diff --git a/journals/2023_04_28.sync-conflict-20230429-090953-DANBBXF.md b/journals/2023_04_28.sync-conflict-20230429-090953-DANBBXF.md deleted file mode 100644 index cdd1c2c..0000000 --- a/journals/2023_04_28.sync-conflict-20230429-090953-DANBBXF.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -- LATER 看见面课 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/journals/2023_05_15.sync-conflict-20230515-093744-DANBBXF.md b/journals/2023_05_15.sync-conflict-20230515-093744-DANBBXF.md deleted file mode 100644 index 617cdd5..0000000 --- a/journals/2023_05_15.sync-conflict-20230515-093744-DANBBXF.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -- #projects #健身 - - 5x5 workout - - https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/5-best-bodybuilding-programs-to-pack-on-serious-muscle.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_03_27/2023-06-16T10_40_41.218Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_03_27/2023-06-16T10_40_41.218Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6491ced --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_03_27/2023-06-16T10_40_41.218Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,357 @@ +- Todos: + - 学习任务 + - DONE 交区块链作业 + - DONE [#A] 剪视频 + SCHEDULED: <2023-03-29 Wed> + DEADLINE: <2023-04-06 Thu> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 09:54:49]--[2023-03-28 Tue 09:54:53] => 00:00:04 + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 10:42:56]--[2023-03-28 Tue 11:57:08] => 01:14:12 + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 12:48:27]--[2023-03-28 Tue 13:45:10] => 00:56:43 + CLOCK: [2023-03-31 Fri 22:24:12]--[2023-03-31 Fri 23:42:11] => 01:17:59 + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 10:42:09]--[2023-04-01 Sat 11:55:33] => 01:13:24 + :END: + - DONE 学 java + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 11:26:38]--[2023-03-27 Mon 14:04:31] => 02:37:53 + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 15:54:27]--[2023-03-27 Mon 16:02:50] => 00:08:23 + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:02:52]--[2023-03-27 Mon 16:02:52] => 00:00:00 + :END: + - DONE 概率论作业 + SCHEDULED: <2023-04-01 Sat> + DEADLINE: <2023-04-01 Sat> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 19:33:00]--[2023-04-01 Sat 22:53:21] => 03:20:21 + :END: + - DONE 17 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 19:33:05]--[2023-04-01 Sat 20:48:19] => 01:15:14 + :END: + - DONE 18 密度改成 1 / 4 pi + - DONE 20 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 20:48:22]--[2023-04-01 Sat 20:55:58] => 00:07:36 + :END: + - DONE 22 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 20:55:59]--[2023-04-01 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:12:04 + :END: + - DONE 54 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-01 Sat 21:08:04]--[2023-04-01 Sat 22:53:17] => 01:45:13 + :END: + - DONE 55 + - DONE 58 b 不做 + - DONE 59 + - DONE 复习 java + SCHEDULED: <2023-03-28 Tue> + - DONE 做 lab + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 18:59:33]--[2023-03-27 Mon 21:51:19] => 02:51:46 + :END: + - DONE 产开选题 + DEADLINE: <2023-03-30 Thu> + - DONE [#A] 复习电路 + DEADLINE: <2023-03-29 Wed> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 09:52:06]--[2023-03-28 Tue 10:59:57] => 01:07:51 + :END: + - DONE 看课件 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 09:54:34]--[2023-03-28 Tue 10:41:52] => 00:47:18 + :END: + - DONE 做题 + - DONE [#A] 复习卡氏图 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-29 Wed 10:31:01]--[2023-03-29 Wed 10:31:01] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-03-29 Wed 10:31:02]--[2023-03-29 Wed 16:52:13] => 06:21:11 + :END: + - DONE 预习 lab + - DONE 打印资料 + - 个人任务 + - DONE 给尧舜天注册帐号 (没注册成功) + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:13:04]--[2023-03-27 Mon 16:41:33] => 00:28:29 + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 17:58:01]--[2023-03-27 Mon 17:58:01] => 00:00:00 + :END: + - LATER Work on mapping feature in logseq + - DONE 洗衣服 + SCHEDULED: <2023-03-28 Tue> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 08:53:36]--[2023-03-28 Tue 09:37:35] => 00:43:59 + :END: +- +- Recurring tasks: [[Habits]] + - Daily: + - LATER [#B] Read books + SCHEDULED: <2023-05-24 Wed .+1d> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:47:35]--[2023-03-27 Mon 16:47:51] => 00:00:16 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 16:47] + CLOCK: [2023-03-30 Thu 08:04:21]--[2023-03-30 Thu 09:16:49] => 01:12:28 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-30 Thu 09:16] + CLOCK: [2023-04-02 Sun 19:59:18]--[2023-04-02 Sun 20:17:05] => 00:17:47 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-04 Tue 14:33] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-06 Thu 07:33] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-10 Mon 18:33] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 16:17] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-15 Sat 16:00] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-15 Sat 20:37] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 09:55] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-19 Wed 18:10] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-21 Fri 15:14] + CLOCK: [2023-04-22 Sat 19:10:58]--[2023-04-22 Sat 21:39:19] => 02:28:21 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-22 Sat 21:39] + CLOCK: [2023-04-23 Sun 09:37:33]--[2023-04-23 Sun 10:59:35] => 01:22:02 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-23 Sun 10:59] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-24 Mon 21:39] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-26 Wed 22:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-28 Fri 17:31] + CLOCK: [2023-05-06 Sat 20:35:36]--[2023-05-06 Sat 21:40:06] => 01:04:30 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-05-06 Sat 21:40] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 20:15] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-09 Tue 11:13] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-10 Wed 21:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-11 Thu 19:55] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-15 Mon 15:43] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-20 Sat 20:10] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-23 Tue 20:26] + :END: + - LATER [#B] Memorize vocabulary + SCHEDULED: <2023-05-24 Wed .+1d> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:48:26]--[2023-03-27 Mon 18:53:54] => 02:05:28 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 18:53] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-02 Sun 14:39] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-03 Mon 10:30] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-06 Thu 22:51] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 13:52] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 12:29] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-13 Thu 21:42] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-15 Sat 17:34] + CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 09:43:03]--[2023-04-17 Mon 15:57:16] => 06:14:13 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-17 Mon 15:57] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 10:13] + CLOCK: [2023-04-23 Sun 11:10:16]--[2023-04-23 Sun 11:28:28] => 00:18:12 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-23 Sun 11:28] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-24 Mon 20:57] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-25 Tue 10:57] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-26 Wed 22:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-28 Fri 16:37] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-06 Sat 20:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-07 Sun 09:20] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 19:36] + CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 09:50:18]--[2023-05-09 Tue 09:52:45] => 00:02:27 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-05-09 Tue 09:52] + CLOCK: [2023-05-11 Thu 10:13:10]--[2023-05-11 Thu 10:13:11] => 00:00:01 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-05-11 Thu 10:13] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-15 Mon 15:43] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-19 Fri 16:55] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-21 Sun 20:59] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-23 Tue 20:26] + :END: + - DONE [#B] Solve one #leetcode Problem + SCHEDULED: <2023-05-22 Mon> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:56:53]--[2023-03-28 Tue 14:02:38] => 21:05:45 + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 14:02:43]--[2023-03-28 Tue 14:24:54] => 00:22:11 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-28 Tue 14:24] + CLOCK: [2023-03-30 Thu 07:39:35]--[2023-03-30 Thu 07:52:53] => 00:13:18 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-30 Thu 07:52] + CLOCK: [2023-03-31 Fri 07:51:59]--[2023-03-31 Fri 08:41:05] => 00:49:06 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-31 Fri 08:41] + CLOCK: [2023-04-02 Sun 09:36:38]--[2023-04-02 Sun 10:35:35] => 00:58:57 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-02 Sun 10:35] + CLOCK: [2023-04-03 Mon 18:56:00]--[2023-04-03 Mon 22:00:42] => 03:04:42 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-03 Mon 22:00] + CLOCK: [2023-04-06 Thu 07:33:36]--[2023-04-06 Thu 07:36:41] => 00:03:05 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-06 Thu 10:21] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 10:35] + CLOCK: [2023-04-16 Sun 10:11:02]--[2023-04-17 Mon 09:43:05] => 23:32:03 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-17 Mon 22:58] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 09:55] + CLOCK: [2023-04-21 Fri 14:11:20]--[2023-04-21 Fri 14:41:02] => 00:29:42 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-21 Fri 14:41] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-25 Tue 10:46] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-28 Fri 16:45] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-11 Thu 20:30] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-21 Sun 20:59] + :END: + - Weekly: + - LATER [#B] Run in the field three times a week 2/3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:58:41]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:33:31] => 02:34:50 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:33] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-28 Tue 19:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-30 Thu 07:30] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-31 Fri 07:52] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-02 Sun 09:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-07 Fri 11:32] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-09 Sun 16:57] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 12:47] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 08:59] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-13 Thu 21:42] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-14 Fri 08:37] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-15 Sat 16:00] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 23:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-19 Wed 22:05] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-21 Fri 09:07] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-23 Sun 13:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-24 Mon 20:56] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-25 Tue 11:24] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-28 Fri 16:18] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-06 Sat 20:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 19:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-10 Wed 21:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-11 Thu 19:55] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-12 Fri 08:38] + CLOCK: [2023-05-19 Fri 17:49:26]--[2023-05-19 Fri 17:49:28] => 00:00:02 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-19 Fri 17:49] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-21 Sun 20:59] + :END: + - + - LATER [#C] Watch movies once a week + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon .+2d> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 16:59:18]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:34:08] => 02:34:50 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:34] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-10 Mon 22:13] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 16:00] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-14 Fri 08:37] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 23:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-21 Fri 09:07] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-22 Sat 19:10] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-24 Mon 20:56] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-06 Sat 20:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 19:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-11 Thu 20:08] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-14 Sun 13:15] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-19 Fri 17:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-06-08 Thu 11:29] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-06-10 Sat 16:37] + :END: +- +- +- 每周学习任务 + - 每周: + - 智慧树网课 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 17:22:00] + :END: + - DONE [#C] 网课每周三次 3/3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 17:23:09]--[2023-03-27 Mon 17:23:18] => 00:00:09 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 17:23] + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-27 Mon 17:24] + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-27 Mon 17:25] + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:27] + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:29:22]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:29:31] => 00:00:09 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:29] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-28 Tue 19:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-29 Wed 16:52] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-30 Thu 09:16] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-31 Fri 07:52] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-02 Sun 09:35] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-03 Mon 13:31] + CLOCK: [2023-04-03 Mon 22:02:50]--[2023-04-04 Tue 09:09:23] => 11:06:33 + :END: + - DONE [#C] 测验每周一次 1/1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 17:23:12]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:27:27] => 02:04:15 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:27] + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:29:26]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:29:35] => 00:00:09 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:29] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-29 Wed 18:28] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-30 Thu 09:16] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-01 Sat 09:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-02 Sun 09:35] + :END: + - DONE [#C] 互动每周三次 1/3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 17:23:16]--[2023-03-27 Mon 19:29:36] => 02:06:20 + - State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-03-27 Mon 19:29] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-03-31 Fri 11:16] + CLOCK: [2023-04-02 Sun 19:10:30]--[2023-04-02 Sun 19:25:28] => 00:14:58 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-02 Sun 19:25] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-03 Mon 18:49] + CLOCK: [2023-04-04 Tue 13:35:09]--[2023-04-04 Tue 13:55:20] => 00:20:11 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-04 Tue 13:55] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-06 Thu 22:51] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 16:27] + :END: +- +- [#C] 这几天的书单 [[Book lists]] #excluded_in_query #books + - 通识 + - DONE [#C] 云彩收集者手册 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:41:38] + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:42:00]--[2023-03-28 Tue 16:19:55] => 20:37:55 + CLOCK: [2023-03-28 Tue 16:20:29]--[2023-03-31 Fri 07:46:16] => 63:25:47 + :END: + - NOW [#C] 日本料理完全图鉴 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:42:14] + :END: + - 历史 + - DONE [#C] 二手时间 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-27 Mon 19:42:23]--[2023-04-15 Sat 18:53:54] => 455:11:31 + CLOCK: [2023-04-15 Sat 18:53:55]--[2023-04-15 Sat 18:53:55] => 00:00:00 + :END: + - 文学 + - LATER the eternaut + - 经典小说 + - LATER 欧亨利 + - LATER 莫泊桑 + - LATER 契诃夫 + - LATER 奥勃洛莫夫 + - 爱情小说 + - LATER Price and prejudice + - 哲学 + - LATER How to be a stoic + - DONE [[Amused to Death]] + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-03-31 Fri 