EBU6504_smart_arch_notes/2-intelligent-transportation-system.md

Intelligent Transportation Systems

• Intelligent Transportation Systems
  • Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities
    • Variants:
    • Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)
    • Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making
  • Reasons
    • Climate
    • Safety
    • Efficiency
    • Experience / Cost
  • Implementation
    • Implementing ITS with information and communication technology
      • Information needed
      • Communication needed
    • Vehicle to everything: V2X
    • Data sources
      • Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors
      • Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors
      • Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS
    • Perception
      • Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)
      • Collaborative perception
      • Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow
  • Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)

Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities

Variants:

• Surface ITS
• Air transport
• Maritime

Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)

• Fancy words used to achieve ITS, they are interconnected to each other
• Also called features (? TODO verify in tutorial)
• Smart sensing and computing
  • Using mobile data
  • Wearables sensing
  • Vehicle based sensing
• Smart performance
  • Automation
  • Real-time information
  • Dynamic optimization
• Smart Travel behavior
  • Efficiency
  • Reliability
  • Safety
• Smart Infrastructure
  • Active travel
  • Shared travel
  • Data driven
• Smart city planning and policy making
  • Integrated development & Spatial planning
  • Transportation & Traffic strategy
  • Environment and public safety
• Multi modal systems (????)

Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making

• Smart intersections: reduce traffic jam, allow ambulance to pass with priority
• Vehicle sharing
• Active travel aka. walking: environment friendly
• Public transport: Optimizes wait, and increases reliability

Reasons

Climate

• Current situation: Climate changes leads to more extreme weather:
  • Temperature
    • Greenhouse gas emission
  • Air pollution
• ITS Vehicle features helps protecting the environment (Didn't elaborate):
  • Speed vs. Pollutant: finding optimum speed for least CO_2
  • BEV (Battery-based Electric Vehicles) vs. ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles):
    • The emission of CO_2 during the life-cycle: manufacture, usage, maintenance
  • Optimizing the occupancy of public transport: the occupancy level (how many people it holds) vs. The energy used

    • Railways \gt Aircraft \gt Buses \gt LightVehicles

Safety

• Current situation: Car accidents
  • Driver failed to look properly
  • Driver careless, reckless or in a hurry
  • Failed to judge other's speed
• ITS features can help to avoid accidents caused by drivers (Didn't elaborate)

Efficiency

• Current situation: People spend a lot of time waiting for traffic jams
• ITS feature can help reduce traffic congestion (Didn't elaborate)

Experience / Cost

• ITS feature can help to improve public transport experience and cost.

Implementation

Implementing ITS with information and communication technology

Information needed

• Vehicle data
• System data: infrastructure status, traffic, parking spaces
• Intelligence: insights provided by data centers or cloud servers, by mining data from the aforementioned sources or other sources

Communication needed

• Wireless
• Mobile network
• Road Side Unit (RSU): ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) gateway deployed by the side of the road to facilitate wireless communication with cars.

Vehicle to everything: V2X

• Four types of communications
  • V2V: Vehicle to vehicle
  • V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure
  • V2N: Vehicle to network
  • V2P: Vehicle to pedestrian
• Usage:
  • Use RSU to connect to network
  • Use V2I to monitor traffic
  • Use V2V for safety and ADAS
  • Use V2N to provide over the top cloud services

Data sources

Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors

• Disruptive vs Non-disruptive:
  • 

Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors

• Radar: long range
• Camera: efficient cost and FOV
• Lidar: depth, mid range
• Ultrasonic: Low cost, short range

Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS

• Road safety in cities
• Technologies:
  • No tech: gesture
  • Wireless tech: P2X cycle bag
  • Visual tech: LED on cloth
  • Control tech

Perception

Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)

• Integrates with cloud:
  • Local: On board, millisecond level
  • Cloud:
    • Edge cloud, 100 ms
    • Region cloud, seconds
    • Central cloud, sub-minute
• More processing the higher you go

Collaborative perception

• This is spatial only
• Based on VRCIS, has a physical layer vs. cyber layer
  • Physical layer(vehicle side, road side, VRU side) provides data / insights, and send it to
  • Cyber layer(edge, region, central cloud), which generates perceptual fusion, then send it back to
  • Physical layer, to give collaborative perception
• Single Node: Perception Fusion Method
  • Single view
  • Multi view: many more sensors on a single node
• Multi Node: collaborative view, vehicle side and road side donate data that's coupled together, so a cloud can have better analysis

Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow

• Macroscopic traffic flow: use image, spatial and time
• Microscopic: use many image

Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)

• Definition: Existing Transportation systems augment with ICT.
• Intelligent vs. Smart:
  • Intelligent when it offer insights and human act on these;
  • Smart when it acts independently on insights in near-real time.
• Reason:
  • For safer, more efficient, more environment friendly, better experience, more inclusive, and more.
• Implementation:
  • Deploy sensors in vehicles, roads, VRUs
  • Allow them to communicate
  • Allow them to exchange information with other infrastructure (e.g., mobile network)
  • Allow them to analyse/interpret data
  • Allow them to communicate to generate collaborative knowledge