logseq_notes/pages/总复习2023t1.md

• 总复习2023t1 {{renderer :todomaster}} id:: 64895ec0-51b1-47d6-9243-404b6e52d576
  • DONE Java {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:09:23]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:51] => 01:17:28 :END:
    • DONE lab
      • DONE 写 lab8 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:06:46]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:50] => 01:20:04 :END:
      • DONE (考前)复习 labs collapsed:: true
        • DONE [#A] 从 t14 复制过来
        • 1 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 2 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 3 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 4 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 5 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 6 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
        • 7 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 :END:
    • DONE 课件 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 :END:
      • DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 :END:
        • DONE [#A] Review past exam papers
        • DONE java file IO collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 16:44:33]--[2023-06-09 Fri 17:13:37] => 00:29:04 :END:
          • DONE Buffered Reader / Writer
          • DONE File objects
        • DONE GUI (自学不考) collapsed:: true
          • DONE Graphics Classes: Color, Font, FontMetrics, JLabel
        • StringBuffer vs. StringBuilder
          • String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes.
          • StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not. That’s why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer.
          • String concatenation operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class.
          • For String manipulations in a non-multi threaded environment, we should use StringBuilder else use StringBuffer class.
    • DONE 题
      • DONE 看 qm 上错题 gradeplus
      • DONE this 的用法 collapsed:: true
        • In Java, the this keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called.
        • When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The this keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name.
        • Here are a few common uses of the this keyword in Java: collapsed:: true
          • Accessing instance variables: You can use this to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, this.variableName refers to the instance variable variableName of the current object.
          • Invoking constructors: In a constructor, this can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object.
          • Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use this to pass a reference to the current object.
          • Returning the current object: A method can use this to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object.
        • It's important to note that this can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so this cannot be used inside them.
        • Overall, the this keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable.
      • DONE Past exam papers :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 :END:
        • DONE Access Modifiers
        • DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers tutorial
          • Syntax:

            • // This is a single line comment
              
              /*
               * This is a regular multi-line comment
               */
              
              /**
               * This is a Javadoc
               */
              

          • @throws ExceptionType reason
        • DONE Garbage collection collapsed:: true
          • The working: Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM.
          • Eligibility for garbage collection: An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable.
        • DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java==
          • Component: An object that the user can see on the screen and can also interact with
          • Container: A component that can hold other components
          • Event: An action triggered by the user
          • Designing a GUI involves creating components, putting them into containers, and arranging for the program to respond to events (e.g. responding to mouse clicks).
        • DONE ==Review Java File IO==
        • DONE Exception Terms
          • java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:
          • IOException
          • ArithmeticException
          • NegativeArraySizeException
          • ArrayStoreException
        • LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 :END:
          • inheritance
            • Inheritance in Java is a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes

          • polymorphism

          • encapsulation
            • Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping the data (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as data hiding.
          • abstraction.
            • Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only essential information to the user.
            • Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or interfaces (which you will learn more about in the next chapter).
        • Overloading vs. overriding
          • When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters
        • Interface
  • DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue>
    • DONE 看笔记
    • DONE 做题 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 :END:
    • DONE 整理错题 deck:: 2023t1/Mao
      • 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导
      • 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 A．科技创新 B．理论创新 C．⽂化创新 D．⽣产关系创新 A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理
      • extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 A．尊重群众、尊重实践 B．⼀切从群众中来 C．解放思想 D．“三个有利于”
      • 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒
      • extra:: a: 抢国民党 id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb
        1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产
      • extra:: 学苏联 A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题
      • extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设
      • extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 A.和平赎买 B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 D.⽣活上给出路
      • extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒
      • 1.社会主义的根本原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard extra:: 根本原则 id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard A.什么是实事求是 B. 怎样建设党 C.什么是⻢克思主义 D. 什么是社会主义
      • 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想
      • 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard extra:: d: 不谈这些 id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体
      • 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾
      • 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合
      • 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard extra:: b: 农村银行 id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 A. 股份制 B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 D.国家独资经济 A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位
      • 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard extra:: 领导利益优先 id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平
      • 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权
      • 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 C. 坚持四项基本原则 D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党
      • 5.社会主义⺠主政治的本质是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e A. ⼈⺠当家作主 B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理
      • A. 爱国主义 extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b B. 集体主义 C. 社会主义 D. 为⼈⺠服务 A. 为⼈⺠服务 B. 集体主义 C 诚实可信 D 爱国主义
        1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard A. 以⼈为本 B. 以⺠为本 C 社会公平 D 公平和正义
      • 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ C. 保证劳动者充分就业 D. 实现共同富裕
      • extra:: A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 B. 不断推进共同富裕 C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础
      • A. 祖国统⼀ extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 B. ⼀国两制 C. ⼀国两政府 D. “三通”
        1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 南北问题 B. .维护世界和平问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 实现全⼈类的解放
      • extra:: 是全球的南北 id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750
        1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 南北问题 B. .维护世界和平问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
      • extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 加强国际⼲预
      • extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617
        1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟
      • extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 A. 爱国主义性质的 B. 政治联盟性质的 C. 社会主义性质的 D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的
      • extra:: 硬背吧 A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 B. 实现国家统⼀ C. 加强⺠族团结 D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒
      • extra:: 重点是体制 id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559
        1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard A. 加强党的领导 B. 改善党的领导体制 C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系
      • extra:: 共产党纯变态 A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 A. 取得执政地位 B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 D. 符合统治阶级的需要
  • DONE 学交 {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue>
    • DONE 看格式要求 Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos
      • DONE Job application letter
        • Cover letter (application letter)

          • #+BEGIN_VERSE [Your name] [Your address] [Your city, state and zip code]

            [Date]
            
            [Hiring manager's name]
            [Hiring manager's title]
            [Company name]
            [Company address]
            [Company city, state and zip code]
            
            Dear [Hiring manager's name],
            
            I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job.
            
            [Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.]
            
            [Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.]
            
            [Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.]
            
