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- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
id:: 6482caf8-b133-4277-8030-38423ed98206
- DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon>
@ -155,85 +154,78 @@
- DONE 整理错题 - DONE 整理错题
deck:: 2023t1/Mao deck:: 2023t1/Mao
- 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
id:: 6486eb88-490a-45f2-b393-89192dd5ea52 id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999
A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想
B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准
C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是
D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导
- 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard
extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想
id:: 6486eba2-9d71-4e27-a8f8-96947c0beda6 id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76
A．科技创新 A．科技创新
B．理论创新 B．理论创新
C．⽂化创新 C．⽂化创新
D．⽣产关系创新 D．⽣产关系创新
- id:: 6486ebb8-4319-4e33-a901-221546ac6b28 4. 党的思想路线的实质和核⼼是（ {{c1 c}} ）#flashcard
A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际
C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理
- extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失
id:: 6486ebbd-9c15-48d3-a273-aad64d4fadb2 5. 实事求是思想路线的根本体现是 （ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
A．尊重群众、尊重实践 A．尊重群众、尊重实践
B．⼀切从群众中来 B．⼀切从群众中来
C．解放思想 C．解放思想
D．“三个有利于” D．“三个有利于”
- 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本
id:: 6486ebe6-ea17-4b3d-a855-1a992863e0e2 id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0
保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard
A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线
C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒
- extra:: a: 抢国民党 - extra:: a: 抢国民党
id:: 6486ebf2-991b-43fa-9baf-c2e94eec3230 id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb
1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业
C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产
- extra:: 学苏联 - extra:: 学苏联
id:: 6486ebf5-ecb6-49f4-a22e-156de99c617c 2. 20 世纪 50 年代，⽑泽东提出，中国⼯业化道路的问题主要是指 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 A.优先发展重⼯业的问题
B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题
C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题
D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题
- extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有
id:: 6486ec08-5315-4ddc-ad39-f87b1acf36ec 3. 社会主义改造基本完成后，我国国家政治⽣活的主题是 ( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒
B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾
C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命
D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设
- extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派
id:: 6486ec0b-b934-4f4a-b0ff-31c39c44e74d 4. 我国在资本主义⼯商业进⾏社会主义改造实践中⼀个创新性办法是对⺠族资产阶级( {{c1 a}} ) #flashcard
A.和平赎买 A.和平赎买
B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营
D.⽣活上给出路 D.⽣活上给出路
- extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想
id:: 6486ec0e-3678-4e3c-95cc-a1eae493c278 5. ⽑泽东在《论⼗⼤关系》中提出我国社会主义建设必须围绕的⼀个基本⽅针是 （ {{c1 c}} ） #flashcard
A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国
B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾
C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务
D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒
- 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard
extra:: 根本原则 extra:: 根本原则
id:: 6486f101-7de3-4d01-81fa-f33ca1ce5395 id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd
A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒
C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富
- id:: 6486f11d-fd1f-4050-b693-1d9e61525db2 3. 新时期的解放思想，关键就是对建设中国特⾊社会主义的⾸要的基本理论问题的重新认识，这就
是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard
A.什么是实事求是 A.什么是实事求是
B. 怎样建设党 B. 怎样建设党
C.什么是⻢克思主义 C.什么是⻢克思主义
D. 什么是社会主义 D. 什么是社会主义
- 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
id:: 6486f139-1b96-4fa2-801d-e6af909be90c
extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行
id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba
A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政
C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想
- 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
extra:: d: 不谈这些 extra:: d: 不谈这些
id:: 6486f1db-f09d-45d5-982e-8a6d36c88ec0 id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897
A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 A. 是否存在多种所有制经济
B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充
C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤
D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体
- 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard
id:: 6486f20e-62ee-4487-855d-9fbfe95e4d8f id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533
A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来
B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活
C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展
@ -241,63 +233,58 @@
- 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是
指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard
extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治
id:: 6486f242-b267-4c28-825a-62182abcfbfe id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6
A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策
B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的
各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放
C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放
D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合
- 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
id:: 6486f2b8-2ef5-461f-a6da-6dcae1737aa8
extra:: b: 农村银行 extra:: b: 农村银行
id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745
A. 股份制 A. 股份制
B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制
D.国家独资经济 D.国家独资经济
- id:: 6486fb7d-2914-45c7-99a3-81afc94e8c1a 3. 国有经济在国⺠经济中的主导作⽤主要表现在 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势
B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业
C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒==
D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位
- extra:: 领导利益优先 - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 4. 在收⼊分配过程中，⽆论是⿎励⼀部分地区、⼀部分⼈先富起来，还是注重社会公平，其实质都
是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
extra:: 领导利益优先 extra:: 领导利益优先
id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e
A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题
C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平
- 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众
id:: 6486fbcf-fce9-47eb-9471-93bb3fdbca43 id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb
A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家
B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家
C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 C. ⺠主联合政府的国家
D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权
- 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对
id:: 6486fc44-9b33-4eb1-bbc0-fc00aa42ed6c id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19
A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是
B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针
C. 坚持四项基本原则 C. 坚持四项基本原则
D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党
- 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
id:: 6486fcfb-2262-48e4-96dc-24b0ca4087e3
extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要
id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e
A. ⼈⺠当家作主 A. ⼈⺠当家作主
B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政
C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度
D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理
- extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 - A. 爱国主义
id:: 6486fe1f-1d2e-46de-8616-a9bb174c3ade 4. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句
A. 爱国主义 id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b
B. 集体主义 B. 集体主义
C. 社会主义 C. 社会主义
D. 为⼈⺠服务 D. 为⼈⺠服务
- id:: 6486fe3b-fd24-4e3f-980d-d02c66e3fe18 5. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 为⼈⺠服务 A. 为⼈⺠服务
B. 集体主义 B. 集体主义
C 诚实可信 C 诚实可信
D 爱国主义 D 爱国主义
- id:: 64870181-4942-41c3-9f04-54ccd35a73ad
1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard
A. 以⼈为本 A. 以⼈为本
B. 以⺠为本 B. 以⺠为本
@ -305,80 +292,72 @@
D 公平和正义 D 公平和正义
- 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样
id:: 648701b2-ad29-4bd5-9160-bcf973aaeb51 id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67
A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要
B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼
C. 保证劳动者充分就业 C. 保证劳动者充分就业
D. 实现共同富裕 D. 实现共同富裕
- extra:: - extra::
id:: 648702a3-ce36-474c-8427-ba505b748de2 5. “⼗⼀五”规划根本⽬的是以⼈为本，执政为⺠，其含义( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展
B. 不断推进共同富裕 B. 不断推进共同富裕
C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要
D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础
- extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 - A. 祖国统⼀
id:: 648702cb-b4d4-470c-b1c3-187aa64ba582 2. 台湾问题的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一
A. 祖国统⼀ id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774
B. ⼀国两制 B. ⼀国两制
C. ⼀国两政府 C. ⼀国两政府
D. “三通” D. “三通”
- id:: 6487034e-025b-4a2e-9bee-ba856180c7cd
1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 南北问题 A. 南北问题
B. .维护世界和平问题 B. .维护世界和平问题
C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题
D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
- id:: 648704bb-1b44-4b7a-9b56-4f8ee1e102f0 4. 中国外交政策的基本**⽬标**是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 A. 提⾼中国的国际地位