07:47:22] + CLOCK: [2023-03-31 Fri 07:47:34]--[2023-04-18 Tue 09:54:03] => 434:06:29 + :END: + - DONE [[亲密关系]] + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-15 Sat 18:54:13]--[2023-04-23 Sun 10:52:43] => 183:58:30 + :END: + - DONE [[拥抱逝水年华]] +- +- Book note [[Book notes]] + template:: Book Note + collapsed:: true + - Metadata: + - Time: <% time %> + - Page: optional + - Content: + - This is pretty good +- +- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] + template:: Daily reflections + collapsed:: true + - What I've done + - What I've thought #thoughts + - Mood +- +- Cloud collections [[Cloud collections]] + template:: Cloud Collections + collapsed:: true + - Photo + - Notes + - Metadata + - Time + - <% time %> <% today %> + - Weather + - cloudy + - Type + - Location + - Map + + - Coordination + - 40.15805,116.28518 +- +- #joke + - Gob 林 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_04_07/2023-06-16T10_40_41.209Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_04_07/2023-06-16T10_40_41.209Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab68e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_04_07/2023-06-16T10_40_41.209Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +- DONE Ardour + - 怎么录制 + - Ardour vs. audacity +- +- Leetcode - Happy Number + collapsed:: true + - Times: + - Time when completed: 12:36 + - Time taken to complete: I forgot, very quick I suppose + - Revisions: + - Tags: + - Algorithms: #Floyd_s_cycle_finding_algorithm + - Difficulty: #difficulty_easy + - Platforms: #leetcode + - Links: + - [link to the problem](https://leetcode.com/problems/happy-number/description/) + - Problem: + - Write an algorithm to determine if a number `n` is happy. + + A **happy number** is a number defined by the following process: + - Starting with any positive integer, replace the number by the sum of the squares of its digits. + - Repeat the process until the number equals 1 (where it will stay), or it **loops endlessly in a cycle** which does not include 1. + - Those numbers for which this process **ends in 1** are happy. + + Return `true` _if_ `n` _is a happy number, and_ `false` _if not_. + - Examples: + - ``` + Example 1: + + Input: n = 19 + Output: true + Explanation: + 12 + 92 = 82 + 82 + 22 = 68 + 62 + 82 = 100 + 12 + 02 + 02 = 1 + + Example 2: + + Input: n = 2 + Output: false + + ``` + - Constraints: + - `1 <= n <= 231 - 1` + - Thoughts: + - Intuition: + - It loops endlessly in a cycle, which means we need to use a cycle detection algorithm, which happens to be the [[Floyd's Cycle Finding Algorithm]]. + - Approach: + - Use the Floyd's cycle finding algorithm, with two variables + - when fast == slow, cycle is found + - detect if fast is 1, and return values + - Solution: + - Code + - ```java + class Solution { + private int progress(int n) { + int sum = 0; + while (n > 0) { + sum += (n % 10) * (n % 10); + n /= 10; + } + return sum; + } + public boolean isHappy(int n) { + // loop detection + int slow = progress(n); + int fast = progress(slow); + + while (slow != fast) { + slow = progress(slow); + fast = progress(progress(fast)); + } + + return (fast == 1); + } + } + ``` +- +- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] + collapsed:: true + - What I've done + - 写学交论文 + - 音乐 improvising + - I met someone, she's gorgeous + - What I've thought #thoughts + - Improvisation is fun :) + - I think I fall in love with someone, I have a strong feeling when she is nearby, and dopamine burst out whenever I talk to her. I don't know if she feel the same (I think to some extent she does. I don't really know, I just follow the flow and enjoy every moment of that). ~~aaand also I erected a lot~~ + - Mood + - Generally excited, but sometimes exhausted from these happy feelings, I deserve a good sleep. +- +- Todo + - DONE Edx 写一篇 blues + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-07 Fri 14:36:18]--[2023-04-07 Fri 16:50:36] => 02:14:18 + :END: + - DONE 概率论作业 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-04-07 Fri 17:31:14]--[2023-04-07 Fri 21:19:06] => 03:47:52 + :END: + - DONE 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 + - DONE 58, 59 +- +- 乐理学习 #music + - LATER 每天学 15 分钟 Open Music Theory [上次学到的地方](https://viva.pressbooks.pub/openmusictheory/chapter/aspn/) + SCHEDULED: <2023-05-16 Tue .+1d> + :LOGBOOK: + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-07 Fri 16:50] + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-07 Fri 16:52] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-10 Mon 22:49] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 23:35] + CLOCK: [2023-04-12 Wed 09:16:56]--[2023-04-12 Wed 09:44:02] => 00:27:06 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 09:44] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-18 Tue 23:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-21 Fri 09:30] + CLOCK: [2023-04-23 Sun 15:18:42]--[2023-04-23 Sun 15:18:43] => 00:00:01 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-04-23 Sun 15:18] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-26 Wed 22:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 20:47] + CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 09:52:58]--[2023-05-09 Tue 10:01:36] => 00:08:38 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-05-09 Tue 10:01] + CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 10:11:30]--[2023-05-09 Tue 10:11:31] => 00:00:01 + CLOCK: [2023-05-11 Thu 10:14:15]--[2023-05-11 Thu 11:16:14] => 01:01:59 + * State "DONE" from "NOW" [2023-05-11 Thu 11:16] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-15 Mon 16:23] + :END: + - LATER 每天 5 分钟 Ear training [Teoria](https://www.teoria.com/en/exercises/) + SCHEDULED: <2023-05-12 Fri .+1d> + :LOGBOOK: + - State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-07 Fri 23:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-11 Tue 16:41] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-12 Wed 15:07] + CLOCK: [2023-04-21 Fri 14:41:07]--[2023-04-21 Fri 14:41:09] => 00:00:02 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-25 Tue 11:33] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-04-26 Wed 22:31] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-08 Mon 20:48] + CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 10:01:48]--[2023-05-09 Tue 10:10:01] => 00:08:13 + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-09 Tue 10:10] + * State "DONE" from "LATER" [2023-05-11 Thu 20:06] + :END: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-10T07_57_12.724Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-13T04_42_57.182Z.android.md similarity index 72% rename from logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-10T07_57_12.724Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-13T04_42_57.182Z.android.md index 40e69ae..20364a7 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-10T07_57_12.724Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-13T04_42_57.182Z.android.md @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ :END: - LATER Block 1 - DONE DBMS + collapsed:: true - Relational Database: A database that organizes data into tables with rows and columns, maintaining relationships between tables using keys. - Table: A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - Row/Record: A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. @@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ - Database Schema: The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - Database Management System (DBMS): Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - LATER Forming queries + collapsed:: true - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - LATER review lab2 - LATER SQL join @@ -114,52 +116,122 @@ - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - - LATER Block 4 + - DONE Block 4 - DONE Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true - DONE client server arch + collapsed:: true - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - Distributed Database + collapsed:: true - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - the key issues + collapsed:: true - Fragmentation - Allocation - Replication - importance and different types of fragmentation + collapsed:: true - Horizontal - Vertical - Mixed - different types of transparency + collapsed:: true - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - - LATER XML + - DONE XML + collapsed:: true - XML definition and basic concepts + collapsed:: true - eXtensible Markup Language - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide functionality not available with HTML. - Relational model versus XML - - SQL - - is a special-purpose programming language - - You can: manage data in a relational databases. - - XML - - is a markup specification language - - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, - transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a - programming language). - - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of - element names may hint at what they are for). + collapsed:: true + - SQL + collapsed:: true + - is a special-purpose programming language + - You can: manage data in a relational databases. + - XML + collapsed:: true + - is a markup specification language + - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). + - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - Well-formed XML, Valid XML + collapsed:: true + - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element + - Matched tags, proper nesting + - Unique attributes within elements - DTD, XSD - - LATER Data Mining - - LATER NoSQL - - LATER Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) + collapsed:: true + - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document + - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of + an XML document. + - DONE Data Mining + collapsed:: true + - concept + collapsed:: true + - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, + and actionable information from large databases and using it to make + crucial business decisions. + - different applications + collapsed:: true + - Retail / Marketing + - Banking + - Insurance + - Medicine + - basic techniques + collapsed:: true + - predictive modelling, + collapsed:: true + - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some + phenomenon + - database segmentation, + collapsed:: true + - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. + - link analysis, + collapsed:: true + - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual + records, or sets of records, in a database. + - deviation detection. + collapsed:: true + - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously + known expectation and norm. + - DONE NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - the motivation for NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve + much higher performance and scalability. + - explain the concepts of NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. + - explain the application areas of NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be + used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. + - CAP theorem: + collapsed:: true + - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - LATER Exercises - LATER past year exercise 1 - LATER past year exercise 2 - LATER past year exercise 3 - - Exercises + - Exercises \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-14T02_26_15.803Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-14T02_26_15.803Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e793d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_01/2023-06-14T02_26_15.803Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +- [[学习任务]] + - DONE 背产开 + - DONE 下载课件 + - LATER 写思维导图 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:00:59]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:01] => 00:00:02 + :END: + - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f + - DONE 课件 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 + :END: + - DONE Transactions + - DONE Distributed DMBSs + - DONE XML + - DONE Data Mining + - DONE NoSQL + - LATER Theory + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 + :END: + - LATER Block 1 + - DONE DBMS + collapsed:: true + - Relational Database: A database that organizes data into tables with rows and columns, maintaining relationships between tables using keys. + - Table: A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). + - Row/Record: A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. + - Column/Field: A specific attribute or data element within a table. + - Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. + - Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. + - Relationship: The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. + - Normalization: The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. + - Index: A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. + - Query: A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). + - SQL (Structured Query Language): A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. + - CRUD Operations: An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. + - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Data Integrity: The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. + - Database Schema: The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. + - Database Management System (DBMS): Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. + - DONE Relational Algrbra + - LATER Forming sql queries + collapsed:: true + - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ + - LATER review lab2 + - LATER SQL join + - LATER Block 2 + - LATER designing ER diagram + - DONE Block 3 + collapsed:: true + - DONE DB transaction management + - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Atomicity: The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. + - Consistency: The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. + - Isolation: The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. + - Durability: The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. + - DONE Concurrency control + - DONE Meaning of serialisability. + - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. + - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to + shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and + prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. + - DONE 2PL + - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database + objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase + and the shrinking phase. + - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. + - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable + to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, + resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of + resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including + database management systems. + - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. + - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write + validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that + transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and + serializability. + - DONE Recovery Control + - DONE Some causes of database failure. + - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. + - Power failures + - Disk crashes, resulting in loss of parts of secondary storage. + - Application software errors. + - Natural physical disasters. + - User mistakes. + - Sabotage. + - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. + - Contains information about all updates to + database: + - Transaction records. + - Checkpoint records. + - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). + - For autiding + - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. + - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that + committed since the checkpoint and undo all + transactions active at time of crash. + - DONE Normalization + background-color:: yellow + - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) + - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept + that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one + attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. + - DONE BCNF vs. 3NF + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) + - First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of + normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. + - Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be dependent on the primary key. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other + columns. + - Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + that _all non-key attributes are independent of each other._ This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table. + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ + - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ + - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ + - DONE Block 4 + - DONE Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true + - DONE client server arch + collapsed:: true + - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) + - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. + - Distributed Database + collapsed:: true + - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. + - Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true + - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. + - the key issues + collapsed:: true + - Fragmentation + - Allocation + - Replication + - importance and different types of fragmentation + collapsed:: true + - Horizontal + - Vertical + - Mixed + - different types of transparency + collapsed:: true + - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity + - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. + - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. + - advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases + - DONE XML + collapsed:: true + - XML definition and basic concepts + collapsed:: true + - eXtensible Markup Language + - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that + enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide + functionality not available with HTML. + - Relational model versus XML + collapsed:: true + - SQL + collapsed:: true + - is a special-purpose programming language + - You can: manage data in a relational databases. + - XML + collapsed:: true + - is a markup specification language + - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). + - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). + - Well-formed XML, Valid XML + collapsed:: true + - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element + - Matched tags, proper nesting + - Unique attributes within elements + - DTD, XSD + collapsed:: true + - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document + - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of + an XML document. + - DONE Data Mining + collapsed:: true + - concept + collapsed:: true + - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, + and actionable information from large databases and using it to make + crucial business decisions. + - different applications + collapsed:: true + - Retail / Marketing + - Banking + - Insurance + - Medicine + - basic techniques + collapsed:: true + - predictive modelling, + collapsed:: true + - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some + phenomenon + - database segmentation, + collapsed:: true + - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. + - link analysis, + collapsed:: true + - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual + records, or sets of records, in a database. + - deviation detection. + collapsed:: true + - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously + known expectation and norm. + - DONE NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - the motivation for NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve + much higher performance and scalability. + - explain the concepts of NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. + - explain the application areas of NoSQL + collapsed:: true + - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be + used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. + - CAP theorem: + collapsed:: true + - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) + - LATER Exercises + - LATER past year exercise 1 + - LATER past year exercise 2 + - LATER past year exercise 3 + - Exercises \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_03/2023-06-16T10_40_41.224Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_03/2023-06-16T10_40_41.224Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba14df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_03/2023-06-16T10_40_41.224Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +- [[学习任务]] + - LATER 概率论 {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 16:47:39]--[2023-06-03 Sat 16:47:40] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - LATER 学积分 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 17:05:07]--[2023-06-03 Sat 17:05:08] => 00:00:01 + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:06]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:07] => 00:00:01 + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:17]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:18] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 网课 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:14]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:20] => 00:00:06 + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:21]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:22] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - LATER 写题（作业，对答案） + - LATER 总复习, 考试6.19，杰克6.8 + - LATER 看完网课和串讲 + - LATER 写思维导图 + - LATER 做题 + - DONE 区块链：实验报告 + - DONE java,下周小测 [qm website](https://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/mod/page/view.php?id=2178228) + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-07 Wed> + - DONE 课件 + - DONE lab + - DONE lab6 + - DONE lab7 + - DONE PDP quiz + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-15 Thu> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:18:08]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:03] => 00:08:55 + :END: +- +- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] + collapsed:: true + - What I've done + - 早上看数据库 + - 下午看概率论，看了点书 + - 晚上荒野大镖客，看完概率论和数据库 + - 发现洗的衣服忘拿了 + - What I've thought #thoughts + - [[情感]] + - 这几天没有睡好，有点抑郁，一方面是因为生了病没睡好，但主要是因为我的异性关系没有处理好。现在就很能共情[[老残游记]]里面的恋爱场景，一旦相隔远了没有消息，在床上翻来覆去睡不着的场景：一会觉得对方是好得极好，一会又觉得对方好像一无是处。我跟她也hang out了很多次了也进行了不少自我表露，但是那天我们突然就不再联系。 + - 过去和现状：现在回忆起来，当时我是提出餐厅约会受拒，心情不好也顺便推掉了study date（不过她也没有如此的打算，和室友一起），后来遇见她也是跟着室友一起，会跟我打招呼，但是我几次找她，她都借故推脱，再之后就没有了联系。直到最近她主动跟我找话，但是因为之前她拒绝的时候同时拒绝了study date的主要工具，我也没有办法继续找借口交往。到现在我们在群聊等公众场合互相避让，不回复互相的信息。 + - 抑郁的原因： + - 我被拒绝 + - 我感觉被操纵，她对我的情感表露不真诚。感觉她和我的交往有很多套路性的元素，就像主动拒绝study date，故意秒回，故作高冷。这些方法在统计学学上只会降低对异性的吸引力。 + - 之前通过线上途径交往十分不理想，人的需求不能得到及时满足，因为她会故意晚回我的消息（这一点不完全有把握，是因为看见她会秒回别人的消息 + - 一直挂着没有联系，这一方面是因为二和三，一方面也是因为话题被她切断，没有办法 + - 怎么办 + - 到现在已经没什么主动办法，因为聊天的线索被切断，其他活动型的date她大概率不会接受，因为快要期末了 + - 唯一的办法是一直憋着不表示，不明确拒绝她也不主动接近她，先让她急起来，主动放弃这些套路，然后再跟随着flow来 + - 如果一周没有进展的话，我就应该主动放弃，尽量回避不能再这样互相消耗了 + - Mood \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T09_59_25.500Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T09_59_25.500Z.android.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1f87ad1..0000000 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T09_59_25.500Z.android.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -- [[学习任务]] - - Test timetable - - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) -- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-11T03_40_58.504Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-12T01_04_52.404Z.android.md similarity index 97% rename from logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-11T03_40_58.504Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-12T01_04_52.404Z.android.md index 04d6999..fdde598 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-11T03_40_58.504Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-12T01_04_52.404Z.android.md @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ - LATER 整理错题 - LATER [[学交]] {{renderer :todomaster}} SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> - - LATER 看格式要求 *Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos* + - DONE 看格式要求 *Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos* - DONE Job application letter - Cover letter (application letter) - #+BEGIN_VERSE @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Sincerely, [Your name] #+END_VERSE - - LATER Academic + - DONE Academic - DONE research proposal - Format - #+BEGIN_VERSE @@ -157,20 +157,17 @@ a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research #+END_VERSE - - LATER academic paper + - DONE academic paper - DONE abstract collapsed:: true - Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts - collapsed:: true - ● Short -uaually less than 120 words. - ● Includes: - collapsed:: true - ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives) - ● metho used - ● scope of the paper/work - ● introducing the subject. - ● Doesn’t include: - collapsed:: true - ● results, conclusions and recommendations - It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper. - ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without @@ -179,10 +176,8 @@ what you would find in the document's table of contents. - ● An outline of your work - •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts - collapsed:: true - ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more. - ● Include: - collapsed:: true - ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives) - ● method used - ● scope of the work @@ -193,6 +188,7 @@ conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these results. - DONE introduction + collapsed:: true - a clear sense of purpose, thorough understanding of reader needs, and close attention to correct formats. @@ -230,11 +226,12 @@ depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the overview. - - LATER conclusion - - - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. - - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. - - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. - - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. + - DONE conclusion + collapsed:: true + - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. + - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. + - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. + - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. - DONE Report - Informal - DONE letter report diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-16T00_54_27.845Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-16T00_54_27.845Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3fbc47 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-16T00_54_27.845Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +- [[学习任务]] +- +- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] + - What I've done + - Morning: Workout + - Afternoon: Review [[产品开发]] and [[Java]] + - Night: Review 数电 学交 + - What I've thought #thoughts + - Mood +- +- [[产品开发]] + collapsed:: true + - ## Topic 6 - 10 + - ## Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发 + id:: 6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c + collapsed:: true + - What is Concept Development? 概念开发是什么 + - The needs of the target market are identified + Alternative product concepts are generated and + evaluated 需求 + One or more concepts are selected for further + development and testing 多种概念被生成，经过挑选后选择其中一个 + A concept is a description of the form, function + and features of a product 概念是一个产品的描述，功能和特性 + Evaluation and screening criteria are used to aid + in the selection 评估和测试可以辅助选择（screen = test） + Usually accompanied by a set of specifications, an + analysis of competitive products and an economic + justification for the project 伴随着来自个方面的要求，与竞争对手的比较和分析，还有经济方面的考虑（能不能赚钱） + - This can be concluded as 图解如下 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289806889_0.png) + - #### Identify Customer Needs 用户需求是什么 + - to understand customers needs, + then to effectively communicate them to the + development team 和研发队伍沟通 + The output of this step is: + Customer need statements organised in a + hierarchical list, with importance weightings + for many or all of the needs 把用户的需求整理成加权列表 + - #### Establishing target specifications 确立规格要求 + - 1. Prepare the list of metrics, i.e. the technical or + manufacturing features of the product based on + the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表 + - 2. Collect competitive benchmarking information 竞争对手的产品性能 + - 3. Set ideal and marginally acceptable target values 理想的和可接受的要求 + - 4. Reflect on the results and the process 通过结果和进一步完善 + - #### Concept generation 想一个概念 + - Steps: + - external search 在外面搜索 + - creative problem solving within the team, and 团队灵机一动 + - systematic exploration of the various solution + fragments the team generates 系统地寻找解决方法 + - The result of this activity is usually a set of 10-20 + concepts – each is typically represented by a sketch + and a brief descriptive text 产生 10-20 个概念 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289726119_0.png) + - #### Concept selection 选一两个出来 + - the activity in which various + product concepts are analysed and sequentially + eliminated to identify the most promising + concept(s) + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289907417_0.png){:height 564, :width 688} + - There are 5 stages to the screening and + evaluation process: 用以下方式选择好的概念 + - 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the + previous slides can be developed further using a + scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试 + - 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to + explain a concept 和客户沟通 + - 3. Technical screen 在科技实现上咨询第一方和第三方的专家 + - informal technical discussions with experts + - extensive analysis by a 3 rd party + - 4. Final screen 最终测试 + - Involves the use of screening models and computer assessment programs + - 5. Business analysis 看下赚不赚钱 + - preliminary marketing plans, + - technical plans, + - financial reviews and + - projected budgets + - #### Concept testing 测试 + - There are 7 steps to this process + - 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的 + - 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象 + - 3. Choose a survey format 格式 + - 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念 + - 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想 + - 6. Interpret the results 分析结果 + - 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进 + - #### Setting final specifications 最终规格 + Target specifications are revisited after a concept has been selected and tested + - #### Project planning 计划 + - The final activity of concept development + - Steps: + - creates a detailed development schedule 产品开发时间线 + - devises a strategy to minimise development time and 定一个计划 + - identifies the resources required to complete the project 需求是什么 + - #### Economic analysis + - 拿出去卖亏不亏钱 + - #### Benchmarking & modelling + - 和竞争对手比较，品质行不行 + - ## 往年题考点 + - ### Prototypes (2019) + - Physical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Analytical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Comprehensive prototype. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### Costs (2019) + - Component costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Support costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Indirect allocations as part of Overhead costs. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### New products and New product development (2019, 2018) + - #### Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982) Classification Scheme (2019) + - Repositioning (4 marks) (2019) + - four (4) elements through which products can be differentiated (2019) + - the five alternatives that are open to the firm ( 2018) + - kinds of new products identified by Booz Allen and Hamilton ( 2018) + - four elements where values can be added to the basic or ‘core’ product to augment its appeal ( 2018) + - Product life cycle (2019) + - #### prototyping ( 2018) + - three phases of prototyping ( 2018) + - uses of prototypes ( 2018) + - ### system-level design (2019) + - product architecture (2019) + - key characteristics of modular and integral architecture. (2019) + - three (3) main types of modular architecture. (2019) + - ### IP ( 2018) + - the concept ( 2018) + - what sort of intellectual property copyright can protect and what form of protection it gives. ( 2018) + - benefits and limitations of using patents ( 2018) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_32_01.155Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_32_01.155Z.Desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index 95f8f85..0000000 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_32_01.155Z.Desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,660 +0,0 @@ -- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] - id:: 64856c09-6826-4ed3-b21e-380d43ea95a6 - - What I've done - - 上午看[[学交]]，写[[数据库]]题 - - What I've thought #thoughts - - Mood -- -- [[产品开发]] - - ## Topic 7: Innovation - id:: 64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149 - collapsed:: true - - ### Definition of Innovation - Innovation is the process of creating something new that adds value to society. It can involve developing new products, services, processes, or business models. Innovation can be driven by a variety of factors, such as technological advances, changes in consumer preferences, or shifts in the competitive landscape. - - ### Types of Innovation - collapsed:: true - There are different types of innovation, including: - - Radical innovation: involves creating something entirely new that disrupts existing markets or creates new ones. - - Incremental innovation: involves making small improvements to existing products or processes. - - Disruptive innovation: involves creating a new product or service that initially serves a niche market but eventually disrupts the existing market. - - Sustaining innovation: involves making improvements to existing products or processes that help maintain a company's competitive position. - - ### Models of Innovation - collapsed:: true - Innovation can follow different models, such as: - - Linear model: involves a sequential process of research, development, and commercialization. - - Cyclical model: involves a continuous process of feedback and iteration. - - Open innovation: involves collaborating with external partners to develop new products or services. - - ### Characteristics of Innovative Companies - collapsed:: true - Innovative companies share certain characteristics, such as: - - A willingness to take risks and experiment with new ideas. - - A focus on customer needs and preferences. - - A culture that encourages creativity, collaboration, and learning. - - A commitment to continuous improvement and innovation. - - ### Strategies for Fostering a Culture of Innovation - collapsed:: true - Companies can foster a culture of innovation by: - - Providing resources, such as funding, time, and expertise, to support innovation initiatives. - - Encouraging collaboration and cross-functional teams. - - Rewarding creativity and risk-taking. - - Creating a supportive and inclusive work environment. - - ### Examples of Innovative Companies and Products - collapsed:: true - There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as: - - Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad. - - Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions. - - Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time. - - ### Further Resources - The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development. - - ## Topic 7 PDF 概述 - collapsed:: true - 本 PDF 文件提供了创新和产品开发的概述。它涵盖了创新的基本原则、创新的类型、创新的模型以及什么使一个创新型公司。 - - ## 涵盖的主题 - collapsed:: true - - 创新的定义 - - 创新的类型（根本性、渐进性、破坏性、维持性） - - 创新的模型（线性、循环、开放式创新） - - 创新型公司的特点 - - 培养创新文化的策略 - - 创新型公司和产品的例子 - - 进一步阅读的资源（包括一个视频和关于新发明的短视频） - - ## 主要观点 - collapsed:: true - - 创新是创造新的、对社会有价值的东西的过程。 - - 有不同类型的创新，包括根本性、渐进性、破坏性和维持性。 - - 创新可以遵循不同的模型，如线性、循环或开放式创新。 - - 创新型公司共享某些特点，如愿意冒险、关注客户需求和鼓励实验和学习的文化。 - - 公司可以通过提供资源、鼓励协作和奖励创造力来培养创新文化。 - - 创新型公司和产品的例子包括苹果、特斯拉和辛克莱 C5 电动车。 - - 进一步了解创新的资源包括一个视频和关于新发明的短视频。 - - ### 创新的定义 - 创新是创造新的、对社会有价值的东西的过程。它可以涉及开发新产品、服务、流程或商业模式。创新可以由各种因素驱动，如技术进步、消费者偏好的变化或竞争格局的转变。 - - ### 创新的类型 - collapsed:: true - 有不同类型的创新，包括： - - 根本性创新：涉及创造全新的东西，打破现有市场或创建新市场。 - - 渐进性创新：涉及对现有产品或流程进行小幅改进。 - - 破坏性创新：涉及创建一个最初服务于利基市场但最终打破现有市场的新产品或服务。 - - 维持性创新：涉及对现有产品或流程进行改进，以帮助维持公司的竞争地位。 - - ### 创新的模型 - collapsed:: true - 创新可以遵循不同的模型，如： - - 线性模型：涉及研究、开发和商业化的顺序过程。 - - 循环模型：涉及反馈和迭代的持续过程。 - - 开放式创新：涉及与外部合作伙伴合作开发新产品或服务。 - - ### 创新型公司的特点 - collapsed:: true - 创新型公司共享某些特点，如： - - 愿意冒险和尝试新想法。 - - 关注客户需求和偏好。 - - 鼓励创造力、协作和学习的文化。 - - 致力于持续改进和创新。 - - ### 培养创新文化的策略 - collapsed:: true - 公司可以通过以下方式培养创新文化： - - 提供资源，如资金、时间和专业知识，支持创新项目。 - - 鼓励协作和跨职能团队。 - - 奖励创造力和冒险精神。 - - 创造一个支持性和包容性的工作环境。 - - ### 创新型公司和产品的例子 - collapsed:: true - 有许多创新型公司和产品的例子，如： - - 苹果：以其创新产品，如 iPhone 和 iPad 而闻名。 - - 特斯拉：以其创新的电动汽车和可再生能源解决方案而闻名。 - - 辛克莱 C5：一款在 1980 年代开发的创新电动车，领先于其时代。 - - ### 进一步资源 - 本 PDF 文件提供了进一步了解创新的资源链接，如一个视频和关于新发明的短视频。这些资源可以帮助个人和公司了解创新和产品开发的最新趋势和发展。 - - ## Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products - id:: 64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95 - collapsed:: true - - Digital Transformation - collapsed:: true - - Terms - collapsed:: true - - **Digitisation** is the process of converting information from analog to digital. - - **Digitalisation** is the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient. - - **Digital transformation** is the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements - - **Types** of Digital transformation - collapsed:: true - - **Process Transformation** – aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business. - - **Business Model Transformation** – aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology. - - **Domain Transformation** - This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies. - - **Cultural/Organizational Transformation** - - This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking. - - **Guidelines** for a successful Digital - collapsed:: true - Transformation - - Understand your technology - - Embrace Cultural Change - - Consider a new digital business model - - Digital upskilling - - Ensure Collaboration - - Top Management Support - - Digital Product - collapsed:: true - - Characteristics - collapsed:: true - - no physical form, exist only in the digital realm, - - _intangible_ items delivered _electronically_, - - anything that can be _downloaded_ and _used digitally_ can be considered a digital product, - - sold online or through brick-and-mortar retailers, - - can be easily updated or modified to keep up with changing technology and trends because they're intangible, - - often come with a license that allows a customer to use them in unlimited ways. - - Will everything become digital? - collapsed:: true - - In practice, most products and experiences they are part of are _hybrid_. - - **Why** digital products? - collapsed:: true - - Customer happiness is how you win in business. Modern customer expectations are being driven by largely digital technology and digital innovations. - - Low investment, (potentially) high returns - - More profitable than physical goods - - No inventory, shipping or rent hassle - - Automated delivery for passive income - - Serve a niche at scale - - Digital products offer unique ways to communicate directly with the customers. - - Digital Project Development - collapsed:: true - - Phase 1. **Discovery**: the process of identifying the problem to be - solved, making sure the problem is worth solving, and - envisioning the solution to that problem. - - Phase 2. **Ideate**: The goal is to brainstorm possible solutions to the - problem identified in the discovery phase, creating a - strategy for how to build a product that will solve that - problem. - - Phase 3. **Test**: The testing phase is all about gathering data, - refining and improving your idea, and gathering more data - until you have a sharp idea. The testing phase should - involve at least four steps, known as the lean validation - process - - Phase 4. **Execute**: This stage aims to develop the“most - valuable player” namely the _Minimum Viable - Product (MVP)._ - - Phase 5. **Launch**: Once your MVP is ready to go, it’s time to launch. A - digital product launch usually means putting the MVP - on the market and giving customers their first crack at - your solution. - - Phase 6. **Grow**: As refine the digital product into its final form, based on - the feedback from the MVP launch, it’s time to consider - the growth or scaling phase. - - Digital Project Management - collapsed:: true - - Terms - collapsed:: true - - **Digital Project Manager**: the glue that brings - together many facets of a successful digital product— - customers, design, engineering, operations, sales, - marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more. - - **Project Team for Digital Products**: - collapsed:: true - A project team for digital product is made up of: - - **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers. - - **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers - - **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product. - - mistakes to avoid - collapsed:: true - - Having the _wrong data_ - - _Resistance_ from staff - - Underestimate _costs_ - - A lack of _commitment_ - - A lack of _skills_ - - ## 主题 8 - collapsed:: true - - 数字化转型 - collapsed:: true - - 术语 - collapsed:: true - - **数字化** 是将信息从模拟形式转换为数字形式的过程。 - - **数字化** 是利用数字化的信息使现有的工作方式更简单、更高效的过程。 - - **数字化转型** 是利用数字技术来创建新的或修改现有的业务流程、文化和客户体验，以满足不断变化的业务和市场需求的过程。 - - 数字化转型的**类型** - collapsed:: true - - **流程转型** - 旨在通过数据、分析、人工智能以及任何可以降低成本并提高业务运营效率的流程来实现。 - - **商业模式转型** - 旨在对企业或组织的运营进行根本性改变，包括人员、流程和技术。 - - **领域转型** - 这个领域为企业提供了进入新领域或领域的机会，通过获取新技术来实现。 - - **文化/组织转型** - 这涉及到重新定义数字世界中的思维方式、流程、能力和技能。通过以新的文化和思维方式为基础的增长举措，推动数字化转型的进程。 - - 实现成功数字化转型的**指南** - collapsed:: true - - 了解您的技术 - - 接受文化变革 - - 考虑新的数字商业模式 - - 数字技能提升 - - 确保合作 - - 高层管理支持 - - 数字产品 - collapsed:: true - - 特点 - collapsed:: true - - 无实体形态，只存在于数字领域 - - *无形*产品通过*电子方式*交付 - - 任何可以*下载*和*数字使用*的物品都可以被视为数字产品 - - 在线销售或通过实体零售商销售 - - 可以轻松更新或修改以跟上技术和趋势的变化，因为它们是无形的 - - 通常附带许可证，允许客户以无限的方式使用它们 - - 所有事物都会变成数字吗？ - collapsed:: true - - 实际上，大多数产品和体验都是*混合型*的。 - - **为什么**选择数字产品？ - collapsed:: true - - 客户的幸福感是赢得业务的关键。现代客户的期望主要受数字技术和数字创新的推动。 - - 投资低，（可能）回报高 - - 比实体商品更具盈利能力 - - 无需库存、物流或租金麻烦 - - 自动化交付实现被动收入 - - 以规模服务于细分市场 - - 数字产品提供了与客户直接沟通的独特方式。 - - 数字项目开发 - collapsed:: true - - 第一阶段 **发现**：识别待解决的问题，确保问题值得解决，并构想解决问题的方案。 - - 第二阶段 **构思**：目标是对发现阶段确定的问题进行头脑风暴，创建构建解决该问题的产品的策略。 - - 第三阶段 **测试**：测试阶段涉及收集数据、完善和改进您的想法，并收集更多数据，直到您拥有一个清晰的想法。测试阶段应包括至少四个步骤，即精益验证过程。 - - 第四阶段 **执行**：这个阶段旨在开发最有价值的产品，即*最小可行产品 (MVP)*。 - - 第五阶段 **发布**：一旦您的 MVP 准备就绪，就可以发布了。数字产品的发布通常意味着将 MVP 推向市场，让客户首次体验您的解决方案。 - - 第六阶段 **增长**：在根据 MVP 发布的反馈对数字产品进行最终形态的改进时，是考虑增长或扩展阶段的时候。 - - 数字项目管理 - collapsed:: true - - 术语 - collapsed:: true - - **数字项目经理**：他们将许多方面成功地融合在一起，包括客户、设计、工程、运营、销售、市场营销、财务、合规性、法律等等。 - - **数字产品项目团队**：数字产品项目团队由以下成员组成： - collapsed:: true - - **开发人员或工程师** - 负责编码、测试和部署将由客户使用的数字应用程序的人员。 - - **用户体验专家** - 关注产品和相关服务如何被客户使用，并创建与客户的界面、服务和其他交互。 - - **销售和市场营销专家** - 将实际使客户使用产品。 - - 需要避免的错误 - collapsed:: true - - 使用*错误的数据* - - 员工*抵触* - - 低估*成本* - - 缺乏*承诺* - - 缺乏*技能* - - ## Topic 2: Project Management - id:: 648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb - collapsed:: true - - **Define** what is project management - collapsed:: true - - For all but the simplest products, product development involves many people completing many different tasks. - - is the activity of planning and coordinating resources and tasks to achieve these goals. - - Two Phases of **PM** - collapsed:: true - - Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process. - - Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project. - - **Project Planning**: Understand and represent different tasks in projects - collapsed:: true - - Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks - collapsed:: true - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471430664_0.png) - - The Design Structure Matrix - collapsed:: true - - **Definition**: A useful tool for representing and analysing - task dependencies is the design structure matrix - (DSM). - - Working: - collapsed:: true - - A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column. - - The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix. - - We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends. - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471695984_0.png) - - Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row. - - Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column. - - The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies. - - Gantt Chart - collapsed:: true - - Features: - collapsed:: true - - Gantt charts show how the work is broken down into a set of activities - - They show the scheduling of these activities as a series of horizontal bands against a series of vertical lines representing dates - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471844454_0.png) - - They can be used to show dependencies between activities - - They can be used to measure progress on a project or compare planned production with actual production - - PERT Charts - collapsed:: true - - PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart. - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471880938_0.png) - - The Critical Path - collapsed:: true - - The _dependencies_ among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path. - - The _critical path_ is the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks. - - Undertake a baseline project plan - collapsed:: true - - **Definition**: project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time. - - Do project scheduling - collapsed:: true - - Methods: - collapsed:: true - - Contract Book - - Project Task List - - Team staffing & Organisation - - Project Schedule - - Project Budget - - Project Risk Plan - - Modifying the baseline plan - - Accelerate projects - collapsed:: true - - Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects. - - **Execute** projects - collapsed:: true - - Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan? - - ## 主题 2 - collapsed:: true - - **定义** 什么是项目管理 - collapsed:: true - - 对于除了最简单的产品以外，产品开发涉及到许多人完成许多不同的任务。 - - 项目管理是规划和协调资源和任务以实现这些目标的活动。 - - **PM** 的两个阶段 - collapsed:: true - - 项目规划涉及安排项目任务并确定资源需求。项目计划首先在概念开发阶段制定，尽管它是一个动态实体，并在整个开发过程中不断演变。 - - 项目执行，有时称为项目控制，涉及协调和促进完成项目所需的各种任务，面对必然发生的意外事件和新信息的到来。执行与规划同样重要；许多团队失败是因为在整个项目的持续时间内没有保持对目标的专注。 - - **项目规划**：理解和代表项目中的不同任务 - collapsed:: true - - 顺序、并行和耦合任务 - collapsed:: true - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471430664_0.png) - - 设计结构矩阵 - collapsed:: true - - **定义**：用于表示和分析任务依赖关系的有用工具是设计结构矩阵（DSM）。 - - 工作原理： - collapsed:: true - - 一个项目任务分配给一行和相应的列。 - - 行和列的命名和顺序相同，尽管通常只有行列出任务的完整名称。每个任务由矩阵的一行定义。 - - 我们通过在列中放置标记来表示任务的依赖关系，以指示其所依赖的其他任务（列）。 - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471695984_0.png) - - 横向读取一行可以看到所有需要完成与该行对应任务相关的任务的输出。 - - 纵向读取一列可以看到哪些任务接收来自与该列对应的任务的信息。 - - 对角线的单元格通常填充有点或任务标签，仅用于分隔矩阵的上三角形和下三角形，并便于追踪依赖关系。 - - 甘特图 - collapsed:: true - - 特点： - collapsed:: true - - 甘特图展示了工作如何被分解为一系列活动。 - - 它们以一系列垂直线表示日期，以一系列水平带表示这些活动的调度。 - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471844454_0.png) - - 它们可以用于显示活动之间的依赖关系。 - - 它们可以用于衡量项目的进展或比较计划生产与实际生产情况。 - - PERT 图 - collapsed:: true - - PERT（程序评估和审查技术）图明确表示依赖关系和时间，实际上结合了 DSM 和甘特图中包含的一些信息。 - - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471880938_0.png) - - 关键路径 - collapsed:: true - - PERT 图中任务之间的依赖关系，其中一些可能按顺序安排，一些可能并行安排，导致关键路径的概念。 - - 关键路径是最长的一系列依赖事件。这是一系列任务的单一序列，其组合所需的时间定义了整个任务集合的最短可能完成时间。 - - 进行基准项目计划 - collapsed:: true - - **定义**：项目计划是剩余开发工作的路线图。该计划在协调剩余任务和估计所需的开发资源和开发时间方面非常重要。 - - 进行项目调度 - collapsed:: true - - 方法： - collapsed:: true - - 合同书 - - 项目任务列表 - - 团队配备和组织 - - 项目进度表 - - 项目预算 - - 项目风险计划 - - 修改基准计划 - - 加速项目 - collapsed:: true - - 产品开发时间通常是项目规划和执行中最主要的关注点。有一套加速产品开发项目的指南。 - - **执行** 项目 - collapsed:: true - - 即使是一个精心计划的项目，顺利执行也需要仔细注意。项目执行的三个重要问题是： - 1. 可以使用哪些机制来协调任务？ - 2. 如何评估项目状态？ - 3. 团队可以采取哪些行动来纠正与项目计划不符的不良偏差？ - - ## Topic 3: Opportunity Identification - collapsed:: true - - Opportunity, definition and types - - Definition: - - an idea for a new product - - It is a product description in an embryonic form - - a newly sensed need, - - a newly discovered technology, - - a rough match between a need and a possible solution - - It can be thought of as a hypothesis about how value might be created - - Type - - Ansoff’s growth matrix - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686473366617_0.png) - - Market penetration - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - **Opportunities** can exist within a business’s existing - markets through increasing the volume of sales - of existing products - - market development - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - **Opportunities** are said to exist for a business’s - products through making them available to new - markets - - e.g. using existing products in new - geographical markets - - e.g. selling your existing products to a new age - group of customers - - product development - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - **Opportunities**: offering new or improved products to - logseq.order-list-type:: number - existing markets - - diversification - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - **Opportunities**: Moving into new markets, potentially with a base - logseq.order-list-type:: number - from your existing product knowledge or - diversification through acquisition of other - companies - - Risk - - The element of risk _increases the further the strategy moves away from known quantities_ the existing product and the existing market - - **Product development** (requiring, in effect, a new product) and market extension (a new market) involve a greater risk than market penetration - - **Diversification** (both new products and new markets) generally carries the greatest risk of all - - Opportunity identification process - - Establish **a charter** - - A **charter** articulates **the goals of the organisation** - (in relation to NPD) and establishes the **boundary - conditions for an innovation effort.