            Sincerely,
            [Your name]
            

            #+END_VERSE

      • DONE Academic
        • DONE research proposal
          • Format

            • #+BEGIN_VERSE Your proposal should include the following:

              1. TITLE

                 Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question

              2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

              You should include:

              the background and issues of your proposed research
              identify your discipline
              a short literature review
              a summary of key debates and developments in the field
              

              3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S)

              You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring

              4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

              You should provide an outline of:

              the theoretical resources to be drawn on
              the research approach (theoretical framework)
              the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
              a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods
              

              5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE

              You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis.

              For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration.

              For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year.

              6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

              You should include:

              a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal
              a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research
              

              #+END_VERSE

        • DONE academic paper
          • DONE abstract
            • Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts
              • ● Short -uaually less than 120 words.
              • ● Includes:
                • ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives)
                • ● methods used
                • ● scope of the paper/work
                • ● introducing the subject.
              • ● Doesn’t include:
                • ● results, conclusions and recommendations
                • It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper.
                • ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond what you would find in the document's table of contents.
                • ● An outline of your work
            • •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts
              • ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more.
              • ● Include:
                • ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives)
                • ● method used
                • ● scope of the work
                • ● results / findings
                • ● conclusions and recommendations
                • ● contributions, novelty (optional)
            • It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these results.
          • DONE introduction
            • a clear sense of purpose, thorough understanding of reader needs, and close attention to correct formats.
            • Research paper introductions are always unique. After all, research is original by definition. However, they often contain six essential items. These are:
            • **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. Note that you will address them in the publication.
            • **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have that expertise.
            • **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of your paper.
            • **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices.
            • **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and clear.
            • **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline. Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the end of your paper.
            • These six items are emphasized more or less, depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the overview.
          • DONE conclusion
            • Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper.
            • Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study.
            • Demonstrating the importance of your ideas.
            • Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem.
      • DONE Report
        • Informal
          • DONE letter report
            • Format

              • #+BEGIN_VERSE This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are:

                Heading;
                Date;
                Address;
                Salutation;
                Body;
                Complimentary close;
                Signature.
                

                The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts:

                Introduction: Here the writer states the problem.
                Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented.
                Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body.
                

                The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report. #+END_VERSE

            • Sample

              •                            Opex Apparel Ltd.
                                       (A house for best Garments)
                                             Dhanmondi, Dhaka
                
                25th, May 2021
                
                Managing Director
                Opex Apparel Ltd.
                Dhanmondi, Dhaka.
                
                Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom.
                
                Dear Sir,
                
                In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara
                showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and
                 therefore submitting my report hereunder. <abstract, introduction>
                
                A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments
                but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their
                best to return the garments but failed because there was no
                attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a
                result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed
                complaints regarding this issue. <findings>
                
                In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to
                handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for
                the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting
                dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of
                competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business.
                
                I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served
                with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there
                for proper functioning. <recommendation>
                
                I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation
                for the betterment of our company.<close>
                
                Yours faithfully
                
                M. A Khan Secretary
                

          • DONE memo report
            • Format
              • Abstract
                • Clear statement of memo's purpose Outline of main parts of memo
              • Body
                • Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader Tactful presentation of any negative news
              • Conclusion
                • Clear statement of what step should occur next Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers
            • Sample:

              •                              MEMORANDUM
                
                DATE:
                
                TO:
                
                FROM:
                
                SUBJECT:
                
                I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo].
                
                As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening
                paragraph].
                
                Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your
                cooperation as [official business information] takes place.
                

        • Formal
          • DONE Letter Text Combination Form
            • Types
              • proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable, beneficial, and worth pursuing.
              • feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors.
              • progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status, achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative. It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward established goals and objectives.
              • evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives.
              • problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions or recommendations.
              • recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the recommendation.
            • Template

              • Report on [topic of the report]
                Submitted on [date of submission]
                Summary or Abstract
                [This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and
                overall conclusion.]
                Introduction
                [This provides insight into the purpose of the report.]
                Background
                [This section provides background information for the reader to understand the
                context of the remaining content.]
                Methodology
                [This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your
                findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using
                qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.]
                Findings
                [Present your findings based on your research.]
                Conclusions
                The main issues we found were as follows:
                [Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.]
                Recommendations
                To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps:
                [Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions
                to help solve the problem.]
                Appendix
                [List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other
                sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables,
                charts, or diagrams referenced in your report.]
                

    • LATER 写几篇试试手
  • DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> deck:: 2023t1/Circuits collapsed:: true
    • DONE 看 block4 deck:: 2023t1/Circuits
      • Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78
        • Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a binary value
        • Often more than just a one-to-one connection
      • Data Storage Devices
        • Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d
          • All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as each other.
          • Equal time to access any location
          • n-bit address
          • Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43
            • Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off
            • Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a memory” #flashcard
            • Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a of information and does not need to be refreshed periodically. #flashcard
              • more expensive and less dense
            • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard
              • Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high densities.
              • It is the main memory in personal computers.
          • Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5
            • Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no power to the device.
            • Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413
            • ROM
              • Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 changed by normal CPU operations.
              • used to store fixed data or information.
              • Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44
              • PROM :-> Programmable ROM id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd
              • EPROM :-> Erasable PROM id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81
              • EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089
        • Serial Access
          • Stores data bits in series Head must travel from current position to new address passing the other addresses in between – time consuming Can store large amounts of data
        • Read Only
        • R / W
      • SI bytes: 8bit = 1byte
    • DONE 往年题
    • DONE Review slides :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 :END:
      • DONE Tutorial 1 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 :END:
        • DONE Base conversion
          • Integer
          • Digits
          • If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2
          • fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63
        • DONE LSB, MSB
        • DONE ==2's complement== :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 :END:
          • convert to 2's complement (negative numbers)
            • Invert the bits of that representation logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • add 1 logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • convert from 2's complement (negative numbers)
            • subtract 1 logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • invert the bits of that representation logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • or:
            • invert bits logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • add 1 logseq.order-list-type:: number
          • Subtraction with 2's complement
        • DONE Floating point formats :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 :END:
          • IEEE 754 FP