B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展
C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治
D. 实现全⼈类的解放 D. 实现全⼈类的解放
- extra:: 是全球的南北 - extra:: 是全球的南北
id:: 648704ff-5743-4233-9a16-3c196737e5aa id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750
1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 南北问题 A. 南北问题
B. .维护世界和平问题 B. .维护世界和平问题
C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题
D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
- extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平
id:: 64870507-34f9-422d-b543-727494bcc448 3. 当前维护世界和平的根本途径是( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控
B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤
C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治
D. 加强国际⼲预 D. 加强国际⼲预
- extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了
id:: 64870715-f684-48d8-894c-ad2bddd5f912 id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617
1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟
B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟
C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟
D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟
- extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的
id:: 64870745-dadb-467b-a90c-33a99cb70f54 3. 我国新时期爱国统⼀战线从根本上说，是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 爱国主义性质的 A. 爱国主义性质的
B. 政治联盟性质的 B. 政治联盟性质的
C. 社会主义性质的 C. 社会主义性质的
D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的
- extra:: 硬背吧 - extra:: 硬背吧
id:: 648707a6-6088-409d-a3d1-5666d23c5af7 4. 新时期我国爱国主义的主题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义
B. 实现国家统⼀ B. 实现国家统⼀
C. 加强⺠族团结 C. 加强⺠族团结
D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒
- extra:: 重点是体制 - extra:: 重点是体制
id:: 648707f5-4cc3-43f4-9709-34f99e05481e id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559
1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard
A. 加强党的领导 A. 加强党的领导
B. 改善党的领导体制 B. 改善党的领导体制
C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍
D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系
- extra:: 共产党纯变态 - extra:: 共产党纯变态
id:: 648708c8-b45f-48b3-bb42-4dff84cbea23 3. 政党区别于其他政治团体的根本标志是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物
B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系
C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领
D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标
- id:: 6487090c-61e8-44ed-81a4-f3e07e1a8731 4. ⼀个政党在社会历史进程中是否起促进作⽤，取决于该党是否( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 取得执政地位 A. 取得执政地位
B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式
C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 C. 维护⽆产阶级利益
@ -698,54 +677,54 @@
- DONE 看 block4 - DONE 看 block4
deck:: 2023t1/Circuits deck:: 2023t1/Circuits
- Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types?
id:: 6488641f-9ec8-4732-9f02-c4aeb2367d68 id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78
- Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a
binary value binary value
- Often more than just a one-to-one connection - Often more than just a one-to-one connection
- Data Storage Devices - Data Storage Devices
- Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access?
id:: dba98f43-3f8b-463d-81c5-c72ab1192ec8 id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d
- All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as
each other. each other.
- Equal time to access any location - Equal time to access any location
- n-bit address - n-bit address
- Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types?
id:: 64886486-510b-4bae-a96b-b3e1e2d7426a id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43
- Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off
- Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working
id:: 648864bd-5553-4cb9-9b3b-95704702ec3a id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a
memory” #flashcard memory” #flashcard
- Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit
id:: 6488656f-d6e7-471c-a576-918f2a9539cd id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a
of information and does not need to be refreshed of information and does not need to be refreshed
periodically. #flashcard periodically. #flashcard
- more expensive and less dense - more expensive and less dense
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the
id:: 6488659c-99ea-4bf5-9f22-dabeea3f51d9 id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b
data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain
the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard
- Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high
densities. densities.
- It is the main memory in personal computers. - It is the main memory in personal computers.
- Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation?
id:: 535e9457-c460-4f39-af70-29f1451ec6bd id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5
- Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no
power to the device. power to the device.
- Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}}
id:: 648864c3-9852-48f3-8aac-21adaab99963 id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413
- ROM - ROM
- Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be
id:: 64886681-d990-45e3-afd3-e13d95459f58 id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777
changed by normal CPU operations. changed by normal CPU operations.
- used to store fixed data or information. - used to store fixed data or information.
- Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture
id:: 648866a8-81ed-435b-a946-d96ab208b17e id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44
- PROM :-> Programmable ROM - PROM :-> Programmable ROM
id:: 648866ae-85e5-4241-a1f9-fc2d32df9cda id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd
- EPROM :-> Erasable PROM - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM
id:: 648866b2-2f28-4bc3-96ba-d05da9722b4f id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81
- EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM
id:: 648866b5-0447-4faf-8535-258f4c28d7d2 id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089
- Serial Access - Serial Access
- Stores data bits in series - Stores data bits in series
Head must travel from current position to new address passing the Head must travel from current position to new address passing the
@ -769,7 +748,9 @@
- Integer - Integer
- Digits - Digits
- If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB
id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2
- fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying.
id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63
- DONE LSB, MSB - DONE LSB, MSB
- DONE ==2's complement== - DONE ==2's complement==
:LOGBOOK: :LOGBOOK:
@ -873,8 +854,7 @@
![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png)
- Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb
- LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}}
id:: 647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f deck:: 2023t1/database
deck:: 2023t1/db
- DONE 课件 - DONE 课件
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
:LOGBOOK: :LOGBOOK:
@ -890,30 +870,51 @@
:LOGBOOK: :LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32
:END: :END:
- LATER Block 1 - DONE Block 1
deck:: 2023t1/database
collapsed:: true
- DONE DBMS - DONE DBMS
- Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48
- Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields).
id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8
- Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity.
id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f
- Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table.
id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b
- Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data.
id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9
- Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.
id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac
- Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys.
id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a
- Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.
id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6
- Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data.
id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5
- Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL).
id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53
- SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases.
id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7
- CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database.
id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6
- ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions.
id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200
- Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database.
id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b
- Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints.
id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a
- Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval.
id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af
- DONE basic concepts of Relational model - DONE basic concepts of Relational model
- A data model :- > a graphical description of the - A data model :- > a graphical description of the
components of database. components of database.
