EBU6504_smart_arch_notes/2-intelligent-transportation-system.md

# Intelligent Transportation Systems

<!--toc:start-->
- [Intelligent Transportation Systems](#intelligent-transportation-systems)
  - [Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities](#introduction-to-its-a-key-component-in-smart-cities)
    - [Variants:](#variants)
    - [Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)](#methods-and-information-and-communication-technologies-or-bullshit-buzzwords)
    - [Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making](#examples-in-smart-city-planning-and-policy-making)
  - [Reasons](#reasons)
    - [Climate](#climate)
    - [Safety](#safety)
    - [Efficiency](#efficiency)
    - [Experience / Cost](#experience-cost)
  - [Implementation](#implementation)
    - [Implementing ITS with information and communication technology](#implementing-its-with-information-and-communication-technology)
      - [Information needed](#information-needed)
      - [Communication needed](#communication-needed)
    - [Vehicle to everything: V2X](#vehicle-to-everything-v2x)
    - [Data sources](#data-sources)
      - [Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors](#smart-infrastructure-road-sensors)
      - [Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors](#smart-vehicles-vehicle-mounted-sensors)
      - [Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS](#vulnerable-road-users-vru-sensors-carried-by-vrus)
    - [Perception](#perception)
      - [Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)](#vehicle-road-cloud-integration-system-vrcis)
      - [Collaborative perception](#collaborative-perception)
      - [Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow](#cross-domain-perception-not-only-spatial-shape-for-example-also-traffic-flow)
  - [Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)](#summary-smart-mobility-seems-important)
<!--toc:end-->

## Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities

### Variants:

- Surface ITS
- Air transport
- Maritime

### Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)

- Fancy words used to achieve ITS, they are interconnected to each other
- Also called features (? TODO verify in tutorial)
- Smart sensing and computing
    - Using mobile data
    - Wearables sensing
    - Vehicle based sensing
- Smart performance
    - Automation
    - Real-time information
    - Dynamic optimization
- Smart Travel behavior
    - Efficiency
    - Reliability
    - Safety
- Smart Infrastructure
    - Active travel
    - Shared travel
    - Data driven
- Smart city planning and policy making
    - Integrated development & Spatial planning
    - Transportation & Traffic strategy
    - Environment and public safety
- Multi modal systems (????)

### Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making

- Smart intersections: reduce traffic jam, allow ambulance to pass with priority
- Vehicle sharing
- Active travel aka. walking: environment friendly
- Public transport: Optimizes wait, and increases reliability

## Reasons

### Climate

- Current situation: Climate changes leads to more extreme weather:
    - Temperature
        - Greenhouse gas emission
    - Air pollution
- ITS Vehicle features helps protecting the environment (Didn't elaborate):
    - Speed vs. Pollutant: finding optimum speed for least $CO_2$
    - BEV (Battery-based Electric Vehicles) vs. ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine
      Vehicles):
        - The emission of $CO_2$ during the life-cycle: manufacture, usage,
          maintenance
    - Optimizing the occupancy of public transport: the occupancy level (how
      many people it holds) vs. The energy used
        - $$Railways \gt Aircraft \gt Buses \gt LightVehicles$$

### Safety

- Current situation: Car accidents
    - Driver failed to look properly
    - Driver careless, reckless or in a hurry
    - Failed to judge other's speed
- ITS features can help to avoid accidents caused by drivers (Didn't elaborate)

### Efficiency

- Current situation: People spend a lot of time waiting for traffic jams
- ITS feature can help reduce traffic congestion (Didn't elaborate)

### Experience / Cost

- ITS feature can help to improve public transport experience and cost.

## Implementation

### Implementing ITS with information and communication technology

#### Information needed

- Vehicle data
- System data: infrastructure status, traffic, parking spaces
- Intelligence: insights provided by data centers or cloud servers, by mining
  data from the aforementioned sources or other sources

#### Communication needed

- Wireless
- Mobile network
- Road Side Unit (RSU): ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) gateway
  deployed by the side of the road to facilitate wireless communication with
  cars.