            •  Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} 

            • s: sign
            • f: Mantissa
            • e: exponent
        • Parity
      • DONE Tutorial 2 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 :END:
        • Drawing gates
        • Boolean algebra
          • Theorems
            • Consensus theorem

              •  (X + Y) (X + Z) = X + YZ 

            • Distributivity theorem

              •  XY + X'Z + YZ = XY + X'Z 

        • Minterms and Maxterms
          • Minterm
            • Algebraic sum of minterms, SOP, Canonical Sum
            • Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product
      • DONE Tutorial 3 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 :END:
        • Draw latches
          • SR
          • SR with control
          • D
        • Draw Functional table
          • DONE When the output is invalid
        • Synchronous state machine
        • Input / next state / output equations
        • Transition table, State table, State / Output Table
        • Circuit synthesis
          • K-map
          • State diagram
      • DONE Tutorial 4 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 :END:
        • Calculating address bits
        • Calculating bits required to select memory chips
        • draw diagrams
          • DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END:
          • DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END:
          • DONE Mux switch :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END:
          • DONE Draw ROM :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: The address is from b to a (down to up): c b a addr 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 ==mux switch left 1, right 0==
          • DONE Ripple parallel adder implemented by FAs
          • DONE Ripple parallel subtractor implemented by FAs
        • Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb
  • DONE 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} deck:: 2023t1/database collapsed:: true
    • DONE 课件 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 :END:
      • DONE Transactions
      • DONE Distributed DMBSs
      • DONE XML
      • DONE Data Mining
      • DONE NoSQL
    • DONE Theory collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 :END:
      • DONE Block 1 deck:: 2023t1/database
        • DONE DBMS
          • Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48
          • Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8
          • Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f
          • Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b
          • Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9
          • Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac
          • Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a
          • Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6
          • Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5
          • Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53
          • SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7
          • CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6
          • ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200
          • Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b
          • Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a
          • Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af
        • DONE basic concepts of Relational model
          • A data model :- > a graphical description of the components of database.
          • A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339
          • A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c
          • Candidate Key #flashcard id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1
            • A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a relation.
            • Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify that tuple.
            • Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the uniqueness property.
          • Primary Key #flashcard id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a
            • Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within relation.
          • Foreign Key #flashcard id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342
            • Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation.
          • Composite Key #flashcard id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77
            • A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes.
          • Recursive Relationship #flashcard id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a
            • Relationship type where same entity type participates more than once in different roles.
          • Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a single occurrence of an associated entity type through a particular relationship.
            • Cardinality #flashcard id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7
              • Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0
            • Participation #flashcard id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f
              • Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship.
              • Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type.
            • Ternary relationship #flashcard id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175
              • a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships!
        • DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model.
        • DONE Forming sql queries
          • DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/
          • LATER review lab2
          • DONE SQL join
      • DONE Block 2
        • DONE EER
          • Most useful additional concept of EER model: specialization/generalization.
            • Specialization
              • Process of maximizing differences between members of an entity by identifying their distinguishing characteristics.
            • Generalization
              • Process of minimizing differences between entities by identifying their common characteristics.
            • Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb specialization/generalization:
              • participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb must participate as a member of a subclass.
                • May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443
                  • Mandatory: member of superclass must be member of subclass
                  • Optional: member of superclass may be member of subclass.
              • disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5
                • Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or)
                • Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and)
          • Superclass / Subclass
            • Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d subgroupings of its occurrences.
              • Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e (1:1).}} #flashcard
                • Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct subclasses.
                • Not all members of a superclass need be a member of a subclass.
            • Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 type.
            • When to use them? either one or both #flashcard id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6
              • There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity.
              • The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass.
          • DONE Designing databases
            • Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard id:: 6489a99e-3ed0-4673-814d-f823e4998168
              • Conceptual database design
                • The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations.
              • Logical database design
                • Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.
              • Physical database design
                • The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS);
            • general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard id:: 6489a9b5-14ea-4b2b-bd47-07b93ae94124
              • Gather requirements
              • Conceptual database design
              • Logical database design
              • Physical database design
          • DONE SQL
            • purpose and importance of SQL.
              • SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 id:: 6489c210-8ab6-4a38-979a-01af7618a3a4 major components: #flashcard
                • A DDL for defining database structure.
                  • Create table
                  • Drop table
                • A DML for retrieving and updating data.
                  • Insert
                  • Delete
                  • update
                  • Select
              • Importance:
                • it is non-procedural - you specify what information you require, rather than how to get it;
                • it is essentially free-format.
                • easy to learn
            • retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and
              • Use compound WHERE conditions.
              • Sort query results using ORDER BY.
              • Use aggregate functions.
              • Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING.
              • Join tables together.
              • Use subqueries.
            • update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
            • DONE [#A] Write some SQL!!
      • DONE Block 3
        • DONE DB transaction management
          • DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75
            • A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including database management systems.
            • Example:
          • Cascading rollback #flashcard id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658
            • Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a failure and a rollback must be performed. Other transactions dependent on T1's actions must also be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect.
            • One transaction's failure causes many to fail.
          • DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7
            • Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da
            • Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a
            • Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f
            • Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554
          • DONE Concurrency control
            • DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f
              • The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable.
            • DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2
              • Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
            • DONE 2PL #flashcard id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250
              • In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase and the shrinking phase.
            • DONE [#A] How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d
              • By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and serializability.
          • ==DONE Recovery Control==
            • DONE Some causes of database failure.
              • System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory.
              • Power failures
              • Disk crashes, resulting in loss of parts of secondary storage.
              • Application software errors.
              • Natural physical disasters.
              • User mistakes.
              • Sabotage.
            • DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a
              • Contains information about all updates to database:
                • Transaction records.
                • Checkpoint records.
                • Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing).
              • For autiding
            • DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f
              • When failure occurs, redo all transactions that committed since the checkpoint and undo all transactions active at time of crash.
        • DONE Normalization background-color:: yellow
          • DONE Functional dependencies g4g #flashcard id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93
            • In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as X → Y, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, X is called Determinant , and Y is called the Dependent.
          • DONE BCNF vs. 3NF :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 :END:
          • DONE kinds of NF tutorial
            • First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain only a single value, and each column should have a unique name. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
            • Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each non-key attribute be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to other id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 columns.
            • Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 that all non-key attributes are independent of each other. This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table.
            • Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key. id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0
            • Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies.
            • Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to remove data redundancy and improve data integrity.
          • Anomaly
            • Update Anomalies #flashcard id:: 6489a420-c0cb-4360-b34f-26a3a01ff46a
              • Insertion anomalies
                • If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the table so, it will create an insertion anomaly.
              • Deletion anomalies
                • If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table.
              • Modification anomalies
                • When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to inconsistent and wrong databases.
      • DONE Block 4
        • DONE Distributed DBMS
          • DONE client server arch #flashcard id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45
            • Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN)
            • The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network.
          • Distributed Database #flashcard id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894
            • A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network.
          • Distributed DBMS #flashcard id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36
            • Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users.
          • the key issues #flashcard id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675
            • Fragmentation
            • Allocation
            • Replication
          • importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7
            • Horizontal
            • Vertical
            • Mixed
          • different types of transparency #flashcard id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7
            • Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity
            • Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency.
            • Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS.
          • DONE advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases #flashcard id:: 6489c210-385e-483b-aa5c-dbe688c5f43b
            • Advantages
              • Reflects organizational structure
              • Improved shareability and local autonomy
              • Improved availability
              • Improved reliability
              • Improved performance
              • Economics
              • Modular growth
            • Disadbantages
              • Complexity
              • Cost
              • Security
              • Integrity control more difficult
              • Lack of standards
              • Lack of experience
              • Database design more complex
        • DONE XML
          • DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f
            • eXtensible Markup Language
            • A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide functionality not available with HTML.
          • DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7
            • SQL
              • is a special-purpose programming language
              • You can: manage data in a relational databases.
            • XML
              • is a markup specification language
              • You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
              • It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
          • DONE Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7
            • Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element
            • Matched tags, proper nesting
            • Unique attributes within elements
          • DONE DTD, XSD
            • DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document
            • XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of an XML document.
          • DONE Practice reading and writing XML, XSD
        • DONE Data Mining
          • concept #flashcard id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a
            • The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, and actionable information from large databases and using it to make crucial business decisions.
          • different applications #flashcard id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c
            • Retail / Marketing
            • Banking
            • Insurance
            • Medicine
          • basic techniques
            • predictive modelling, #flashcard id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6
              • uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some phenomenon
            • database segmentation, #flashcard id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec
              • Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles.
            • link analysis, #flashcard id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f
              • Establishing links, called associations, between the individual records, or sets of records, in a database.
            • deviation detection. #flashcard id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333
              • Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously known expectation and norm.
        • DONE NoSQL
          • the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de
            • By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve much higher performance and scalability.
          • explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28
            • NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads.
          • explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba
            • NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. (low updates)
            • CAP theorem: #flashcard id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827
              • There are 3 main properties for distributed management:
                1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to ensure coherency).
                2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down.
                3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system is partitioned (unless there is a global failure).
            • BASE: #flashcard id:: 6489dbd1-f9aa-47fa-8e9f-dfb2c73eff3c
              • Basically Available: Instead of making it compulsory for immediate consistency, BASE-modelled NoSQL databases will ensure the availability of data by spreading and replicating it across the nodes of the database cluster.
              • Soft State: Due to the lack of immediate consistency, the data values may change over time. The BASE model breaks off with the concept of a database that obligates its own consistency, delegating that responsibility to developers.
              • Eventually Consistent: The fact that BASE does not obligates immediate consistency but it does not mean that it never achieves it. However, until it does, the data reads are still possible (even though they might not reflect reality).
      • DONE Terms in: chatGPT
    • LATER Exercises
      • DONE past year exercise 1
      • DONE past year exercise 2
      • LATER past year exercise 3
  • LATER 产品开发 {{renderer :todomaster}} SCHEDULED: <2023-06-16 Fri>
    • DONE 整理考点 :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:10]--[2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:11] => 00:00:01 :END:
    • LATER See past exam papers
    • LATER 整理 ppt deck:: 2023t1/product
      • DONE Week 1