- A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows.
id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339
- A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations.
id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c
- Candidate Key #flashcard - Candidate Key #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1
- A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a
relation. relation.
- Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify
@ -921,67 +922,178 @@
- Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the
uniqueness property. uniqueness property.
- Primary Key #flashcard - Primary Key #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a
- Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within
relation. relation.
- Foreign Key #flashcard - Foreign Key #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342
- Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that
matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation.
- Composite Key #flashcard - Composite Key #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77
- A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes.
- Recursive Relationship #flashcard - Recursive Relationship #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a
- Relationship type where same entity type participates - Relationship type where same entity type participates
more than once in different roles. more than once in different roles.
- Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible
id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a
occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a
single occurrence of an associated entity type single occurrence of an associated entity type
through a particular relationship. through a particular relationship.
![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png)
- Cardinality #flashcard - Cardinality #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7
- Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type.
id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0
- Participation #flashcard - Participation #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f
- Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship.
- Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type.
- Ternary relationship - Ternary relationship #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175
- a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships!
- LATER basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model.
- LATER Forming sql queries - LATER Forming sql queries
collapsed:: true
- DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/
- LATER review lab2 - LATER review lab2
- LATER SQL join - LATER SQL join
- LATER Block 2 - DONE Block 2
- LATER EER - DONE EER
- LATER designing ER diagram - Most useful additional concept of EER model:
specialization/generalization.
- Specialization
- Process of maximizing differences between
members of an entity by identifying their
distinguishing characteristics.
- Generalization
- Process of minimizing differences between
entities by identifying their common
characteristics.
- Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard
id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb
specialization/generalization:
- participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass
id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb
must participate as a member of a subclass.
- May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard
id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443
- Mandatory: member of superclass must be
member of subclass
- Optional: member of superclass may be member
of subclass.
- disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard
id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5
- Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or)
- Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and)
- Superclass / Subclass
- Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct
id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d
subgroupings of its occurrences.
- Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one
id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e
(1:1).}} #flashcard
- Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct
subclasses.
- Not all members of a superclass need be a
member of a subclass.
- Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity
id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45
type.
- When to use them? either one or both #flashcard
id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6
- There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity.
- The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass.
- DONE Designing databases
- Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard
- Conceptual database design
- The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations.
- Logical database design
- Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.
- Physical database design
- The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS);
- general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard
- Gather requirements
- Conceptual database design
- Logical database design
- Physical database design
- DONE SQL
- purpose and importance of SQL.
- SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2
collapsed:: true
major components: #flashcard
- A DDL for defining database structure.
- Create table
- Drop table
- A DML for retrieving and updating data.
- Insert
- Delete
- update
- Select
- Importance:
- it is non-procedural - you specify what
information you require, rather than how to get it;
- it is essentially free-format.
- easy to learn
- retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and
- Use compound WHERE conditions.
- Sort query results using ORDER BY.
- Use aggregate functions.
- Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING.
- Join tables together.
- Use subqueries.
- update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
- LATER [#A] Write some SQL!!
- DONE Block 3 - DONE Block 3
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
- DONE DB transaction management - DONE DB transaction management
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard
- Atomicity: The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75
- Consistency: The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable
- Isolation: The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other,
- Durability: The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of
resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including
database management systems.
- Example:
- Cascading rollback #flashcard
id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658
- Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a
failure and a rollback must be performed. Other
transactions dependent on T1's actions must also
be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect.
- One transaction's failure causes many to fail.
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7
collapsed:: true
- Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails.
id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da
- Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules.
id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a
- Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts.
id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f
- Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes.
id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554
- DONE Concurrency control - DONE Concurrency control
- DONE Meaning of serialisability. - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard
- DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f
- The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable.
- DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2
- Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to
shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and
prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
- DONE 2PL - DONE 2PL #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250
- In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database
objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase
and the shrinking phase. and the shrinking phase.
- DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard
- A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d
to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other,
resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of
resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including
database management systems.
- DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability.
- By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write
validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that
transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and
serializability. serializability.
- DONE Recovery Control - ==DONE Recovery Control==
- DONE Some causes of database failure. - DONE Some causes of database failure.
- System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory.
- Power failures - Power failures
@ -990,20 +1102,23 @@
- Natural physical disasters. - Natural physical disasters.
- User mistakes. - User mistakes.
- Sabotage. - Sabotage.
- DONE Purpose of transaction log file. - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard
id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a
- Contains information about all updates to - Contains information about all updates to
database: database:
- Transaction records. - Transaction records.
- Checkpoint records. - Checkpoint records.
- Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing).
- For autiding - For autiding
- DONE Purpose of checkpointing. - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard
id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f
- When failure occurs, redo all transactions that - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that
committed since the checkpoint and undo all committed since the checkpoint and undo all
transactions active at time of crash. transactions active at time of crash.
- DONE Normalization - DONE Normalization
background-color:: yellow background-color:: yellow
- DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard
id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93
- In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept
that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one
attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**.
@ -1012,122 +1127,158 @@
CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01
:END: :END:
- DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/)
- First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of
id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab
normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
- Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be dependent on the primary key. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other
id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2
columns. columns.
- Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring
that _all non-key attributes are independent of each other._ This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table. id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table.
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._
id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0
- Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._
- Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._
- DONE Block 4 - Anomaly
- Update Anomalies #flashcard
- Insertion anomalies
- If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the
inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For
example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if
it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the
table so, it will create an insertion anomaly.
- Deletion anomalies
- If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or
data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called
the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table,
if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of
Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the
row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table.
