mismatches between aggregate development capacity and the number of projects pursued l ·Poor distribution of resources, with some projects overstaffed and others understaffed l ·Initiation and subsequent cancellation of illconceived projects l ·Frequent changes in the directions of projects
- 产品开发的四种类型
- ● 全新产品 (fundamentally new products): 这类项目涉及全新的产品或生产技术，并由此进入一个新的、不熟知的市场。这种项目本质上存在更大的风险，但是，公司的长期成功可能要依赖从这种重要的项目中获得的经验。New product or production technology for new and unfamiliar markets
- ● 已有产品平台的衍生品 (derivatives of existing product platform): 这类项目是在已有产品平台上进行扩展，用一种或多种新产品更好地占有相关市场。Projects extend an existing product platform to better addresses familiar markets with one or two more products
- ● 对已有产品的改进 (incremental improvements to existing products): 这类项目只是增加或改进已有产品的特点，以使生产线跟上潮流和具有竞争力。May only involve adding or modifying some features of existing products to keep the product line current and competitive
Innovation is the process of creating something new that adds value to society. It can involve developing new products, services, processes, or business models. Innovation can be driven by a variety of factors, such as technological advances, changes in consumer preferences, or shifts in the competitive landscape.
- Providing resources, such as funding, time, and expertise, to support innovation initiatives.
- Encouraging collaboration and cross-functional teams.
- Rewarding creativity and risk-taking.
- Creating a supportive and inclusive work environment.
- ### Examples of Innovative Companies and Products
There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as:
- Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad.
- Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions.
- Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time.
- ### Further Resources
The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development.
- ## Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products
- **Digitisation** is :-> the process of converting information from analog to digital.
- **Digitalisation** is :-> the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient.
- **Digital transformation** is :-> the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements
- **Types** of Digital transformation #flashcard
- **Process Transformation** :-> aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business.
- **Business Model Transformation** :-> aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology.
- **Domain Transformation** :-> This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies.
- **Cultural/Organizational Transformation** :-> This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking.
- **Guidelines** for a successful Digital Transformation #flashcard
- **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers.
- **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers
- **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product.