        • Topic 2: Project Mtasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time.

          id:: 648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb collapsed:: true Do project schedulinganagement
          • Define what is project management #flashcard
            • For all but the simplest products, product development involves many people completing many different tasks.
            • is the activity of planning and coordinating resources and tasks to achieve these goals.
          • Two Phases of PM #flashcard
            • Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process.
            • Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project.
          • Project Planning: Understand and represent different tasks in projects
            • Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks
              • 
            • The Design Structure Matrix
              • Definition :-> A useful tool for representing and analysing task dependencies is the design structure matrix (DSM).
              • Working:
                • A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column.
                • The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix.
                • We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends.
                • 
                • Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row.
                • Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column.
                • The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies.
            • Gantt Chart
              • Features: #flashcard
                • Gantt charts show how the work is broken down into a set of activities
                • They show the scheduling of these activities as a series of horizontal bands against a series of vertical lines representing dates
                • 
                • They can be used to show dependencies between activities
                • They can be used to measure progress on a project or compare planned production with actual production
            • PERT Charts #flashcard
              • PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart.
              • 
            • The Critical Path #flashcard
              • The dependencies among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path.
              • The critical path is the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks.
          • Undertake a baseline project plan
            • Definition :-> project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time.
          • Do project scheduling
            • Methods: #flashcard
              • Contract Book
              • Project Task List
              • Team staffing & Organisation
              • Project Schedule
              • Project Budget
              • Project Risk Plan
              • Modifying the baseline plan
          • Accelerate projects
            • Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects.
          • Execute projects #flashcard
            • Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan?

