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 						- ▪ 示意图 (schematic) 反映了开发人员对产品组成的认识； 不包含全部细节； 示意图不是唯一的
 						- ◦ 对示意图中的元素(单元)进行聚类 (cluster) Cluster the elements of the schematic
 						- ▪ 把示意图中的每个元素都划分到相应的组件中去； 为了控制这些选择的复杂性，可以假定每个元素都形成一个独立的组件，然 后在有利的情况下不断加以合并。为了确定哪些合并是有利的，需要考虑以下因素，这些因  素反映了前文所讨论的产品架构的内涵：
-				- • ·几何集成与精确性Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员更好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。  l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a  single individual or group to control the physical  relationships among the elements  l ·Elements requiring precise location or close  geometric integration can often be best designed  if they are part of the same chunk
-				                • ·功能共享Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement  several functional elements of the product, these  functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car
-				                • ·供应商能力Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities  related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team  may choose to cluster those elements about which  the vendor has expertise into one chunk
-				                • ·设计或技术生产的相似性Similarity of design or production technology 当两个或更多的功能单元可能用同样的设计或生产技术完 成时，将这些元素集成到同一组件中将会使设计或生产更经济 When two or more functional elements are likely to  be implemented using the same design and/or  production technology, then incorporating these  elements into the same chunk may allow for more  economical design and/or production
-				                • ·集中修改Localisation of change 当开发人员预计某些单元可能要做大量的修改时，就有必要把该单元独立为 一个模块化的组件，这样对该组件的修改就不会影响到其他的组件。 When a team expects there to be a great deal  of change in an element, it makes sense to  isolate that element into its own modular chunk l In that way, any necessary changes to the  element can be carried out without disrupting any of the other chunks
-				                • ·适合多样化Accommodating variety 示意图中元素的聚类应该有利于企业按照客户的具体要求来对产品做出 改动。打印机将在全世界电力标准不同的各个地区销售。所以，开发团队为与直流供 电有关的元素建立了单独的组件。 ·Elements should be clustered together to enable  the firm to vary the product in ways that will  have value for customers  l ·Example – a power supply needs to handle  different mains supplies in different countries
-				                • ·标准化Enabling standardisation 如果有一套元件在其他的产品中也可以使用，那么应该把它们集成到一个组件中。这样可以提高组件中各实体单元的生产质量。 l ·If a set of elements will be useful in other  products, they should be clustered together into  a single chunk l· This allows the physical elements of the chunk  to be produced in higher quantities
-				                • ·关联的便利性：有些相互作用可以在长距离内方便地传递。
-				        ◦ 设计简略的几何结构Create a rough geometric layout 几何结构可以采用草图、计算机模型或物理模型(例如卡板纸或泡沫制成)在二维平面或者三维空间中进行设计。设计几何结构时，设计人员要考虑组件之间的几何关系是否可以实现，并确定组件间的基本空间关系。 A geometric layout can be created in 2 or 3  dimensions or as physical models l· an example can be found on a later slide ¡ ·Creating a geometric layout forces the team to  consider  l ·whether the geometric interfaces among the  chunks are feasible and l ·to work out the basic dimensional  relationships among the chunks   
-				        ◦ 确定基本的和附属的相互作用关系Identify the fundamental and incidental  interactions  
-				            ▪ 各个组件可能是由不同的个人或小组设计的。组件之间存在着确定或不确定的相互作用关 系，所以各个小组要协调他们的设计，交流各自的信息。为了更好地管理这种协作过程，开发人员应该在系统设计阶段明确组件之间那些已知的相互作用。 组件之间的联系有两种类型。首先是基本的相互作用关系 (fundamental interaction), 它与 示意图中连接各组件的那些线条相对应。例如， 一张纸从纸张托盘移动到打印装置中，因为 这种基本的相互作用关系是系统运行的基础，所以，在最早设计示意图时就应该计划好，并 要很好地加以理解。其次是附属的相互作用关系 (incidental interaction), 它是功能单元特定的 实体设置或组件之间具体的几何排列造成的。例如，纸张托盘中的传动器所引起的震动会干  扰打印墨盒在X 轴的精确定位。  It is most likely that a different person or group will  be assigned to design each chunk  ¡ Because the chunks interact with one another in  both planned and unintended ways, these  different groups will have to coordinate their  activities and exchange information  ¡ To manage this coordination process better, the  team should identify the known interactions  between chunks during the system-level design  phase There are two categories of interaction  l Fundamental  ¡ Those which correspond to the lines on the  schematic that connect the chunks to one  another  ¡ These are the fundamental interactions of  the systems operation l Incidental ¡ Those that arise because of  l the particular physical implementation of  functional elements, or  l because of the geometric arrangement of  the chunks ¡ An incidental interaction graph is used to  document this type of interaction, see next  slide