** Charters can be - termed as mission statement for a new product. - - Generate and sense **many opportunities** - - Focus has to be both on **internal** and **external** sources of raw opportunities. Some of these are generated: - - Internally - - R&D department - - Externally - - customer - - competitive product - - sales forces - - collab. with universities - - investors - - distribution partners - - other partner companies - - Sense opportunities: Where do they come from? - - Passively - - Proactively - - Document **frustrations** and **complaints** that current **customers** experience with existing products - - Interview lead users, with attention devoted to - - **innovations** by these users and - - **modifications** these users may have - made to existing products - - **trends** - - Systematically gather suggestions from **current customers** - - **Competitors** - - **Transfer** emerging tech. - - **R&D**: _Research_ and _Development_ - - **Definition**: to develop new knowledge and apply scientific or engineering knowledge to connect the knowledge in one field to that in others - - Roles: - - **Discovering and developing** new technologies Improving understanding of the technology in existing products - - **Improving and strengthening** understanding of technologies used in manufacturing - - **Understanding research results** from universities and other research institutions - - Areas: - - R&D for existing businesses - - R&D for new businesses - - R&D for exploratory research - - **Screen** opportunities - - Purpose: - - to eliminate any opportunities that are **unlikely to result in the creation of value**, - - to focus attention on the opportunities **worthy of further investigation** - - **not to** pick the _single best opportunity_! - - Approach: - - Web-based **surveys** - - Workshops with **multi-voting**: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas. - - Develop **promising opportunities** - - Details - - customer interviews, - - testing of existing products, - - concept generation, - - quick prototypes, - - estimates of market sizes and growth rates. - - Goal - - resolve the greatest uncertainty surrounding each one at the lowest cost in time and money. - - Select **exceptional opportunities** - - Goal - - select a few that warrant a significant investment in product development. - - Approach:**Real-Win-Worth-it** - - **Real**: Is the opportunity real? - - **Win**: Can you win with this opportunity? - - **Worth** It: Is it worth doing? - - **Reflect** on the result and process. - Ask the following questions: - - **How many** of the opportunities identified came from internal sources versus external sources? - - Did we consider **dozens or hundreds** of opportunities? - - Was the innovation charter **too narrowly focused**? - - Were our filtering criteria **biased**, or largely based on the best possible estimates of eventual product success? - - Are the resulting opportunities **exciting** to the team? - - - - ## 主题 3：机会识别 - collapsed:: true - - 机会的定义和类型 - - 定义： - - 一种新产品的构想 - - 它是一个初步形式的产品描述 - - 新发现的需求 - - 新发现的技术 - - 需求和可能解决方案之间的初步匹配 - - 可以将其视为关于如何创造价值的假设 - - 类型 - - 安索夫增长矩阵 - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686473366617_0.png) - - 市场渗透 - - **机会**存在于企业现有市场中，通过增加现有产品的销售量来实现 - - 市场开发 - - 通过将产品面向新市场使得**机会**出现于企业的产品中 - - 例如，在新的地理市场中使用现有产品 - - 例如，将现有产品销售给新的客户群体 - - 产品开发 - - **机会**：向现有市场提供新产品或改进的产品 - - 多元化 - - **机会**：进入新市场，可能基于现有产品知识或通过收购其他公司进行多元化 - - 风险 - - 风险元素与策略偏离已知量（现有产品和现有市场）的程度成正比 - - 与市场渗透相比，**产品开发**（实际上需要新产品）和市场扩展（新市场）涉及更大的风险 - - **多元化**（新产品和新市场）通常带有最大的风险 - - 机会识别过程 - - 制定**章程** - - **章程**表达了组织（与 NPD 有关）的目标，并为创新工作设定了边界条件。章程可以被视为新产品的使命陈述。 - - 生成和发现**众多机会** - - 需要关注内部和外部的机会来源。其中一些是通过以下方式生成的： - - 内部生成 - - 研发部门 - - 外部生成 - - 客户 - - 竞争产品 - - 销售团队 - - 与大学合作 - - 投资者 - - 分销合作伙伴 - - 其他合作伙伴公司 - - 感知机会：它们从何而来？ - - 被动感知 - - 主动感知 - - 记录现有产品的当前客户所经历的**挫折**和**投诉** - - 与领先用户进行访谈，关注这些用户的**创新**以及他们对现有产品的**修改** - - 趋势 - - 系统地收集来自**现有客户**的建议 - - **竞争对手** - - **转移**新兴技术 - - **研究与开发（R&D）** - - **定义**：开发新知识并应用科学或工程知识，将一领域的知识与其他领域相连接 - - 角色： - - **发现和开发**新技术，提高对现有产品中技术的理解 - - 改进和加强对制造中使用技术的理解 - - 理解来自大学和其他研究机构的研究结果 - - 领域： - - 现有业务的研发 - - 新业务的研发 - - 探索性研究的研发 - - **筛选**机会 - - 目的： - - 淘汰不太可能创造价值的机会 - - 将注意力集中在值得进一步调查的机会上 - - 不是选择*最佳机会*！ - - 方法： - - 基于网络的调查 - - 带有**多元投票**的工作坊：参与者进行投票以对各种选项或想法进行优先排序或决策的协作会议或会议。 - - 开发**有前途的机会** - - 细节： - - 客户访谈 - - 对现有产品进行测试 - - 概念生成 - - 快速原型 - - 估计市场规模和增长率 - - 目标： - - 以最低的时间和金钱成本解决每个机会周围最大的不确定性 - - 选择**杰出的机会** - - 目标： - - 选择几个值得在产品开发中进行重大投资的机会 - - 方法：**真实-胜利-值得** - - **真实**：机会是真实的吗？ - - **胜利**：能够赢得这个机会吗？ - - **值得**：值得去做吗？ - - **反思**结果和过程。 - 提出以下问题： - - 机会识别中有多少机会来自内部来源和外部来源？ - - 我们是否考虑了数十个还是数百个机会？ - - 创新章程是否过于狭隘？ - - 我们的筛选标准是否存在偏见，或者主要基于对最终产品成功的最佳估计？ - - 结果的机会是否激发团队的激情？ - - ## Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development) - - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) - collapsed:: true - - **Definition**: the function that links the consumer, customer - and public to the marketer through information - – information used - - **Goal**: - - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; - - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; - - to monitor marketing performance; - - to improve understanding of the marketing process - - When to use it? - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) - - **Gather** raw **data** from customers - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - **Interviews**: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer - - **Focus groups**: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers - - **Observing** the product in use - - **Surveys**: direct mail or web-based questionnaires; - - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer needs - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to - express the customers’ needs in terms of what the - product has to do, not in terms of how it might do - - Use positive, not negative phrasing - - Express the needs as attributes of the product - - Organize **the needs** into a hierarchy of needs - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Structure the needs into - l Must-haves – “I wont buy without” - l Delighters – “What an unexpected treat” - l Linear Satisfiers – “The more the merrier” - l Neutrals – “No big deal” - This is the Kano classification - Consumer needs can be very elusive - Intuitions are often wrong - - Establish the **relative importance** of the needs - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Measuring preference is central to market research - - **Reflect** on the results and the process - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Questions to ask: - - Have we interacted with all important customers in - our target market? - - Can we see the latent needs of customers beyond - our current product range? - - Can we further involve any of the customers in our - product development? - - Did we involve the right people in our organisation? - - Can we improve our process? diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-12T01_04_52.409Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-12T01_04_52.409Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6bc4ea --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-12T01_04_52.409Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +- Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] + - What I've done + - 上午看[[学交]]，写[[数据库]]题 + - What I've thought #thoughts + - Mood \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_31_39.522Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-16T00_54_27.852Z.android.md similarity index 91% rename from logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_31_39.522Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-16T00_54_27.852Z.android.md index 3f51e74..8ffe6c9 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_31_39.522Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-16T00_54_27.852Z.android.md @@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ id:: 64856c09-6826-4ed3-b21e-380d43ea95a6 - What I've done - 上午看[[学交]]，写[[数据库]]题 + - 下午看[[产品开发]] + - 晚上看数电和毛概 - What I've thought #thoughts - Mood - @@ -402,6 +404,7 @@ 2. 如何评估项目状态？ 3. 团队可以采取哪些行动来纠正与项目计划不符的不良偏差？ - ## Topic 3: Opportunity Identification + id:: 648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122 collapsed:: true - Opportunity, definition and types - Definition: @@ -609,12 +612,15 @@ - 我们的筛选标准是否存在偏见，或者主要基于对最终产品成功的最佳估计？ - 结果的机会是否激发团队的激情？ - ## Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development) + id:: 64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735 + collapsed:: true - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) collapsed:: true - **Definition**: the function that links the consumer, customer and public to the marketer through information – information used - **Goal**: + collapsed:: true - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; - to monitor marketing performance; @@ -623,12 +629,14 @@ ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) - **Gather** raw **data** from customers logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true - **Interviews**: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer - **Focus groups**: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers - **Observing** the product in use - **Surveys**: direct mail or web-based questionnaires; - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer needs logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true - The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to express the customers’ needs in terms of what the product has to do, not in terms of how it might do @@ -636,25 +644,73 @@ - Express the needs as attributes of the product - Organize **the needs** into a hierarchy of needs logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Structure the needs into - l Must-haves – “I wont buy without” - l Delighters – “What an unexpected treat” - l Linear Satisfiers – “The more the merrier” - l Neutrals – “No big deal” - This is the Kano classification - Consumer needs can be very elusive - Intuitions are often wrong + collapsed:: true + - **Structure** the needs into + collapsed:: true + - **Must-haves** – *“I wont buy without”* + - **Delighters** – *“What an unexpected treat”* + - **Linear Satisfiers** – *“The more the merrier”* + - **Neutrals** – *“No big deal”* + - This is the *Kano* classification + - Consumer needs can be very **elusive** + - **Intuitions** are often wrong - Establish the **relative importance** of the needs logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Measuring preference is central to market research + collapsed:: true + - Measuring **preference** is central to market research - **Reflect** on the results and the process logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true - Questions to ask: - - Have we interacted with all important customers in + collapsed:: true + - Have we interacted with all **important customers** in our target market? - l Can we see the latent needs of customers beyond + - Can we see the **latent needs** of customers beyond our current product range? - l Can we further involve any of the customers in our + - Can we **further involve** any of the customers in our product development? - l Did we involve the right people in our organisation? - l Can we improve our process? \ No newline at end of file + - Did we involve the **right people** in our organisation? + - Can we **improve** our process? + - ## 第五主题：识别顾客需求（概念开发的初步阶段） + collapsed:: true + - **NPD（新产品开发）的市场调研** + - **定义**：通过信息将消费者、顾客和公众与营销人员联系起来的功能 + - **目标**： + - 识别和定义市场营销机会和问题； + - 生成、改进和评估市场营销行动； + - 监测市场营销绩效； + - 提高对市场营销过程的理解 + - 何时使用？ + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) + - 从顾客那里收集原始数据 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - **面谈**：一个或多个开发团队成员与单个顾客讨论 + - **焦点小组**：一个主持人与8至12位顾客进行两小时的讨论 + - 观察产品的使用情况 + - **调查**：直邮或基于网络的问卷调查； + - 将原始数据解读为顾客需求 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 然后，必须使用在步骤1中收集到的数据来表达顾客的需求，而不是以产品如何满足需求的方式来表达 + - 使用积极的、而非消极的措辞 + - 将需求表达为产品的属性 + - 将需求组织成层次结构 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 将需求分为以下部分： + - **必备项** - “如果没有这个，我就不会购买” + - **惊喜项** - “真是个意外的惊喜” + - **线性满足项** - “越多越好” + - **中立项** - “无关紧要” + - 这是*Kano*分类 + - 消费者需求可能非常难以捉摸 + - 直觉经常是错误的 + - 确定需求的**相对重要性** + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 测量**偏好**是市场调研的核心 + - **反思**结果和过程 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 需要问的问题： + - 我们是否与目标市场中的所有**重要顾客**进行了互动？ + - 我们能否看到顾客在我们当前产品范围之外的**潜在需求**？ + - 我们能否在产品开发中**进一步吸引**任何顾客的参与？ + - 我们是否在组织中吸引了**合适的人员**？ + - 我们能否改进我们的流程？ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_16/2023-06-16T12_34_22.061Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_16/2023-06-16T12_34_22.061Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b8a7c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_16/2023-06-16T12_34_22.061Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +- [[Shopping lists]] + - 卡其裤 chicos \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_35_16.129Z.Desktop.edn b/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-13T04_42_57.299Z.android.edn similarity index 99% rename from logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_35_16.129Z.Desktop.edn rename to logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-13T04_42_57.299Z.android.edn index 03bb7e7..34d7d7e 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_35_16.129Z.Desktop.edn +++ b/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-13T04_42_57.299Z.android.edn @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ [?block :block/scheduled ?d] [?block :block/deadline ?d]) [(> ?d ?start)] - [(<= ?d ?next)]] + [(< ?d ?next)]] :inputs [:56d :today] :collapsed? false} ]} @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ :ref/linked-references-collapsed-threshold 50 ;; Favorites to list on the left sidebar - :favorites [] + :favorites ["Contents"] ;; any number between 0 and 1 (the greater it is the faster the changes of the next-interval of card reviews) (default 0.5) ;; :srs/learning-fraction 0.5 diff --git a/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_33_59.621Z.Desktop.edn b/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-16T00_54_28.007Z.android.edn similarity index 95% rename from logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_33_59.621Z.Desktop.edn rename to logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-16T00_54_28.007Z.android.edn index 7214067..11af1c2 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-04-26T14_33_59.621Z.Desktop.edn +++ b/logseq/bak/logseq/config/2023-06-16T00_54_28.007Z.android.edn @@ -201,22 +201,18 @@ [(< ?d ?next)]] :inputs [:today :7d-after] :collapsed? false} -{ :query [:find (pull ?b [*]) - :in $ ?today ?tomorrow - :where - [?b :block/marker ?m] - (not [(contains? #{"DONE", "CANCELED"} ?m)]) - [(get-else $ ?b :block/scheduled ?tomorrow) ?scheduled] - [(get-else $ ?b :block/deadline ?tomorrow) ?deadline] - (or - [(contains? #{"NOW", "DOING"} ?m)] - [(<= ?scheduled ?today)] - [(<= ?deadline ?today)])] -:inputs [:today 99990101] -:result-transform (fn [result] - (sort-by (fn [h] - (get-in h [:block/scheduled])) result)) -:breadcrumb-show? false} +{:title "⚠️ OVERDUE" + :query [:find (pull ?block [*]) + :in $ ?start ?next + :where + (task ?block #{"NOW" "LATER" "TODO" "DOING"}) + (or + [?block :block/scheduled ?d] + [?block :block/deadline ?d]) + [(> ?d ?start)] + [(< ?d ?next)]] + :inputs [:56d :today] + :collapsed? false} ]} ;; Add your own commands to slash menu to speedup. @@ -259,7 +255,7 @@ :ref/linked-references-collapsed-threshold 50 ;; Favorites to list on the left sidebar - :favorites [] + :favorites ["Contents"] ;; any number between 0 and 1 (the greater it is the faster the changes of the next-interval of card reviews) (default 0.5) ;; :srs/learning-fraction 0.5 @@ -358,7 +354,7 @@ :file/name-format :triple-lowbar :graph/settings {:journal? true, :orphan-pages? false, :excluded-pages? false, :builtin-pages? true} :publishing/all-pages-public? false - :feature/enable-flashcards? false + :feature/enable-flashcards? true :feature/enable-whiteboards? true ;; specify the format of the filename for journal files diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/contents/2023-06-12T01_04_52.411Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/pages/contents/2023-06-12T01_04_52.411Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bb0f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/contents/2023-06-12T01_04_52.411Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +- # Stuff in this note + - ### Personal + - ### Task management [[tasks]] + - [[Personal Tasks]] + - [[Shopping lists]] + - [[Learning Logseq]] + - [[学习任务]] + - [[总复习]] + - [[School notes]] + - 2023 + - [[概率论]] + - [[产品开发]] + - [[Java]] + - [[数据库]] + - ### Reflections + - [[Daily reflections]] + - #thoughts + - ### Reviews + - #music + - #books + - #movies + - #food + - ### Cloud collections [[Cloud collections]] + - ### Personal growth + - [[Habits]] + - [[GPT notes]] + - #健身 + - ### Coding + - ### OJ notes #coding_problems + - Leetcode notes #leetcode + - ### Projects [[projects]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/hls__section_2.2_1686907456219_0/2023-06-16T12_34_22.182Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/pages/hls__section_2.2_1686907456219_0/2023-06-16T12_34_22.182Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5794aee --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/hls__section_2.2_1686907456219_0/2023-06-16T12_34_22.182Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +file:: [section_2.2_1686907456219_0.pdf](../assets/section_2.2_1686907456219_0.pdf) +file-path:: ../assets/section_2.2_1686907456219_0.pdf + +- The Definition of Distribution Function + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 3 + hl-color:: blue + id:: 648c2a50-7acf-4cd5-b075-d0e970e114a4 +- The Properties of Distribution Function + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 4 + hl-color:: blue + id:: 648c2a73-3961-4723-90e8-5f160bb18e0d +- [:span] + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 4 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2a88-3d0f-47d2-be44-21df002a1def + hl-type:: area + hl-stamp:: 1686907527770 +- [:span] + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 7 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2abf-5c5e-4af9-9e13-bb566f3206e8 + hl-type:: area + hl-stamp:: 1686907580838 +- [:span] + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 9 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2b26-e92d-43f7-b8e1-60b51a2b5268 + hl-type:: area + hl-stamp:: 1686907685844 +- A random variable is said to be of discrete type if the number of different values it can take is finite or countably infinite. + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 17 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2be0-787e-4e1f-8d0c-b859f0d08383 + hl-stamp:: 1686907879808 +- We call X a continuous random variable if there is a function f defined for all x ∈ R and having the following properties: + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 25 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2c54-b536-40ba-8191-ef1aeb2be0b9 +- The Distribution Function of Function of a Random Variable + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 35 + hl-color:: blue + id:: 648c2c9a-fcca-43e3-94a6-466f52131b48 +- we can assert that if X is a random variable, then Y := g(X) = g(X(ω)), where g is a real-valued function defined on the real line, is a random variable as well + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 35 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2d05-82d4-472f-901c-b362852e2a3a +- [:span] + ls-type:: annotation + hl-page:: 40 + hl-color:: yellow + id:: 648c2de1-d9a7-4760-bb4f-beec4b41102c + hl-type:: area + hl-stamp:: 1686908384666 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_32.387Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_32.387Z.Desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1b0be7f..0000000 --- a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_32.387Z.Desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1318 +0,0 @@ -- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - collapsed:: true - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:09:23]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:51] => 01:17:28 - :END: - - DONE lab - - DONE 写 lab8 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:06:46]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:50] => 01:20:04 - :END: - - DONE (考前)复习 labs - collapsed:: true - - DONE [#A] 从 t14 复制过来 - - 1 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 2 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 3 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 4 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 5 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 6 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - 7 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - DONE 课件 - collapsed:: true - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 - :END: - - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) - collapsed:: true - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 - :END: - - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers - - DONE java file IO - collapsed:: true - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 16:44:33]--[2023-06-09 Fri 17:13:37] => 00:29:04 - :END: - - DONE Buffered Reader / Writer - - DONE File objects - - DONE GUI (自学不考) - collapsed:: true - - DONE Graphics Classes: Color, Font, FontMetrics, JLabel - - StringBuffer vs. StringBuilder - - String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes. - - StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not. That’s why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer. - - String concatenation operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class. - - For String manipulations in a non-multi threaded environment, we should use StringBuilder else use StringBuffer class. - - DONE 题 - - DONE 看 qm 上错题 [gradeplus](https://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/grade/report/user/index.php?id=21582) - - DONE this 的用法 - collapsed:: true - - In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called. - - When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name. - - Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java: - collapsed:: true - - Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object. - - Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object. - - Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object. - - Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object. - - It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them. - - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. - - DONE Past exam papers - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 - :END: - - DONE Access Modifiers - - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) - - Syntax: - - ```java - // This is a single line comment - - /* - * This is a regular multi-line comment - */ - - /** - * This is a Javadoc - */ - ``` - - @throws ExceptionType reason - - DONE Garbage collection - collapsed:: true - - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage - collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which - objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. - An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your - program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or - unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. - So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The - programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The - garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. - - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. - - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== - - **Component**: An object that the user can see on the screen and can also - interact with - - **Container**: A component that can hold other components - - **Event**: An action triggered by the user - - Designing a GUI involves creating components, putting them into containers, and - arranging for the program to respond to events (e.g. responding to mouse clicks). - - DONE ==Review Java File IO== - - DONE Exception Terms - - java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: - - IOException - - ArithmeticException - - NegativeArraySizeException - - ArrayStoreException - - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 - :END: - - inheritance - - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** - - ## polymorphism - - encapsulation - - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. - - abstraction. - - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. - - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or - [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). - - Overloading vs. overriding - - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters - - Interface - - DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}} - collapsed:: true - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> - - DONE 看笔记 - - DONE 做题 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - DONE 整理错题 - deck:: 2023t1/Mao - - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 - A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 - B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 - C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 - D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 - - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard - extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 - id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 - A．科技创新 - B．理论创新 - C．⽂化创新 - D．⽣产关系创新 - A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 - C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 - - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 - A．尊重群众、尊重实践 - B．⼀切从群众中来 - C．解放思想 - D．“三个有利于” - - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 - id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 - 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard - A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 - C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ - - extra:: a: 抢国民党 - id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb - 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 - C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 - - extra:: 学苏联 - A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 - B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 - C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 - D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 - - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 - A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ - B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 - C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 - D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 - - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 - A.和平赎买 - B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 - D.⽣活上给出路 - - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 - A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 - B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 - C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 - D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ - - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard - extra:: 根本原则 - id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd - A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ - C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 - 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard - A.什么是实事求是 - B. 怎样建设党 - C.什么是⻢克思主义 - D. 什么是社会主义 - - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard - extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 - id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba - A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 - C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 - - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - extra:: d: 不谈这些 - id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 - A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 - B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 - C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ - D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 - - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 - A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 - B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 - C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 - D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 - - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 - 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard - extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 - id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 - A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 - B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 - 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 - C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 - D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 - - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - extra:: b: 农村银行 - id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 - A. 股份制 - B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 - D.国家独资经济 - A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 - B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 - C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== - D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 - - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard - extra:: 领导利益优先 - id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e - A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 - C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 - - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 - id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb - A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 - B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 - C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 - D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 - - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard - extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 - id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 - A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 - B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 - C. 坚持四项基本原则 - D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 - - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 - id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e - A. ⼈⺠当家作主 - B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 - C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 - D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 - - A. 爱国主义 - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 - id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b - B. 集体主义 - C. 社会主义 - D. 为⼈⺠服务 - A. 为⼈⺠服务 - B. 集体主义 - C 诚实可信 - D 爱国主义 - 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 以⼈为本 - B. 以⺠为本 - C 社会公平 - D 公平和正义 - - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 - id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 - A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 - B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ - C. 保证劳动者充分就业 - D. 实现共同富裕 - - extra:: - A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 - B. 不断推进共同富裕 - C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 - D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 - - A. 祖国统⼀ - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 - id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 - B. ⼀国两制 - C. ⼀国两政府 - D. “三通” - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 - A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 - B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 - C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 - D. 实现全⼈类的解放 - - extra:: 是全球的南北 - id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 - - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 - A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 - B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ - C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 - D. 加强国际⼲预 - - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 - id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617 - 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 - B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 - D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 - A. 爱国主义性质的 - B. 政治联盟性质的 - C. 社会主义性质的 - D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 - - extra:: 硬背吧 - A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 - B. 实现国家统⼀ - C. 加强⺠族团结 - D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ - - extra:: 重点是体制 - id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559 - 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 加强党的领导 - B. 改善党的领导体制 - C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 - D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 - - extra:: 共产党纯变态 - A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 - B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 - C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 - D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 - A. 取得执政地位 - B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 - C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 - D. 