        • Topic 3: Opportunity Identification

          id:: 648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122 collapsed:: true
          • Opportunity, definition and types
            • Definition: #flashcard
              • an idea for a new product
              • It is a product description in an embryonic form
                • a newly sensed need,
                • a newly discovered technology,
                • a rough match between a need and a possible solution
              • It can be thought of as a hypothesis about how value might be created
            • Type #flashcard
              • Ansoff’s growth matrix
              • Market penetration #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
                • Opportunities can exist within a business’s existing markets through increasing the volume of sales of existing products
              • market development #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
                • Opportunities are said to exist for a business’s products through making them available to new markets
                  • e.g. using existing products in new geographical markets
                  • e.g. selling your existing products to a new age group of customers
              • product development #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
                • Opportunities: offering new or improved products to logseq.order-list-type:: number existing markets
              • diversification #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
                • Opportunities: Moving into new markets, potentially with a base logseq.order-list-type:: number from your existing product knowledge or diversification through acquisition of other companies
              • Risk #flashcard
                • The element of risk increases the further the strategy moves away from known quantities the existing product and the existing market
                • Product development (requiring, in effect, a new product) and market extension (a new market) involve a greater risk than market penetration
                • Diversification (both new products and new markets) generally carries the greatest risk of all
          • Opportunity identification process
            • Establish a charter
              • A charter :-> articulates the goals of the organisation (in relation to NPD) and establishes the boundary conditions for an innovation effort. Charters can be termed as mission statement for a new product.
            • Generate and sense many opportunities
              • Focus has to be both on internal and external sources of raw opportunities. Some of these are generated: #flashcard
                • Internally
                  • R&D department
                • Externally
                  • customer
                  • competitive product
                  • sales forces
                  • collab. with universities
                  • investors
                  • distribution partners
                  • other partner companies
              • Sense opportunities: Where do they come from? #flashcard
                • Passively
                • Proactively #flashcard
                  • Document frustrations and complaints that current customers experience with existing products
                  • Interview lead users, with attention devoted to
                    • innovations by these users and
                    • modifications these users may have made to existing products
                  • trends
                  • Systematically gather suggestions from current customers
                  • Competitors
                  • Transfer emerging tech.
            • R&D: Research and Development
              • Definition :-> to develop new knowledge and apply scientific or engineering knowledge to connect the knowledge in one field to that in others
              • Roles:
                • Discovering and developing new technologies Improving understanding of the technology in existing products
                • Improving and strengthening understanding of technologies used in manufacturing
                • Understanding research results from universities and other research institutions
              • Areas:
                • R&D for existing businesses
                • R&D for new businesses
                • R&D for exploratory research
            • Screen opportunities
              • Purpose: #flashcard
                • to eliminate any opportunities that are unlikely to result in the creation of value,
                • to focus attention on the opportunities worthy of further investigation
                • not to pick the single best opportunity!
              • Approach: #flashcard
                • Web-based surveys
                • Workshops with multi-voting: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas.
            • Develop promising opportunities
              • Details #flashcard
                • customer interviews,
                • testing of existing products,
                • concept generation,
                • quick prototypes,
                • estimates of market sizes and growth rates.
              • Goal #flashcard
                • resolve the greatest uncertainty surrounding each one at the lowest cost in time and money.
            • Select exceptional opportunities
              • Goal #flashcard
                • select a few that warrant a significant investment in product development.
              • Approach:Real-Win-Worth-it #flashcard
                • Real: Is the opportunity real?
                • Win: Can you win with this opportunity?
                • Worth It: Is it worth doing?
            • Reflect on the result and process. Ask the following questions: #flashcard
              • How many of the opportunities identified came from internal sources versus external sources?
              • Did we consider dozens or hundreds of opportunities?
              • Was the innovation charter too narrowly focused?
              • Were our filtering criteria biased, or largely based on the best possible estimates of eventual product success?
              • Are the resulting opportunities exciting to the team?

        • topic 4 产品规划Product Planning

          • 概念 产品规划 (product planning)流程发生在一个产品开发项目正式启动，大量的资源开始使 用及更大的开发团队形成之前。该流程将确定一个公司应该从事的项目组合 (portfolio, 或译 为项目投资组合),并决定什么时候从事什么子项目。产品规划流程确保产品开发项目可以支持公司未来更多的商业策略·This phase takes place before a product development project is formally approved·It takes place before substantial resources are applied ·It takes place before the larger development team is formed ·Product planning is an activity that ·considers the portfolio of projects that an organisation might pursue. i.e. what mix of new products and markets to develop, if they focus is on basic or applied research or diversification projects and ·determines what subset of these projects will be pursued over what time period

            步骤 (1)确认市场机会Identify Opportunities

            • 规划流程始于对产品开发机会的识别，这种机会可能包括上述四种类型项目中的任何一 种。这一步可以看成是机会漏斗 (opportunity funnel), 因为它将来自整个公司的各种投入汇聚到一起。每个想法应该有一个简短的描述，包括产品概念、市场机会等。把这些想法方放到一起然后进行筛选·The first stage of the planning process is to identify product development opportunities·Each of the ideas should be expanded into a short description – including the potential business opportunity·These ideas can then be stored and revisited later·Each of the ideas should have a ‘champion’ who is responsible for supporting the idea through theprocess (2)项目评价和优先级排序Evaluate and prioritise projects

            • 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场

              • 竞争策略competitive strategy决定了它在市场和产品上针对竞争者的基本运作方法

                • ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies
                • ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency
                • ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences
                • ● 模仿策略 (imitative): 这一策略要求紧跟市场趋势，允许竞争者探索每一部分已获成功的新产品。当确定了可行机会之后，企业快速开始模仿成功竞争者的新产品。快速的 发流程对于这一策略的有效实施至关重要When a clear opportunity has been identified and has been successful, the organisation launches a competitive version.