### Vehicle to everything: V2X

- Four types of communications
    - V2V: Vehicle to vehicle
    - V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure
    - V2N: Vehicle to network
    - V2P: Vehicle to pedestrian
- Usage:
    - Use RSU to connect to network
    - Use V2I to monitor traffic
    - Use V2V for safety and ADAS
    - Use V2N to provide over the top cloud services

### Data sources

#### Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors

- Disruptive vs Non-disruptive:
    - ![sensors](./assets/2-sensors.webp)

#### Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors

- Radar: long range
- Camera: efficient cost and FOV
- Lidar: depth, mid range
- Ultrasonic: Low cost, short range

#### Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS

- Road safety in cities
- Technologies:
    - No tech: gesture
    - Wireless tech: P2X cycle bag
    - Visual tech: LED on cloth
    - Control tech

### Perception

#### Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)

- Integrates with cloud:
    - Local: On board, millisecond level
    - Cloud:
        - Edge cloud, 100 ms
        - Region cloud, seconds
        - Central cloud, sub-minute
- More processing the higher you go

#### Collaborative perception

- This is spatial only
- Based on VRCIS, has a physical layer vs. cyber layer
    - Physical layer(vehicle side, road side, VRU side) provides data /
      insights, and send it to
    - Cyber layer(edge, region, central cloud), which generates perceptual
      fusion, then send it back to
    - Physical layer, to give collaborative perception
- Single Node: Perception Fusion Method
    - Single view
    - Multi view: many more sensors on a single node
- Multi Node: collaborative view, vehicle side and road side donate data that's
  coupled together, so a cloud can have better analysis

#### Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow

- Macroscopic traffic flow: use image, spatial and time
- Microscopic: use many image

## Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)

- Definition: Existing Transportation systems augment with ICT.
- Intelligent vs. Smart:
    - Intelligent when it offer insights and human act on these;
    - Smart when it acts independently on insights in near-real time.
- Reason:
    - For safer, more efficient, more environment friendly, better experience,
      more inclusive, and more.
- Implementation:
    - Deploy sensors in vehicles, roads, VRUs
    - Allow them to communicate
    - Allow them to exchange information with other infrastructure (e.g., mobile
      network)
    - Allow them to analyse/interpret data
    - Allow them to communicate to generate collaborative knowledge
2, took 1.5 hr 2025-01-06 21:15:18 +08:00			`# Intelligent Transportation Systems`

Add table of content 2025-01-07 18:19:28 +08:00			`<!--toc:start-->`
			`- [Intelligent Transportation Systems](#intelligent-transportation-systems)`
			`- [Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities](#introduction-to-its-a-key-component-in-smart-cities)`
			`- [Variants:](#variants)`
			`- [Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)](#methods-and-information-and-communication-technologies-or-bullshit-buzzwords)`
			`- [Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making](#examples-in-smart-city-planning-and-policy-making)`
			`- [Reasons](#reasons)`
			`- [Climate](#climate)`
			`- [Safety](#safety)`
			`- [Efficiency](#efficiency)`
			`- [Experience / Cost](#experience-cost)`
			`- [Implementation](#implementation)`
			`- [Implementing ITS with information and communication technology](#implementing-its-with-information-and-communication-technology)`
			`- [Information needed](#information-needed)`
			`- [Communication needed](#communication-needed)`
			`- [Vehicle to everything: V2X](#vehicle-to-everything-v2x)`
			`- [Data sources](#data-sources)`
			`- [Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors](#smart-infrastructure-road-sensors)`
			`- [Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors](#smart-vehicles-vehicle-mounted-sensors)`
			`- [Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS](#vulnerable-road-users-vru-sensors-carried-by-vrus)`
			`- [Perception](#perception)`
			`- [Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)](#vehicle-road-cloud-integration-system-vrcis)`
			`- [Collaborative perception](#collaborative-perception)`
			`- [Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow](#cross-domain-perception-not-only-spatial-shape-for-example-also-traffic-flow)`
			`- [Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)](#summary-smart-mobility-seems-important)`
			`<!--toc:end-->`

2, took 1.5 hr 2025-01-06 21:15:18 +08:00			`## Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities`

			`### Variants:`

Fix formatting 2025-01-06 21:17:54 +08:00			`- Surface ITS`
			`- Air transport`
			`- Maritime`
2, took 1.5 hr 2025-01-06 21:15:18 +08:00
			`### Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)`

			`- Fancy words used to achieve ITS, they are interconnected to each other`
			`- Also called features (? TODO verify in tutorial)`
			`- Smart sensing and computing`
			`- Using mobile data`
			`- Wearables sensing`
			`- Vehicle based sensing`
			`- Smart performance`
			`- Automation`
			`- Real-time information`
			`- Dynamic optimization`
			`- Smart Travel behavior`
			`- Efficiency`
			`- Reliability`
			`- Safety`
			`- Smart Infrastructure`
			`- Active travel`
			`- Shared travel`
			`- Data driven`
			`- Smart city planning and policy making`
			`- Integrated development & Spatial planning`
			`- Transportation & Traffic strategy`
			`- Environment and public safety`
			`- Multi modal systems (????)`

			`### Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making`

			`- Smart intersections: reduce traffic jam, allow ambulance to pass with priority`
			`- Vehicle sharing`
			`- Active travel aka. walking: environment friendly`
			`- Public transport: Optimizes wait, and increases reliability`

