209 lines
7.2 KiB
Markdown
209 lines
7.2 KiB
Markdown
# Intelligent Transportation Systems
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<!--toc:start-->
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- [Intelligent Transportation Systems](#intelligent-transportation-systems)
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- [Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities](#introduction-to-its-a-key-component-in-smart-cities)
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- [Variants:](#variants)
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- [Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)](#methods-and-information-and-communication-technologies-or-bullshit-buzzwords)
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- [Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making](#examples-in-smart-city-planning-and-policy-making)
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- [Reasons](#reasons)
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- [Climate](#climate)
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- [Safety](#safety)
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- [Efficiency](#efficiency)
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- [Experience / Cost](#experience-cost)
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- [Implementation](#implementation)
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- [Implementing ITS with information and communication technology](#implementing-its-with-information-and-communication-technology)
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- [Information needed](#information-needed)
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- [Communication needed](#communication-needed)
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- [Vehicle to everything: V2X](#vehicle-to-everything-v2x)
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- [Data sources](#data-sources)
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- [Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors](#smart-infrastructure-road-sensors)
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- [Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors](#smart-vehicles-vehicle-mounted-sensors)
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- [Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS](#vulnerable-road-users-vru-sensors-carried-by-vrus)
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- [Perception](#perception)
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- [Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)](#vehicle-road-cloud-integration-system-vrcis)
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- [Collaborative perception](#collaborative-perception)
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- [Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow](#cross-domain-perception-not-only-spatial-shape-for-example-also-traffic-flow)
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- [Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)](#summary-smart-mobility-seems-important)
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<!--toc:end-->
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## Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities
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### Variants:
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- Surface ITS
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- Air transport
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- Maritime
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### Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)
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- Fancy words used to achieve ITS, they are interconnected to each other
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- Also called features (? TODO verify in tutorial)
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- Smart sensing and computing
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- Using mobile data
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- Wearables sensing
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- Vehicle based sensing
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- Smart performance
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- Automation
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- Real-time information
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- Dynamic optimization
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- Smart Travel behavior
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- Efficiency
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- Reliability
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- Safety
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- Smart Infrastructure
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- Active travel
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- Shared travel
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- Data driven
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- Smart city planning and policy making
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- Integrated development & Spatial planning
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- Transportation & Traffic strategy
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- Environment and public safety
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- Multi modal systems (????)
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### Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making
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- Smart intersections: reduce traffic jam, allow ambulance to pass with priority
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- Vehicle sharing
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- Active travel aka. walking: environment friendly
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- Public transport: Optimizes wait, and increases reliability
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## Reasons
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### Climate
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- Current situation: Climate changes leads to more extreme weather:
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- Temperature
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- Greenhouse gas emission
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- Air pollution
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- ITS Vehicle features helps protecting the environment (Didn't elaborate):
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- Speed vs. Pollutant: finding optimum speed for least $CO_2$
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- BEV (Battery-based Electric Vehicles) vs. ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine
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Vehicles):
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- The emission of $CO_2$ during the life-cycle: manufacture, usage,
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maintenance
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- Optimizing the occupancy of public transport: the occupancy level (how
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many people it holds) vs. The energy used
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- $$Railways \gt Aircraft \gt Buses \gt LightVehicles$$
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### Safety
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- Current situation: Car accidents
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- Driver failed to look properly
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- Driver careless, reckless or in a hurry
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- Failed to judge other's speed
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- ITS features can help to avoid accidents caused by drivers (Didn't elaborate)
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### Efficiency
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- Current situation: People spend a lot of time waiting for traffic jams
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- ITS feature can help reduce traffic congestion (Didn't elaborate)
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### Experience / Cost
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- ITS feature can help to improve public transport experience and cost.
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## Implementation
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### Implementing ITS with information and communication technology
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#### Information needed
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- Vehicle data
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- System data: infrastructure status, traffic, parking spaces
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- Intelligence: insights provided by data centers or cloud servers, by mining
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data from the aforementioned sources or other sources
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#### Communication needed
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- Wireless
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- Mobile network
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- Road Side Unit (RSU): ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) gateway
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deployed by the side of the road to facilitate wireless communication with
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cars.
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### Vehicle to everything: V2X
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- Four types of communications
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- V2V: Vehicle to vehicle
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- V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure
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- V2N: Vehicle to network
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- V2P: Vehicle to pedestrian
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- Usage:
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- Use RSU to connect to network
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- Use V2I to monitor traffic
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- Use V2V for safety and ADAS
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- Use V2N to provide over the top cloud services
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### Data sources
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#### Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors
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- Disruptive vs Non-disruptive:
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- 
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#### Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors
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- Radar: long range
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- Camera: efficient cost and FOV
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- Lidar: depth, mid range
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- Ultrasonic: Low cost, short range
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#### Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS
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- Road safety in cities
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- Technologies:
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- No tech: gesture
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- Wireless tech: P2X cycle bag
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- Visual tech: LED on cloth
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- Control tech
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### Perception
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#### Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)
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- Integrates with cloud:
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- Local: On board, millisecond level
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- Cloud:
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- Edge cloud, 100 ms
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- Region cloud, seconds
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- Central cloud, sub-minute
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- More processing the higher you go
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#### Collaborative perception
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- This is spatial only
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- Based on VRCIS, has a physical layer vs. cyber layer
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- Physical layer(vehicle side, road side, VRU side) provides data /
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insights, and send it to
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- Cyber layer(edge, region, central cloud), which generates perceptual
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fusion, then send it back to
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- Physical layer, to give collaborative perception
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- Single Node: Perception Fusion Method
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- Single view
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- Multi view: many more sensors on a single node
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- Multi Node: collaborative view, vehicle side and road side donate data that's
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coupled together, so a cloud can have better analysis
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#### Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow
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- Macroscopic traffic flow: use image, spatial and time
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- Microscopic: use many image
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## Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)
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- Definition: Existing Transportation systems augment with ICT.
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- Intelligent vs. Smart:
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- Intelligent when it offer insights and human act on these;
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- Smart when it acts independently on insights in near-real time.
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- Reason:
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- For safer, more efficient, more environment friendly, better experience,
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more inclusive, and more.
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- Implementation:
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- Deploy sensors in vehicles, roads, VRUs
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- Allow them to communicate
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- Allow them to exchange information with other infrastructure (e.g., mobile
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network)
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- Allow them to analyse/interpret data
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- Allow them to communicate to generate collaborative knowledge
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