              • 市场细分Market Segmentation一般认为顾客属于市场的不同部分。把市场分为不同的部分，使企业能够按照各详细定义的顾客群来考虑竞争者的行动和企业已有产品的市场力度。通过将竞争者的产品和企业自己的产品对应到各个细分市场，企业就可以评价哪些产品机会最好，以揭示出企业自身的(或竞 争者的)产品生产线问题Divide the market into segments in order to be more focused on the customer and competitors

              • 技术曲线Technological Trajectories在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range

              • 产品平台规划Product Platform Planning产品平台是指由一系列产品共享的一整套资产。通常，零件和部件是这些资产中最重要的部分。 一个有效的平台可以更快更容易地制造出许多衍生品，每种产品提供一个特定细分市场所需要的特点和功能由于平台开发项目在时间和资金上的消耗是衍生品开发项目的2～10倍，企业不可能使 每个项目都成为平台开发项目。l ·The product platform is the set of assets shared across a set of products l· An effective platform can allow a variety of derivative products to be created more rapidly and easily l ·Each product can then provide features and functions desired by a particular market segment l ·Platform development projects can take from 2–10 times as much time and money as a derivative product and therefore the number of this type of project is low An example of a product platform is Microsoft Windows *

              • 评 价 全 新 产 品 的 机 会（这个不是四个基本方面里的，但PPT里写出来了，应该是指在四个基本方面结束/以外的评估方法）除了已有产品领域的新型产品之外，企业还将面对许多机会，如新的市场或全新技术。 尽管在使用新技术或为进入新市场而进行的产品开发中投入紧缺资源有很大风险，但是这 种投入对于定期更新产品组合是必要的● 市场规模(单位/年 · 平均价格)● 市场增长率(每年百分比)● 竞争激烈程度(竞争者的数量和实力)● 企业对市场的了解程度● 企业对技术的了解程度● 与企业其他产品的匹配● 与企业能力的匹配● 专利、商业秘密或其他竞争障碍的潜在压力● 企业中冠军产品 (product champion) 的存在l Market size (units/year x average price)l Market growth rate (percent per year)l Competitive intensity (number of competitors and their strengths)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the marketevaluation criteria (contd.)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the technologyl Fit with the firm’s capabilitiesl Fit with the firm’s other productsl Potential for patents, trade secrets or other barriers to competitionl Existence of a product champion within the firm (3)资源分配和时间安排Allocate resources and plan timing

            • 资源分配Resource Allocation如果公司开发太多的项目而不考虑开发资源的有限性，那么有经验的工程师和经理就会被分配到越来越多的项目上，生产效率急剧下降，项目完成时间延长，产品上市迟缓，利润水平低下。l Over commitment of resources will inevitably lead to a drop in productivity l An example of over commitment would be allocating engineers and managers to more than one project (where they are already at full capacity working on one)

              • 综合计划（这个也不属于它列出来的两个之一，但也不是总的概括。我也不知道PPT为什么放到资源分配之后，感觉是资源分配的一个概括，就先放着了）

            • 项目时间安排Project Timing

              • ● 产品上市时间： 通常情况下产品上市越快越好。但是，产品质量未达标就上市，会损害企业的声誉。Timing of product introductions - Time to Market (TTM)
              • ● 技 术 储 备 ：基础技术的稳健性对于规划流程十分重要。 一 种被证实了的、成熟度高的技术可以快速可靠地集成到产品中去。 Technology readiness
              • ● 市场准备： 产品上市的顺序决定了最初使用者的购买意图 — — 是先购买低端产品，再买 更高价的产品，还是直接购买价格高的高端产品。 一方面，改进的产品上市太快，会打击紧追产品更新步伐的顾客；另一反面，新品上市太慢会面临落后于竞争者的风险。 Market readiness
              • ● 竞 争 ：竞争性产品的预期上市将会加快开发项目的进度。Competition

            • product planl This is the set of projects approved by the planning processl These are sequenced in time l The plan may include a mix of fundamentally new products, platform projects and derivative projects l The updating of these plans is usually undertaken on a periodic basis e.g. quarterly or annually（这个同样不属于资源分配和时间安排里的两步，但是PPT放上去了） (4)完成项目前期规划Complete pre-project planning

            • 当项目确定下来，但是还未进行物质资源的分配时，就需要进行项目前期规划。这一过程涉及一个小的跨职能团队，通常被称为核心团队 (core team)，分别代表技术、市场、制造和服务部门等多方。¡ After project approval, but before the commitment of resources, a pre-project planning activity takes place¡ This activity involves a small, cross-functional team – the Core Team

              • 任务陈述（mission statement）
                • ● 对产品的概括性描述 (用一句话描述):这一描述通常包括产品的主要用途，但要避免包含特定的产品概念。实际上它可以是产品的前景说明。 A brief description of the product
                • ● 获益方案 (或称为获益建议， benefit proposition): 这一部分阐述了顾客会购买商品的几个关键原因。Typically includes the key customer benefit of the product
                • ● 主要商业目标： 除了支持公司战略的项目目标之外，这些目标通常包括时间、成本和质量目标(如产品的上市时间、预期财务效益和市场份额目标等)。 ¡ The goals which support the corporate strategy ¡ The goals for l Time e.g. timing for product introduction l Cost e.g. desired financial performance l Quality
                • ● 产品目标市场： 每一种产品可能会有几个目标市场。任务陈述的这一部分确定了一级市场和二级市场。 Target market for the product Primary and secondary markets that should be considered in the development effort
                • ● 指导开发工作的设想和限制： 必须仔细地制定设想，尽管它会限制可能的产品概念范 围，但是它有助于项目管理。有关设想和限制的决策信息可以附加到任务书中。 Assumptions and constraints that guide the development effort
                • ● 利益相关者 (stakeholder): 确保开发流程中的细微问题均被考虑到的一种方法是，清楚地列出产品的所有利益相关者，也就是所有受产品成败影响的人群。利益相关者列表以末端使用者(最终的外部顾客)和做出产品购买决定的外部顾客开始，包括企业内 部与产品相关的人，如经销商、服务商和生产部门。利益相关者列表可以提醒团队考 虑被产品影响到的每个人的需求。¡ List all of the product’s stakeholders to ensure that many of the subtle development issues are addressed ¡ The list of stakeholders serves as a reminder for the team to consider the needs of everyone who will be influenced by the product (5)对结果和过程进行反思Reflect on the results and the process