- Modification anomalies
- When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the
inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of
anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want
to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows
where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row,
then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to
inconsistent and wrong databases.
- LATER Block 4
- DONE Distributed DBMS - DONE Distributed DBMS
collapsed:: true - DONE client server arch #flashcard
- DONE client server arch id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45
collapsed:: true
- Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN)
- The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network.
- Distributed Database - Distributed Database #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894
- A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network.
- Distributed DBMS - Distributed DBMS #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36
- Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users.
- the key issues - the key issues #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675
- Fragmentation - Fragmentation
- Allocation - Allocation
- Replication - Replication
- importance and different types of fragmentation - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7
- Horizontal - Horizontal
- Vertical - Vertical
- Mixed - Mixed
- different types of transparency - different types of transparency #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7
- Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity
- Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency.
- Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS.
- advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases
- Advantages
- Reflects organizational structure
- Improved shareability and local autonomy
- Improved availability
- Improved reliability
- Improved performance
- Economics
- Modular growth
- Disadbantages
- • Complexity
• Cost
• Security
• Integrity control more difficult
• Lack of standards
• Lack of experience
• Database design more complex
- DONE XML - DONE XML
collapsed:: true - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard
- XML definition and basic concepts id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f
collapsed:: true
- eXtensible Markup Language - eXtensible Markup Language
- A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that
enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide
functionality not available with HTML. functionality not available with HTML.
- Relational model versus XML - DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7
- SQL - SQL
collapsed:: true
- is a special-purpose programming language - is a special-purpose programming language
- You can: manage data in a relational databases. - You can: manage data in a relational databases.
- XML - XML
collapsed:: true
- is a markup specification language - is a markup specification language
- You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
- It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
- Well-formed XML, Valid XML - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7
- Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element
- Matched tags, proper nesting - Matched tags, proper nesting
- Unique attributes within elements - Unique attributes within elements
- DTD, XSD - LATER DTD, XSD
collapsed:: true
- DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document
- XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of
an XML document. an XML document.
- LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD
- DONE Data Mining - DONE Data Mining
collapsed:: true - concept #flashcard
- concept id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a
collapsed:: true
- The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible,
and actionable information from large databases and using it to make and actionable information from large databases and using it to make
crucial business decisions. crucial business decisions.
- different applications - different applications #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c
- Retail / Marketing - Retail / Marketing
- Banking - Banking
- Insurance - Insurance
- Medicine - Medicine
- basic techniques - basic techniques
collapsed:: true - predictive modelling, #flashcard
- predictive modelling, id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6
collapsed:: true
- uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some
phenomenon phenomenon
- database segmentation, - database segmentation, #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec
- Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles.
- link analysis, - link analysis, #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f
- Establishing links, called associations, between the individual - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual
records, or sets of records, in a database. records, or sets of records, in a database.
- deviation detection. - deviation detection. #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333
- Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously
known expectation and norm. known expectation and norm.
- DONE NoSQL - DONE NoSQL
collapsed:: true - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard
- the motivation for NoSQL id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de
collapsed:: true
- By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve
much higher performance and scalability. much higher performance and scalability.
- explain the concepts of NoSQL - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28
- NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store
data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a
variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document,
key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and
scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads.
- explain the application areas of NoSQL - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba
- NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be
used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority.
- CAP theorem: - CAP theorem: #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827
- There are 3 main properties for distributed management: - There are 3 main properties for distributed management:
1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to
ensure coherency). ensure coherency).
@ -1136,7 +1287,7 @@
is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). is partitioned (unless there is a global failure).
- DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1)
- LATER Exercises - LATER Exercises
- LATER past year exercise 1 - DONE past year exercise 1
- LATER past year exercise 2 - LATER past year exercise 2
- LATER past year exercise 3 - LATER past year exercise 3
- LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
@ -1164,4 +1315,4 @@
SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon>
- {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}}
- ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg)
- -

463
logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T06_30_47.203Z.Desktop.md → logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_32.387Z.Desktop.md
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@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
id:: 6482caf8-b133-4277-8030-38423ed98206
- DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon>
@ -155,85 +154,78 @@
- DONE 整理错题 - DONE 整理错题
deck:: 2023t1/Mao deck:: 2023t1/Mao
- 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
id:: 6486eb88-490a-45f2-b393-89192dd5ea52 id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999
A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想
B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准
C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是
D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导
- 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard
extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想
id:: 6486eba2-9d71-4e27-a8f8-96947c0beda6 id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76
A．科技创新 A．科技创新
B．理论创新 B．理论创新
C．⽂化创新 C．⽂化创新
D．⽣产关系创新 D．⽣产关系创新
- id:: 6486ebb8-4319-4e33-a901-221546ac6b28 4. 党的思想路线的实质和核⼼是（ {{c1 c}} ）#flashcard
A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际
C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理
- extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失
id:: 6486ebbd-9c15-48d3-a273-aad64d4fadb2 5. 实事求是思想路线的根本体现是 （ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
A．尊重群众、尊重实践 A．尊重群众、尊重实践
B．⼀切从群众中来 B．⼀切从群众中来
C．解放思想 C．解放思想
D．“三个有利于” D．“三个有利于”
- 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本
id:: 6486ebe6-ea17-4b3d-a855-1a992863e0e2 id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0
保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard
A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线
C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒
- extra:: a: 抢国民党 - extra:: a: 抢国民党
id:: 6486ebf2-991b-43fa-9baf-c2e94eec3230 id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb
1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业
C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产
- extra:: 学苏联 - extra:: 学苏联
id:: 6486ebf5-ecb6-49f4-a22e-156de99c617c 2. 20 世纪 50 年代，⽑泽东提出，中国⼯业化道路的问题主要是指 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 A.优先发展重⼯业的问题
B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题
C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题
D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题
- extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有
id:: 6486ec08-5315-4ddc-ad39-f87b1acf36ec 3. 社会主义改造基本完成后，我国国家政治⽣活的主题是 ( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒
B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾
C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命
D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设
- extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派
id:: 6486ec0b-b934-4f4a-b0ff-31c39c44e74d 4. 我国在资本主义⼯商业进⾏社会主义改造实践中⼀个创新性办法是对⺠族资产阶级( {{c1 a}} ) #flashcard
A.和平赎买 A.和平赎买
B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营
D.⽣活上给出路 D.⽣活上给出路
- extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想
id:: 6486ec0e-3678-4e3c-95cc-a1eae493c278 5. ⽑泽东在《论⼗⼤关系》中提出我国社会主义建设必须围绕的⼀个基本⽅针是 （ {{c1 c}} ） #flashcard
A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国
B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾
C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务
D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒
- 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard
extra:: 根本原则 extra:: 根本原则
id:: 6486f101-7de3-4d01-81fa-f33ca1ce5395 id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd
A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒
C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富
- id:: 6486f11d-fd1f-4050-b693-1d9e61525db2 3. 新时期的解放思想，关键就是对建设中国特⾊社会主义的⾸要的基本理论问题的重新认识，这就
是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard
A.什么是实事求是 A.什么是实事求是
B. 怎样建设党 B. 怎样建设党
C.什么是⻢克思主义 C.什么是⻢克思主义
D. 什么是社会主义 D. 什么是社会主义
- 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
id:: 6486f139-1b96-4fa2-801d-e6af909be90c
extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行
id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba
A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政
C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想
- 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
extra:: d: 不谈这些 extra:: d: 不谈这些
id:: 6486f1db-f09d-45d5-982e-8a6d36c88ec0 id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897
A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 A. 是否存在多种所有制经济
B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充
C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤
D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体
- 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard
id:: 6486f20e-62ee-4487-855d-9fbfe95e4d8f id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533
A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来
B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活
C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展
@ -241,63 +233,58 @@
- 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是
指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard
extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治
id:: 6486f242-b267-4c28-825a-62182abcfbfe id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6
A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策
B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的
各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放
C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放
D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合
- 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard
id:: 6486f2b8-2ef5-461f-a6da-6dcae1737aa8
extra:: b: 农村银行 extra:: b: 农村银行
id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745
A. 股份制 A. 股份制
B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制
D.国家独资经济 D.国家独资经济
- id:: 6486fb7d-2914-45c7-99a3-81afc94e8c1a 3. 国有经济在国⺠经济中的主导作⽤主要表现在 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard
A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势
B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业
C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒==
D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位
- extra:: 领导利益优先 - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 4. 在收⼊分配过程中，⽆论是⿎励⼀部分地区、⼀部分⼈先富起来，还是注重社会公平，其实质都
是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard
extra:: 领导利益优先 extra:: 领导利益优先
id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e
A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题
C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平
- 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众
id:: 6486fbcf-fce9-47eb-9471-93bb3fdbca43 id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb
A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家
B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家
C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 C. ⺠主联合政府的国家
D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权
- 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对
id:: 6486fc44-9b33-4eb1-bbc0-fc00aa42ed6c id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19
A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是
B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针
C. 坚持四项基本原则 C. 坚持四项基本原则
D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党
- 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
id:: 6486fcfb-2262-48e4-96dc-24b0ca4087e3
extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要
id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e
A. ⼈⺠当家作主 A. ⼈⺠当家作主
B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政
C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度
D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理
- extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 - A. 爱国主义
id:: 6486fe1f-1d2e-46de-8616-a9bb174c3ade 4. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句
A. 爱国主义 id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b
B. 集体主义 B. 集体主义
C. 社会主义 C. 社会主义
D. 为⼈⺠服务 D. 为⼈⺠服务
- id:: 6486fe3b-fd24-4e3f-980d-d02c66e3fe18 5. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 为⼈⺠服务 A. 为⼈⺠服务
B. 集体主义 B. 集体主义
C 诚实可信 C 诚实可信
D 爱国主义 D 爱国主义
- id:: 64870181-4942-41c3-9f04-54ccd35a73ad
1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard
A. 以⼈为本 A. 以⼈为本
B. 以⺠为本 B. 以⺠为本
@ -305,80 +292,72 @@
D 公平和正义 D 公平和正义
- 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样
id:: 648701b2-ad29-4bd5-9160-bcf973aaeb51 id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67
A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要
B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼
C. 保证劳动者充分就业 C. 保证劳动者充分就业
D. 实现共同富裕 D. 实现共同富裕
- extra:: - extra::
id:: 648702a3-ce36-474c-8427-ba505b748de2 5. “⼗⼀五”规划根本⽬的是以⼈为本，执政为⺠，其含义( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展
B. 不断推进共同富裕 B. 不断推进共同富裕
C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要
D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础
- extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 - A. 祖国统⼀
id:: 648702cb-b4d4-470c-b1c3-187aa64ba582 2. 台湾问题的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一
A. 祖国统⼀ id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774
B. ⼀国两制 B. ⼀国两制
C. ⼀国两政府 C. ⼀国两政府
D. “三通” D. “三通”
- id:: 6487034e-025b-4a2e-9bee-ba856180c7cd
1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 南北问题 A. 南北问题
B. .维护世界和平问题 B. .维护世界和平问题
C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题
D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
- id:: 648704bb-1b44-4b7a-9b56-4f8ee1e102f0 4. 中国外交政策的基本**⽬标**是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 A. 提⾼中国的国际地位
B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展
C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治
D. 实现全⼈类的解放 D. 实现全⼈类的解放
- extra:: 是全球的南北 - extra:: 是全球的南北
id:: 648704ff-5743-4233-9a16-3c196737e5aa id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750
1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 南北问题 A. 南北问题
B. .维护世界和平问题 B. .维护世界和平问题
C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题
D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
- extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平
id:: 64870507-34f9-422d-b543-727494bcc448 3. 当前维护世界和平的根本途径是( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard
A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控
B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤
C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治
D. 加强国际⼲预 D. 加强国际⼲预
- extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了
id:: 64870715-f684-48d8-894c-ad2bddd5f912 id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617
1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟
B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟
C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟
D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟
- extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的
id:: 64870745-dadb-467b-a90c-33a99cb70f54 3. 我国新时期爱国统⼀战线从根本上说，是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 爱国主义性质的 A. 爱国主义性质的
B. 政治联盟性质的 B. 政治联盟性质的
C. 社会主义性质的 C. 社会主义性质的
D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的
- extra:: 硬背吧 - extra:: 硬背吧
id:: 648707a6-6088-409d-a3d1-5666d23c5af7 4. 新时期我国爱国主义的主题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义
B. 实现国家统⼀ B. 实现国家统⼀
C. 加强⺠族团结 C. 加强⺠族团结
D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒
- extra:: 重点是体制 - extra:: 重点是体制
id:: 648707f5-4cc3-43f4-9709-34f99e05481e id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559
1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard
A. 加强党的领导 A. 加强党的领导
B. 改善党的领导体制 B. 改善党的领导体制
C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍
D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系
- extra:: 共产党纯变态 - extra:: 共产党纯变态
id:: 648708c8-b45f-48b3-bb42-4dff84cbea23 3. 政党区别于其他政治团体的根本标志是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物
B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系
C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领
D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标
- id:: 6487090c-61e8-44ed-81a4-f3e07e1a8731 4. ⼀个政党在社会历史进程中是否起促进作⽤，取决于该党是否( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard
A. 取得执政地位 A. 取得执政地位
B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式
C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 C. 维护⽆产阶级利益
@ -698,54 +677,54 @@
- DONE 看 block4 - DONE 看 block4
deck:: 2023t1/Circuits deck:: 2023t1/Circuits
- Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types?