			`## Reasons`

			`### Climate`

			`- Current situation: Climate changes leads to more extreme weather:`
			`- Temperature`
			`- Greenhouse gas emission`
			`- Air pollution`
			`- ITS Vehicle features helps protecting the environment (Didn't elaborate):`
			`- Speed vs. Pollutant: finding optimum speed for least $CO_2$`
			`- BEV (Battery-based Electric Vehicles) vs. ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine`
			`Vehicles):`
			`- The emission of $CO_2$ during the life-cycle: manufacture, usage,`
			`maintenance`
			`- Optimizing the occupancy of public transport: the occupancy level (how`
			`many people it holds) vs. The energy used`
			`- $$Railways \gt Aircraft \gt Buses \gt LightVehicles$$`

			`### Safety`

			`- Current situation: Car accidents`
			`- Driver failed to look properly`
			`- Driver careless, reckless or in a hurry`
			`- Failed to judge other's speed`
			`- ITS features can help to avoid accidents caused by drivers (Didn't elaborate)`

			`### Efficiency`

			`- Current situation: People spend a lot of time waiting for traffic jams`
			`- ITS feature can help reduce traffic congestion (Didn't elaborate)`

			`### Experience / Cost`

			`- ITS feature can help to improve public transport experience and cost.`

			`## Implementation`

			`### Implementing ITS with information and communication technology`

			`#### Information needed`

			`- Vehicle data`
			`- System data: infrastructure status, traffic, parking spaces`
			`- Intelligence: insights provided by data centers or cloud servers, by mining`
			`data from the aforementioned sources or other sources`

			`#### Communication needed`

			`- Wireless`
			`- Mobile network`
			`- Road Side Unit (RSU): ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) gateway`
			`deployed by the side of the road to facilitate wireless communication with`
			`cars.`

			`### Vehicle to everything: V2X`

			`- Four types of communications`
			`- V2V: Vehicle to vehicle`
			`- V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure`
			`- V2N: Vehicle to network`
			`- V2P: Vehicle to pedestrian`
			`- Usage:`
			`- Use RSU to connect to network`
			`- Use V2I to monitor traffic`
			`- Use V2V for safety and ADAS`
			`- Use V2N to provide over the top cloud services`

			`### Data sources`

			`#### Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors`

			`- Disruptive vs Non-disruptive:`
Convert current assets to webp 2025-01-07 12:02:19 +08:00			`- ![sensors](./assets/2-sensors.webp)`
2, took 1.5 hr 2025-01-06 21:15:18 +08:00
			`#### Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors`

			`- Radar: long range`
			`- Camera: efficient cost and FOV`
			`- Lidar: depth, mid range`
			`- Ultrasonic: Low cost, short range`

			`#### Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS`

			`- Road safety in cities`
			`- Technologies:`
			`- No tech: gesture`
			`- Wireless tech: P2X cycle bag`
			`- Visual tech: LED on cloth`
			`- Control tech`

			`### Perception`

			`#### Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)`

			`- Integrates with cloud:`
			`- Local: On board, millisecond level`
			`- Cloud:`
			`- Edge cloud, 100 ms`
			`- Region cloud, seconds`
			`- Central cloud, sub-minute`
			`- More processing the higher you go`

			`#### Collaborative perception`

			`- This is spatial only`
			`- Based on VRCIS, has a physical layer vs. cyber layer`
			`- Physical layer(vehicle side, road side, VRU side) provides data /`
			`insights, and send it to`
			`- Cyber layer(edge, region, central cloud), which generates perceptual`
			`fusion, then send it back to`
			`- Physical layer, to give collaborative perception`
			`- Single Node: Perception Fusion Method`
			`- Single view`
			`- Multi view: many more sensors on a single node`
			`- Multi Node: collaborative view, vehicle side and road side donate data that's`
			`coupled together, so a cloud can have better analysis`

			`#### Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow`

Fix formatting 2025-01-06 21:17:54 +08:00			`- Macroscopic traffic flow: use image, spatial and time`
			`- Microscopic: use many image`
2, took 1.5 hr 2025-01-06 21:15:18 +08:00
			`## Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)`

			`- Definition: Existing Transportation systems augment with ICT.`
			`- Intelligent vs. Smart:`
			`- Intelligent when it offer insights and human act on these;`
			`- Smart when it acts independently on insights in near-real time.`
			`- Reason:`
			`- For safer, more efficient, more environment friendly, better experience,`
			`more inclusive, and more.`
			`- Implementation:`
			`- Deploy sensors in vehicles, roads, VRUs`
			`- Allow them to communicate`
			`- Allow them to exchange information with other infrastructure (e.g., mobile`
			`network)`
			`- Allow them to analyse/interpret data`
			`- Allow them to communicate to generate collaborative knowledge`