            • 在规划流程的最后一步，团队应该问几个关于评价过程和结果质量的问题。我们推荐的问题是：● 机会漏斗收集到各种令人激动的产品机会了吗?● 产品规划支持企业的竞争策略吗?● 产品规划是否针对企业现在面临的最重要的机遇?● 分配给产品开发的资源足以贯彻企业的竞争策略吗?● 使有限资源发挥最大作用的方法被充分考虑了吗?例如产品平台的使用、合资，以及 与供应商合作等。● 核心团队接受最终任务书的挑战了吗?● 任务书的各个部分一致吗?● 任务书的假定条件真的必要吗?项目的限制过多吗?开发团队能自由开发最好的产 品吗?● 怎样才能改进产品规划流程? 不重视产品开发的公司所面临的的问题 ● 不能以有竞争力的产品占有足够的目标市场份额。 ● 产品引入市场的时间安排不合理。 ● 总开发能力与所从事的项目数量不匹配。 ● 资源分配不合理， 一些项目人员过多而另外一些却人手不足。 ● 构思错误的项目，启动后又取消。 ● 项目方向经常变动。l ·Inadequate coverage of target markets with competitive products l ·Poor timing of market introductions of products l ·Mismatches between aggregate development capacity and the number of projects pursued l ·Poor distribution of resources, with some projects overstaffed and others understaffed l ·Initiation and subsequent cancellation of illconceived projects l ·Frequent changes in the directions of projects 产品开发的四种类型 ● 全新产品 (fundamentally new products): 这类项目涉及全新的产品或生产技术，并由此进入一个新的、不熟知的市场。这种项目本质上存在更大的风险，但是，公司的长期成功可能要依赖从这种重要的项目中获得的经验。New product or production technology for new and unfamiliar markets 新产品平台 (new product platform): 这类项目主要致力于在一个新的通用平台基础开发出一个新产品家族，这一新产品家族将进入相关市场和产品领域。New products for familiar markets and product categories ● 已有产品平台的衍生品 (derivatives of existing product platform): 这类项目是在已有产品平台上进行扩展，用一种或多种新产品更好地占有相关市场。Projects extend an existing product platform to better addresses familiar markets with one or two more products ● 对已有产品的改进 (incremental improvements to existing products): 这类项目只是增加或改进已有产品的特点，以使生产线跟上潮流和具有竞争力。May only involve adding or modifying some features of existing products to keep the product line current and competitive

        • Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development)

          id:: 64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735
          • Market Research for NPD (New Product Development)
            • Definition :-> the function that links the consumer, customer and public to the marketer through information – information used
            • Goal: #flashcard
              • to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems;
              • to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions;
              • to monitor marketing performance;
              • to improve understanding of the marketing process
            • When to use it?
          • Gather raw data from customers #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • Interviews: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer
            • Focus groups: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers
            • Observing the product in use
            • Surveys: direct mail or web-based questionnaires;
          • Interpret the raw data in terms of customer needs #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to express the customers’ needs in terms of what the product has to do, not in terms of how it might do
            • Use positive, not negative phrasing
            • Express the needs as attributes of the product
          • Organize the needs into a hierarchy of needs logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • Structure the needs into #flashcard
              • Must-haves – “I wont buy without”
              • Delighters – “What an unexpected treat”
              • Linear Satisfiers – “The more the merrier”
              • Neutrals – “No big deal”
            • This is the Kano classification
            • Consumer needs can be very elusive
            • Intuitions are often wrong
          • Establish the relative importance of the needs #flashcard logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • Measuring preference is central to market research
          • Reflect on the results and the process logseq.order-list-type:: number
            • Questions to ask: #flashcard
              • Have we interacted with all important customers in our target market?
              • Can we see the latent needs of customers beyond our current product range?
              • Can we further involve any of the customers in our product development?
              • Did we involve the right people in our organisation?
              • Can we improve our process?
      • DONE Week 2

        • Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发

          id:: 6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c
          • What is Concept Development? 概念开发是什么 #flashcard
            • The needs of the target market are identified Alternative product concepts are generated and evaluated 需求
            • One or more concepts are selected for further development and testing 多种概念被生成，经过挑选后选择其中一个
            • A concept is a description of the form, function and features of a product 概念是一个产品的描述，功能和特性 Evaluation and screening criteria are used to aid in the selection 评估和测试可以辅助选择（screen = test）
            • Usually accompanied by a set of specifications, an analysis of competitive products and an economic justification for the project 伴随着来自个方面的要求，与竞争对手的比较和分析，还有经济方面的考虑（能不能赚钱）
            • This can be concluded as 图解如下
            • 

          • Identify Customer Needs 用户需求是什么 #flashcard

            • to understand customers needs, then to effectively communicate them to the development team 和研发队伍沟通 The output of this step is: Customer need statements organised in a hierarchical list, with importance weightings for many or all of the needs 把用户的需求整理成加权列表

          • Establishing target specifications 确立规格要求 #flashcard

            • 1. Prepare the list of metrics, i.e. the technical or manufacturing features of the product based on the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表
            • 2. Collect competitive benchmarking information 竞争对手的产品性能
            • 3. Set ideal and marginally acceptable target values 理想的和可接受的要求
            • 4. Reflect on the results and the process 通过结果和进一步完善

          • Concept generation 想一个概念

            • Steps: #flashcard
              • external search 在外面搜索
              • creative problem solving within the team, and 团队灵机一动
              • systematic exploration of the various solution fragments the team generates 系统地寻找解决方法
            • The result of this activity is usually a set of 10-20 concepts – each is typically represented by a sketch and a brief descriptive text 产生 10-20 个概念
            • 