id:: 6488641f-9ec8-4732-9f02-c4aeb2367d68 id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78
- Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a
binary value binary value
- Often more than just a one-to-one connection - Often more than just a one-to-one connection
- Data Storage Devices - Data Storage Devices
- Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access?
id:: dba98f43-3f8b-463d-81c5-c72ab1192ec8 id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d
- All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as
each other. each other.
- Equal time to access any location - Equal time to access any location
- n-bit address - n-bit address
- Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types?
id:: 64886486-510b-4bae-a96b-b3e1e2d7426a id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43
- Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off
- Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working
id:: 648864bd-5553-4cb9-9b3b-95704702ec3a id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a
memory” #flashcard memory” #flashcard
- Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit
id:: 6488656f-d6e7-471c-a576-918f2a9539cd id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a
of information and does not need to be refreshed of information and does not need to be refreshed
periodically. #flashcard periodically. #flashcard
- more expensive and less dense - more expensive and less dense
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the
id:: 6488659c-99ea-4bf5-9f22-dabeea3f51d9 id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b
data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain
the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard
- Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high
densities. densities.
- It is the main memory in personal computers. - It is the main memory in personal computers.
- Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation?
id:: 535e9457-c460-4f39-af70-29f1451ec6bd id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5
- Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no
power to the device. power to the device.
- Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}}
id:: 648864c3-9852-48f3-8aac-21adaab99963 id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413
- ROM - ROM
- Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be
id:: 64886681-d990-45e3-afd3-e13d95459f58 id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777
changed by normal CPU operations. changed by normal CPU operations.
- used to store fixed data or information. - used to store fixed data or information.
- Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture
id:: 648866a8-81ed-435b-a946-d96ab208b17e id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44
- PROM :-> Programmable ROM - PROM :-> Programmable ROM
id:: 648866ae-85e5-4241-a1f9-fc2d32df9cda id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd
- EPROM :-> Erasable PROM - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM
id:: 648866b2-2f28-4bc3-96ba-d05da9722b4f id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81
- EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM
id:: 648866b5-0447-4faf-8535-258f4c28d7d2 id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089
- Serial Access - Serial Access
- Stores data bits in series - Stores data bits in series
Head must travel from current position to new address passing the Head must travel from current position to new address passing the
@ -769,9 +748,9 @@
- Integer - Integer
- Digits - Digits
- If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB
id:: 648890c8-1e5d-4b62-a3f5-0976b8d04aad id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2
- fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying.
id:: 648890dc-9ad9-4f36-913b-1884e5f77df7 id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63
- DONE LSB, MSB - DONE LSB, MSB
- DONE ==2's complement== - DONE ==2's complement==
:LOGBOOK: :LOGBOOK:
@ -875,7 +854,6 @@
![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png)
- Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb
- LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}}
id:: 647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f
deck:: 2023t1/database deck:: 2023t1/database
- DONE 课件 - DONE 课件
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
@ -892,49 +870,51 @@
:LOGBOOK: :LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32
:END: :END:
- LATER Block 1 - DONE Block 1
deck:: 2023t1/database
collapsed:: true
- DONE DBMS - DONE DBMS
- Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
id:: 648954b0-3c6a-4656-a481-ce7d4a34396f id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48
- Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields).
id:: 6483f465-1724-4794-880d-c69316865a35 id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8
- Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity.
id:: 6483f465-858c-434d-b887-28ebde0add8a id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f
- Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table.
id:: 6483f465-ef00-452c-ba43-42e476efb4a4 id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b
- Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data.
id:: 648954e4-a846-41d7-9104-1a98090ba1a5 id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9
- Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables.
id:: 648954fa-c2ed-4545-8fb5-5acf313ffeb3 id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac
- Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys.
id:: 648954fa-919c-4d42-9713-d4029563427a id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a
- Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity.
id:: 648954fa-ca27-46a4-95cd-ce40ba478e28 id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6
- Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data.
id:: 648954fa-1d1e-41a4-a3a8-a2006331e755 id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5
- Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL).
id:: 648954fa-bd10-406c-91f5-acf7059e1ea8 id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53
- SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases.
id:: 648954fa-f3b3-477f-80b5-1edb23aeac28 id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7
- CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database.
id:: 648954fa-a542-42aa-9af5-ad488de89bc0 id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6
- ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions.
id:: 648954fa-8546-4953-ad25-152704b36367 id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200
- Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database.
id:: 648954fa-1e52-4783-b27a-084996c3c17a id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b
- Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints.
id:: 648954fa-dd95-4899-9e2b-04d0095fe076 id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a
- Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval.
id:: 648954fa-fe5a-4d6d-82fd-81f87a3f1541 id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af
- DONE basic concepts of Relational model - DONE basic concepts of Relational model
- A data model :- > a graphical description of the - A data model :- > a graphical description of the
components of database. components of database.
- A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows.
id:: 64895598-3ee8-42a3-a04d-4346fee53d5c id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339
- A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations.
id:: 648955a6-e6b3-48ce-9255-db49a7453c03 id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c
- Candidate Key #flashcard - Candidate Key #flashcard
id:: 64895751-ef8c-409c-90bb-330e738b5580 id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1
- A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a
relation. relation.
- Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify
@ -942,76 +922,178 @@
- Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the
uniqueness property. uniqueness property.
- Primary Key #flashcard - Primary Key #flashcard
id:: 64895751-2a2e-42d9-a609-731983fd7cd8 id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a
- Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within
relation. relation.
- Foreign Key #flashcard - Foreign Key #flashcard
id:: 64895751-fe0f-47a0-9bb9-de150be41761 id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342
- Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that
matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation.
- Composite Key #flashcard - Composite Key #flashcard
id:: 64895751-cce6-4198-b70b-c1957c4f1ed1 id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77
- A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes.
- Recursive Relationship #flashcard - Recursive Relationship #flashcard
id:: 64895902-2b94-43ca-9c0c-7a865b9d536c id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a
- Relationship type where same entity type participates - Relationship type where same entity type participates
more than once in different roles. more than once in different roles.
- Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible
id:: 64895b3d-8797-4145-b8eb-1f4185ff8acd id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a
occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a
single occurrence of an associated entity type single occurrence of an associated entity type
through a particular relationship. through a particular relationship.
![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png)
- Cardinality #flashcard - Cardinality #flashcard
id:: 648959dd-c537-43a4-8d7e-edfacb4008fc id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7
- Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type.
id:: 648959c4-159e-45bf-9aa9-f574ed05f20f id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0
- Participation #flashcard - Participation #flashcard
id:: 648959dd-bd36-4fa2-8578-6c390c280a79 id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f
- Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship.
- Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type.
- Ternary relationship #flashcard - Ternary relationship #flashcard
id:: 64895b10-62f4-4712-912f-f8c8cdb5a7e8 id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175
- a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships!
- LATER basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model.
- LATER Forming sql queries - LATER Forming sql queries
collapsed:: true
- DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/
- LATER review lab2 - LATER review lab2
- LATER SQL join - LATER SQL join
- LATER Block 2 - DONE Block 2
- LATER EER - DONE EER
- LATER designing ER diagram - Most useful additional concept of EER model:
specialization/generalization.
- Specialization
- Process of maximizing differences between
members of an entity by identifying their
distinguishing characteristics.
- Generalization
- Process of minimizing differences between
entities by identifying their common
characteristics.
- Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard
id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb
specialization/generalization:
- participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass
id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb
must participate as a member of a subclass.
- May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard
id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443
- Mandatory: member of superclass must be
member of subclass
- Optional: member of superclass may be member
of subclass.
- disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard
id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5
- Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or)
- Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and)
- Superclass / Subclass
- Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct
id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d
subgroupings of its occurrences.
- Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one
id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e
(1:1).}} #flashcard
- Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct
subclasses.
- Not all members of a superclass need be a
member of a subclass.
- Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity
id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45
type.
- When to use them? either one or both #flashcard
id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6
- There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity.
- The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass.
- DONE Designing databases
- Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard
- Conceptual database design
- The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations.
- Logical database design
- Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.
- Physical database design
- The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS);
- general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard
- Gather requirements
- Conceptual database design
- Logical database design
- Physical database design
- DONE SQL
- purpose and importance of SQL.
- SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2
collapsed:: true
major components: #flashcard
- A DDL for defining database structure.
- Create table
- Drop table
- A DML for retrieving and updating data.
- Insert
- Delete
- update
- Select
- Importance:
- it is non-procedural - you specify what
information you require, rather than how to get it;
- it is essentially free-format.
- easy to learn
- retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and
- Use compound WHERE conditions.
- Sort query results using ORDER BY.
- Use aggregate functions.
- Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING.
- Join tables together.
- Use subqueries.
- update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
- LATER [#A] Write some SQL!!
- DONE Block 3 - DONE Block 3
collapsed:: true collapsed:: true
- DONE DB transaction management - DONE DB transaction management
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard
- Atomicity: The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75
- Consistency: The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable
- Isolation: The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other,
- Durability: The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of
resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including
database management systems.
- Example:
- Cascading rollback #flashcard
id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658
- Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a
failure and a rollback must be performed. Other
transactions dependent on T1's actions must also
be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect.
- One transaction's failure causes many to fail.
- DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7
collapsed:: true
- Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails.
id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da
- Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules.
id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a
- Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts.
id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f
- Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes.
id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554
- DONE Concurrency control - DONE Concurrency control
- DONE Meaning of serialisability. - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard
- DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f
- The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable.
- DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2
- Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to
shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and
prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
- DONE 2PL - DONE 2PL #flashcard
id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250
- In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database
objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase
and the shrinking phase. and the shrinking phase.
- DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard
- A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d
to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other,
resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of
resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including
database management systems.
- DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability.
- By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write
validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that
transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and
serializability. serializability.
- DONE Recovery Control - ==DONE Recovery Control==
- DONE Some causes of database failure. - DONE Some causes of database failure.
- System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory.
- Power failures - Power failures
@ -1020,20 +1102,23 @@
- Natural physical disasters. - Natural physical disasters.
- User mistakes. - User mistakes.
- Sabotage. - Sabotage.
- DONE Purpose of transaction log file. - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard
id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a
- Contains information about all updates to - Contains information about all updates to
database: database:
- Transaction records. - Transaction records.
- Checkpoint records. - Checkpoint records.
- Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing).
- For autiding - For autiding
- DONE Purpose of checkpointing. - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard
id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f
- When failure occurs, redo all transactions that - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that
committed since the checkpoint and undo all committed since the checkpoint and undo all
transactions active at time of crash. transactions active at time of crash.
- DONE Normalization - DONE Normalization
background-color:: yellow background-color:: yellow
- DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard
id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93
- In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept
that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one
attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**.
@ -1042,122 +1127,158 @@
CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01
:END: :END:
- DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/)
- First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of
id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab
normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
- Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be dependent on the primary key. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other
id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2
columns. columns.
- Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring
that _all non-key attributes are independent of each other._ This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table. id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table.
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._
id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0
- Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._
- Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._
- DONE Block 4 - Anomaly
- Update Anomalies #flashcard
- Insertion anomalies
- If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the
inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For
example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if
it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the
table so, it will create an insertion anomaly.
- Deletion anomalies
- If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or
data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called
the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table,
if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of
Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the
row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table.