+						- • ·几何集成与精确性Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员更好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。  l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a  single individual or group to control the physical  relationships among the elements  l ·Elements requiring precise location or close  geometric integration can often be best designed  if they are part of the same chunk
+						- • ·功能共享Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement  several functional elements of the product, these  functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car
+						- • ·供应商能力Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities  related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team  may choose to cluster those elements about which  the vendor has expertise into one chunk
+						- • ·设计或技术生产的相似性Similarity of design or production technology 当两个或更多的功能单元可能用同样的设计或生产技术完 成时，将这些元素集成到同一组件中将会使设计或生产更经济 When two or more functional elements are likely to  be implemented using the same design and/or  production technology, then incorporating these  elements into the same chunk may allow for more  economical design and/or production
+						- • ·集中修改Localisation of change 当开发人员预计某些单元可能要做大量的修改时，就有必要把该单元独立为 一个模块化的组件，这样对该组件的修改就不会影响到其他的组件。 When a team expects there to be a great deal  of change in an element, it makes sense to  isolate that element into its own modular chunk l In that way, any necessary changes to the  element can be carried out without disrupting any of the other chunks
+						- • ·适合多样化Accommodating variety 示意图中元素的聚类应该有利于企业按照客户的具体要求来对产品做出 改动。打印机将在全世界电力标准不同的各个地区销售。所以，开发团队为与直流供 电有关的元素建立了单独的组件。 ·Elements should be clustered together to enable  the firm to vary the product in ways that will  have value for customers  l ·Example – a power supply needs to handle  different mains supplies in different countries
+						- • ·标准化Enabling standardisation 如果有一套元件在其他的产品中也可以使用，那么应该把它们集成到一个组件中。这样可以提高组件中各实体单元的生产质量。 l ·If a set of elements will be useful in other  products, they should be clustered together into  a single chunk l· This allows the physical elements of the chunk  to be produced in higher quantities
+						- • ·关联的便利性：有些相互作用可以在长距离内方便地传递。
+					- ◦ 设计简略的几何结构Create a rough geometric layout 几何结构可以采用草图、计算机模型或物理模型(例如卡板纸或泡沫制成)在二维平面或者三维空间中进行设计。设计几何结构时，设计人员要考虑组件之间的几何关系是否可以实现，并确定组件间的基本空间关系。 A geometric layout can be created in 2 or 3  dimensions or as physical models l· an example can be found on a later slide ¡ ·Creating a geometric layout forces the team to  consider  l ·whether the geometric interfaces among the  chunks are feasible and l ·to work out the basic dimensional  relationships among the chunks
+					- ◦ 确定基本的和附属的相互作用关系Identify the fundamental and incidental  interactions
+						- ▪ 各个组件可能是由不同的个人或小组设计的。组件之间存在着确定或不确定的相互作用关 系，所以各个小组要协调他们的设计，交流各自的信息。为了更好地管理这种协作过程，开发人员应该在系统设计阶段明确组件之间那些已知的相互作用。 组件之间的联系有两种类型。首先是基本的相互作用关系 (fundamental interaction), 它与 示意图中连接各组件的那些线条相对应。例如， 一张纸从纸张托盘移动到打印装置中，因为 这种基本的相互作用关系是系统运行的基础，所以，在最早设计示意图时就应该计划好，并 要很好地加以理解。其次是附属的相互作用关系 (incidental interaction), 它是功能单元特定的 实体设置或组件之间具体的几何排列造成的。例如，纸张托盘中的传动器所引起的震动会干  扰打印墨盒在X 轴的精确定位。  It is most likely that a different person or group will  be assigned to design each chunk  ¡ Because the chunks interact with one another in  both planned and unintended ways, these  different groups will have to coordinate their  activities and exchange information  ¡ To manage this coordination process better, the  team should identify the known interactions  between chunks during the system-level design  phase There are two categories of interaction  l Fundamental  ¡ Those which correspond to the lines on the  schematic that connect the chunks to one  another  ¡ These are the fundamental interactions of  the systems operation l Incidental ¡ Those that arise because of  l the particular physical implementation of  functional elements, or  l because of the geometric arrangement of  the chunks ¡ An incidental interaction graph is used to  document this type of interaction, see next  slide
 			- DONE Week4
 	- LATER 概率论 (隔了一个周末)
 	  collapsed:: true