          • Concept selection 选一两个出来 #flashcard

            • the activity in which various product concepts are analysed and sequentially eliminated to identify the most promising concept(s)
            • {:height 564, :width 688}
            • There are 5 stages to the screening and evaluation process: 用以下方式选择好的概念 #flashcard
              • 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the previous slides can be developed further using a scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试
              • 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to explain a concept 和客户沟通
              • 3. Technical screen 在科技实现上咨询第一方和第三方的专家
                • informal technical discussions with experts
                • extensive analysis by a 3 rd party
              • 4. Final screen 最终测试
                • Involves the use of screening models and computer assessment programs
              • 5. Business analysis 看下赚不赚钱
                • preliminary marketing plans,
                • technical plans,
                • financial reviews and
                • projected budgets

          • Concept testing 测试

            • There are 7 steps to this process #flashcard
              • 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的
              • 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象
              • 3. Choose a survey format 格式
              • 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念
              • 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想
              • 6. Interpret the results 分析结果
              • 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进

          • Setting final specifications 最终规格

                   Target specifications are revisited after a concept has been selected and tested
            

          • Project planning 计划

            • The final activity of concept development
            • Steps: #flashcard
              • creates a detailed development schedule 产品开发时间线
              • devises a strategy to minimise development time and 定一个计划
              • identifies the resources required to complete the project 需求是什么

          • Economic analysis

            • 拿出去卖亏不亏钱

          • Benchmarking & modelling

            • 和竞争对手比较，品质行不行

        • Topic 7: Innovation

          id:: 64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149

          • Definition of Innovation #flashcard

            Innovation is the process of creating something new that adds value to society. It can involve developing new products, services, processes, or business models. Innovation can be driven by a variety of factors, such as technological advances, changes in consumer preferences, or shifts in the competitive landscape.

          • Types of Innovation

            There are different types of innovation, including: #flashcard
            • Radical innovation: involves creating something entirely new that disrupts existing markets or creates new ones.
            • Incremental innovation: involves making small improvements to existing products or processes.
            • Disruptive innovation: involves creating a new product or service that initially serves a niche market but eventually disrupts the existing market.
            • Sustaining innovation: involves making improvements to existing products or processes that help maintain a company's competitive position.

          • Models of Innovation

            Innovation can follow different models, such as: #flashcard
            • Linear model: involves a sequential process of research, development, and commercialization.
            • Cyclical model: involves a continuous process of feedback and iteration.
            • Open innovation: involves collaborating with external partners to develop new products or services.

          • Characteristics of Innovative Companies

            Innovative companies share certain characteristics, such as: #flashcard
            • A willingness to take risks and experiment with new ideas.
            • A focus on customer needs and preferences.
            • A culture that encourages creativity, collaboration, and learning.
            • A commitment to continuous improvement and innovation.

          • Strategies for Fostering a Culture of Innovation

            Companies can foster a culture of innovation by: #flashcard
            • Providing resources, such as funding, time, and expertise, to support innovation initiatives.
            • Encouraging collaboration and cross-functional teams.
            • Rewarding creativity and risk-taking.
            • Creating a supportive and inclusive work environment.

          • Examples of Innovative Companies and Products

            There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as:
            • Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad.
            • Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions.
            • Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time.

          • Further Resources

            The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development.

        • Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products

          id:: 64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95
          • Digital Transformation
            • Terms
              • Digitisation is :-> the process of converting information from analog to digital.
              • Digitalisation is :-> the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient.
              • Digital transformation is :-> the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements
            • Types of Digital transformation #flashcard
              • Process Transformation :-> aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business.
              • Business Model Transformation :-> aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology.
              • Domain Transformation :-> This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies.
              • Cultural/Organizational Transformation :-> This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking.
            • Guidelines for a successful Digital Transformation #flashcard
              • Understand your technology
              • Embrace Cultural Change
              • Consider a new digital business model
              • Digital upskilling
              • Ensure Collaboration
              • Top Management Support
          • Digital Product
            • Characteristics #flashcard
              • no physical form, exist only in the digital realm,
              • intangible items delivered electronically,
              • anything that can be downloaded and used digitally can be considered a digital product,
              • sold online or through brick-and-mortar retailers,
              • can be easily updated or modified to keep up with changing technology and trends because they're intangible,
              • often come with a license that allows a customer to use them in unlimited ways.
            • Will everything become digital? #flashcard
              • In practice, most products and experiences they are part of are hybrid.
            • Why digital products? #flashcard
              • Customer happiness is how you win in business. Modern customer expectations are being driven by largely digital technology and digital innovations.
              • Low investment, (potentially) high returns
              • More profitable than physical goods
              • No inventory, shipping or rent hassle
              • Automated delivery for passive income
              • Serve a niche at scale
              • Digital products offer unique ways to communicate directly with the customers.
          • Digital Project Development #flashcard
            • Phase 1. Discovery :-> the process of identifying the problem to be solved, making sure the problem is worth solving, and envisioning the solution to that problem.
            • Phase 2. Ideate :-> The goal is to brainstorm possible solutions to the problem identified in the discovery phase, creating a strategy for how to build a product that will solve that problem.
            • Phase 3. Test :-> The testing phase is all about gathering data, refining and improving your idea, and gathering more data until you have a sharp idea. The testing phase should involve at least four steps, known as the lean validation process
            • Phase 4. Execute :-> This stage aims to develop the“most valuable player” namely the Minimum Viable Product (MVP).
            • Phase 5. Launch :-> Once your MVP is ready to go, it’s time to launch. A digital product launch usually means putting the MVP on the market and giving customers their first crack at your solution.
            • Phase 6. Grow :-> As refine the digital product into its final form, based on the feedback from the MVP launch, it’s time to consider the growth or scaling phase.
          • Digital Project Management
            • Terms
              • Digital Project Manager: the glue that brings together many facets of a successful digital product— customers, design, engineering, operations, sales, marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more.
              • Project Team for Digital Products: A project team for digital product is made up of:
                • Developers or engineers – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers.
                • Experts in customer or user experience who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers
                • Sales and marketing experts, who will actually get customers to use the product.
            • mistakes to avoid
              • Having the wrong data
              • Resistance from staff
              • Underestimate costs
              • A lack of commitment
              • A lack of skills

      • DONE Week 3

      • DONE Week4
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