- Modification anomalies
- When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the
inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of
anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want
to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows
where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row,
then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to
inconsistent and wrong databases.
- LATER Block 4
- DONE Distributed DBMS - DONE Distributed DBMS
collapsed:: true - DONE client server arch #flashcard
- DONE client server arch id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45
collapsed:: true
- Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN)
- The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network.
- Distributed Database - Distributed Database #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894
- A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network.
- Distributed DBMS - Distributed DBMS #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36
- Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users.
- the key issues - the key issues #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675
- Fragmentation - Fragmentation
- Allocation - Allocation
- Replication - Replication
- importance and different types of fragmentation - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7
- Horizontal - Horizontal
- Vertical - Vertical
- Mixed - Mixed
- different types of transparency - different types of transparency #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7
- Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity
- Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency.
- Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS.
- advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases
- Advantages
- Reflects organizational structure
- Improved shareability and local autonomy
- Improved availability
- Improved reliability
- Improved performance
- Economics
- Modular growth
- Disadbantages
- Complexity
- Cost
- Security
- Integrity control more difficult
- Lack of standards
- Lack of experience
- Database design more complex
- DONE XML - DONE XML
collapsed:: true - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard
- XML definition and basic concepts id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f
collapsed:: true
- eXtensible Markup Language - eXtensible Markup Language
- A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that
enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide
functionality not available with HTML. functionality not available with HTML.
- Relational model versus XML - DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7
- SQL - SQL
collapsed:: true
- is a special-purpose programming language - is a special-purpose programming language
- You can: manage data in a relational databases. - You can: manage data in a relational databases.
- XML - XML
collapsed:: true
- is a markup specification language - is a markup specification language
- You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
- It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
- Well-formed XML, Valid XML - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7
- Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element
- Matched tags, proper nesting - Matched tags, proper nesting
- Unique attributes within elements - Unique attributes within elements
- DTD, XSD - LATER DTD, XSD
collapsed:: true
- DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document
- XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of
an XML document. an XML document.
- LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD
- DONE Data Mining - DONE Data Mining
collapsed:: true - concept #flashcard
- concept id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a
collapsed:: true
- The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible,
and actionable information from large databases and using it to make and actionable information from large databases and using it to make
crucial business decisions. crucial business decisions.
- different applications - different applications #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c
- Retail / Marketing - Retail / Marketing
- Banking - Banking
- Insurance - Insurance
- Medicine - Medicine
- basic techniques - basic techniques
collapsed:: true - predictive modelling, #flashcard
- predictive modelling, id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6
collapsed:: true
- uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some
phenomenon phenomenon
- database segmentation, - database segmentation, #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec
- Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles.
- link analysis, - link analysis, #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f
- Establishing links, called associations, between the individual - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual
records, or sets of records, in a database. records, or sets of records, in a database.
- deviation detection. - deviation detection. #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333
- Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously
known expectation and norm. known expectation and norm.
- DONE NoSQL - DONE NoSQL
collapsed:: true - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard
- the motivation for NoSQL id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de
collapsed:: true
- By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve
much higher performance and scalability. much higher performance and scalability.
- explain the concepts of NoSQL - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28
- NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store
data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a
variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document,
key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and
scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads.
- explain the application areas of NoSQL - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba
- NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be
used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority.
- CAP theorem: - CAP theorem: #flashcard
collapsed:: true id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827
- There are 3 main properties for distributed management: - There are 3 main properties for distributed management:
1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to
ensure coherency). ensure coherency).
@ -1166,7 +1287,7 @@
is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). is partitioned (unless there is a global failure).
- DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1)
- LATER Exercises - LATER Exercises
- LATER past year exercise 1 - DONE past year exercise 1
- LATER past year exercise 2 - LATER past year exercise 2
- LATER past year exercise 3 - LATER past year exercise 3
- LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}}
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SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon>
- {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}}
- ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg)
- -

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B. .维护世界和平问题 B. .维护世界和平问题
C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题
D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题
A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 A. 提⾼中国的国际地位
B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展
C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治
D. 实现全⼈类的解放 D. 实现全⼈类的解放
- extra:: 是全球的南北 - extra:: 是全球的南北
id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750
1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard
@ -970,7 +970,7 @@
- Process of minimizing differences between - Process of minimizing differences between
entities by identifying their common entities by identifying their common
characteristics. characteristics.
- Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard
id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb
specialization/generalization: specialization/generalization:
- participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass
@ -1130,38 +1130,38 @@
- First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of
id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab
normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries.
- Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other
id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2
columns. columns.
- Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring
id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888
that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table.
- Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._
id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0
- Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._
- Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._
- Anomaly - Anomaly
- Update Anomalies #flashcard - Update Anomalies #flashcard
- Insertion anomalies - Insertion anomalies
- If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the
inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For
example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if
it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the
table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. table so, it will create an insertion anomaly.
- Deletion anomalies - Deletion anomalies
- If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or
data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called
the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table,
if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of
Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the
row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table.
- Modification anomalies - Modification anomalies
- When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the
inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of
anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want
to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows
where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row,
then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to
inconsistent and wrong databases. inconsistent and wrong databases.
- LATER Block 4 - LATER Block 4
- DONE Distributed DBMS - DONE Distributed DBMS
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- Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity
- Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency.
- Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS.
- LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases #flashcard
- Advantages - Advantages
- • Reflects organizational structure - Reflects organizational structure
• Improved shareability and local autonomy - Improved shareability and local autonomy
• Improved availability - Improved availability
• Improved reliability - Improved reliability
• Improved performance - Improved performance
• Economics - Economics
• Modular growth - Modular growth
- Disadbantages - Disadbantages
- • Complexity - Complexity
• Cost - Cost
• Security - Security
• Integrity control more difficult - Integrity control more difficult
• Lack of standards - Lack of standards
• Lack of experience - Lack of experience
• Database design more complex - Database design more complex
- DONE XML - DONE XML
- DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f
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- is a markup specification language - is a markup specification language
- You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language).
- It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for).
- LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard - DONE Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard
id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7
- Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element
- Matched tags, proper nesting - Matched tags, proper nesting
- Unique attributes within elements - Unique attributes within elements
- LATER DTD, XSD - DONE DTD, XSD
- DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document
- XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of
an XML document. an XML document.