符合统治阶级的需要 - - DONE [[学交]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - collapsed:: true - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> - - DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_ - - DONE Job application letter - - Cover letter (application letter) - - #+BEGIN_VERSE - [Your name] - [Your address] - [Your city, state and zip code] - - [Date] - - [Hiring manager's name] - [Hiring manager's title] - [Company name] - [Company address] - [Company city, state and zip code] - - Dear [Hiring manager's name], - - I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job. - - [Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.] - - [Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.] - - [Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.] - - Sincerely, - [Your name] - - #+END_VERSE - - DONE Academic - - DONE research proposal - - Format - - #+BEGIN_VERSE - Your proposal should include the following: - - 1. TITLE - - Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question - - 2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE - - You should include: - - the background and issues of your proposed research - identify your discipline - a short literature review - a summary of key debates and developments in the field - - 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) - - You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring - - 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - - You should provide an outline of: - - the theoretical resources to be drawn on - the research approach (theoretical framework) - the research methods appropriate for the proposed research - a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods - - 5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE - - You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis. - - For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. - - For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. - - 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY - - You should include: - - a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal - a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research - - #+END_VERSE - - DONE academic paper - - DONE abstract - - Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts - - ● Short -uaually less than 120 words. - - ● Includes: - - ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives) - - ● methods used - - ● scope of the paper/work - - ● introducing the subject. - - ● Doesn’t include: - - ● results, conclusions and recommendations - - It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper. - - ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without - providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document - contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond - what you would find in the document's table of contents. - - ● An outline of your work - - •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts - - ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more. - - ● Include: - - ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives) - - ● method used - - ● scope of the work - - ● results / findings - - ● conclusions and recommendations - - ● contributions, novelty (optional) - - It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the - conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these - results. - - DONE introduction - - a clear sense of purpose, - thorough understanding of reader needs, and - close attention to correct formats. - - Research paper introductions are always unique. - After all, research is original by definition. However, they often - contain six essential items. These are: - - **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of - your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific - subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. - Note that you will address them in the publication. - - **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review - other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern - scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior - research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have - that expertise. - - **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to - be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. - Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a - gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will - interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of - your paper. - - **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to - make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you - will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you - measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices. - - **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a - thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run - through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and - clear. - - **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline. - Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the - following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the - end of your paper. - - These six items are emphasized more or less, - depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might - emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the - overview. - - DONE conclusion - - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. - - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. - - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. - - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. - - DONE Report - - Informal - - DONE letter report - - Format - - #+BEGIN_VERSE - This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are: - - Heading; - Date; - Address; - Salutation; - Body; - Complimentary close; - Signature. - - The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts: - - Introduction: Here the writer states the problem. - Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented. - Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body. - - The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report. - #+END_VERSE - - Sample - - ```text - Opex Apparel Ltd. - (A house for best Garments) - Dhanmondi, Dhaka - - 25th, May 2021 - - Managing Director - Opex Apparel Ltd. - Dhanmondi, Dhaka. - - Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom. - - Dear Sir, - - In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara - showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and - therefore submitting my report hereunder. - - A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments - but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their - best to return the garments but failed because there was no - attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a - result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed - complaints regarding this issue. - - In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to - handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for - the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting - dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of - competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business. - - I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served - with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there - for proper functioning. - - I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation - for the betterment of our company. - - Yours faithfully - - M. A Khan Secretary - ``` - - DONE memo report - - Format - - Abstract - - Clear statement of memo's purpose - Outline of main parts of memo - - Body - - Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end - Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items - Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader - Tactful presentation of any negative news - - Conclusion - - Clear statement of what step should occur next - Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers - - Sample: - - ```text - MEMORANDUM - - DATE: - - TO: - - FROM: - - SUBJECT: - - I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo]. - - As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening - paragraph]. - - Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your - cooperation as [official business information] takes place. - ``` - - Formal - - DONE Letter Text Combination Form - - Types - - proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a - particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically - prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific - idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report - is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable, - beneficial, and worth pursuing. - - feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors. - - progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status, - achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative. - It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or - quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward - established goals and objectives. - - evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the - performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or - initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the - subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives. - - problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes - of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions - or recommendations. - - recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the - recommendation. - - Template - - ```text - Report on [topic of the report] - Submitted on [date of submission] - Summary or Abstract - [This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and - overall conclusion.] - Introduction - [This provides insight into the purpose of the report.] - Background - [This section provides background information for the reader to understand the - context of the remaining content.] - Methodology - [This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your - findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using - qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.] - Findings - [Present your findings based on your research.] - Conclusions - The main issues we found were as follows: - [Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.] - Recommendations - To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps: - [Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions - to help solve the problem.] - Appendix - [List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other - sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables, - charts, or diagrams referenced in your report.] - ``` - - LATER 写几篇试试手 - - DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - collapsed:: true - - DONE 看 block4 - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? - id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78 - - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a - binary value - - Often more than just a one-to-one connection - - Data Storage Devices - - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? - id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d - - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as - each other. - - Equal time to access any location - - n-bit address - - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? - id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43 - - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off - - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working - id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a - memory” #flashcard - - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit - id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a - of information and does not need to be refreshed - periodically. #flashcard - - more expensive and less dense - - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the - id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b - data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain - the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard - - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high - densities. - - It is the main memory in personal computers. - - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? - id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5 - - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no - power to the device. - - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} - id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413 - - ROM - - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be - id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 - changed by normal CPU operations. - - used to store fixed data or information. - - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture - id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44 - - PROM :-> Programmable ROM - id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd - - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81 - - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089 - - Serial Access - - Stores data bits in series - Head must travel from current position to new address passing the - other addresses in between – time consuming - Can store large amounts of data - - Read Only - - R / W - - SI bytes: - 8bit = 1byte - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686315189766_0.png) - - DONE 往年题 - - DONE Review slides - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 - :END: - - DONE Tutorial 1 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 - :END: - - DONE Base conversion - - Integer - - Digits - - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB - id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2 - - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. - id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63 - - DONE LSB, MSB - - DONE ==2's complement== - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 - :END: - - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) - - Invert the bits of that representation - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - add 1 - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - convert from 2's complement (negative numbers) - - subtract 1 - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - invert the bits of that representation - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - or: - - invert bits - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - add 1 - logseq.order-list-type:: number - - Subtraction with 2's complement - - DONE Floating point formats - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 - :END: - - IEEE 754 FP - - $$ Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} $$ - - s: sign - - f: Mantissa - - e: exponent - - Parity - - DONE Tutorial 2 - collapsed:: true - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 - :END: - - Drawing gates - - Boolean algebra - - Theorems - - Consensus theorem - - $$ (X + Y) (X + Z) = X + YZ $$ - - Distributivity theorem - - $$ XY + X'Z + YZ = XY + X'Z $$ - - Minterms and Maxterms - - Minterm - - Algebraic sum of minterms, SOP, Canonical Sum - - Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product - - DONE Tutorial 3 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 - :END: - - Draw latches - - SR - - SR with control - - D - - Draw Functional table - - DONE When the output is invalid - - Synchronous state machine - - Input / next state / output equations - - Transition table, State table, State / Output Table - - Circuit synthesis - - K-map - - State diagram - - DONE Tutorial 4 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 - :END: - - Calculating address bits - - Calculating bits required to select memory chips - - draw diagrams - - DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 - :END: - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686666046762_0.png) - - DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 - :END: - - DONE Mux switch - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 - :END: - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665844966_0.png) - - DONE Draw ROM - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 - :END: - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686663351367_0.png) - The address is from b to a (down to up): - c b a addr - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 1 - 0 1 0 2 - 0 1 1 3 - ==mux switch left 1, right 0== - - DONE Ripple parallel adder implemented by FAs - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665873138_0.png) - - DONE Ripple parallel subtractor implemented by FAs - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) - - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb - - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} - deck:: 2023t1/database - - DONE 课件 - collapsed:: true - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 - CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 - :END: - - DONE Transactions - - DONE Distributed DMBSs - - DONE XML - - DONE Data Mining - - DONE NoSQL - - LATER Theory - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 - :END: - - DONE Block 1 - deck:: 2023t1/database - collapsed:: true - - DONE DBMS - - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. - id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 - - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8 - - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. - id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f - - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. - id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b - - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. - id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9 - - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. - id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac - - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. - id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a - - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. - id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6 - - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. - id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5 - - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). - id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53 - - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. - id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7 - - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. - id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6 - - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200 - - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. - id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b - - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a - - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af - - DONE basic concepts of Relational model - - A data model :- > a graphical description of the - components of database. - - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. - id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339 - - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. - id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c - - Candidate Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1 - - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a - relation. - - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify - that tuple. - - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the - uniqueness property. - - Primary Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a - - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within - relation. - - Foreign Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342 - - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that - matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. - - Composite Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77 - - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. - - Recursive Relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a - - Relationship type where same entity type participates - more than once in different roles. - - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible - id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a - occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a - single occurrence of an associated entity type - through a particular relationship. - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) - - Cardinality #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7 - - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. - id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0 - - Participation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f - - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. - - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. - - Ternary relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 - - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. - - LATER Forming sql queries - - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - - LATER review lab2 - - LATER SQL join - - DONE Block 2 - - DONE EER - - Most useful additional concept of EER model: - specialization/generalization. - - Specialization - - Process of maximizing differences between - members of an entity by identifying their - distinguishing characteristics. - - Generalization - - Process of minimizing differences between - entities by identifying their common - characteristics. - - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard - id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb - specialization/generalization: - - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass - id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb - must participate as a member of a subclass. - - May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard - id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443 - - Mandatory: member of superclass must be - member of subclass - - Optional: member of superclass may be member - of subclass. - - disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5 - - Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or) - - Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and) - - Superclass / Subclass - - Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct - id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d - subgroupings of its occurrences. - - Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one - id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e - (1:1).}} #flashcard - - Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct - subclasses. - - Not all members of a superclass need be a - member of a subclass. - - Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity - id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 - type. - - When to use them? either one or both #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6 - - There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity. - - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. - - DONE Designing databases - - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard - - Conceptual database design - - The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. - - Logical database design - - Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations. - - Physical database design - - The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS); - - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard - - Gather requirements - - Conceptual database design - - Logical database design - - Physical database design - - DONE SQL - - purpose and importance of SQL. - - SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 - collapsed:: true - major components: #flashcard - - A DDL for defining database structure. - - Create table - - Drop table - - A DML for retrieving and updating data. - - Insert - - Delete - - update - - Select - - Importance: - - it is non-procedural - you specify what - information you require, rather than how to get it; - - it is essentially free-format. - - easy to learn - - retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and - - Use compound WHERE conditions. - - Sort query results using ORDER BY. - - Use aggregate functions. - - Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. - - Join tables together. - - Use subqueries. - - update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. - - LATER [#A] Write some SQL!! - - DONE Block 3 - collapsed:: true - - DONE DB transaction management - - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 - - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable - to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, - resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of - resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including - database management systems. - - Example: - - Cascading rollback #flashcard - id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658 - - Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a - failure and a rollback must be performed. Other - transactions dependent on T1's actions must also - be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect. - - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. - - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 - collapsed:: true - - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. - id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da - - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. - id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a - - Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. - id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f - - Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. - id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554 - - DONE Concurrency control - - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f - - The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable. - - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2 - - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to - shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and - prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. - - DONE 2PL #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250 - - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database - objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase - and the shrinking phase. - - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d - - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write - validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that - transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and - serializability. - - ==DONE Recovery Control== - - DONE Some causes of database failure. - - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. - - Power failures - - Disk crashes, resulting in loss of parts of secondary storage. - - Application software errors. - - Natural physical disasters. - - User mistakes. - - Sabotage. - - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard - id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a - - Contains information about all updates to - database: - - Transaction records. - - Checkpoint records. - - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). - - For autiding - - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard - id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f - - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that - committed since the checkpoint and undo all - transactions active at time of crash. - - DONE Normalization - background-color:: yellow - - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93 - - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept - that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one - attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. - - DONE BCNF vs. 3NF - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) - - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of - id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab - normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. - - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 - columns. - - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 - that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. - - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ - id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 - - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - - Anomaly - - Update Anomalies #flashcard - - Insertion anomalies - - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the - inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For - example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if - it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the - table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. - - Deletion anomalies - - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or - data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called - the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, - if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of - Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the - row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. - - Modification anomalies - - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the - inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of - anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want - to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows - where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, - then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to - inconsistent and wrong databases. - - LATER Block 4 - - DONE Distributed DBMS - - DONE client server arch #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 - - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - - Distributed Database #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894 - - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - - Distributed DBMS #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36 - - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - - the key issues #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675 - - Fragmentation - - Allocation - - Replication - - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7 - - Horizontal - - Vertical - - Mixed - - different types of transparency #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7 - - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - - Advantages - - Reflects organizational structure - - Improved shareability and local autonomy - - Improved availability - - Improved reliability - - Improved performance - - Economics - - Modular growth - - Disadbantages - - Complexity - - Cost - - Security - - Integrity control more difficult - - Lack of standards - - Lack of experience - - Database design more complex - - DONE XML - - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f - - eXtensible Markup Language - - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that - enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide - functionality not available with HTML. - - DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7 - - SQL - - is a special-purpose programming language - - You can: manage data in a relational databases. - - XML - - is a markup specification language - - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 - - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - - Matched tags, proper nesting - - Unique attributes within elements - - LATER DTD, XSD - - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of - an XML document. - - LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD - - DONE Data Mining - - concept #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a - - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, - and actionable information from large databases and using it to make - crucial business decisions. - - different applications #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c - - Retail / Marketing - - Banking - - Insurance - - Medicine - - basic techniques - - predictive modelling, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6 - - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some - phenomenon - - database segmentation, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec - - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. - - link analysis, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f - - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual - records, or sets of records, in a database. - - deviation detection. #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333 - - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously - known expectation and norm. - - DONE NoSQL - - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de - - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve - much higher performance and scalability. - - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28 - - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store - data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a - variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, - key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and - scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. - - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba - - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be - used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. - - CAP theorem: #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 - - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: - 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to - ensure coherency). - 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. - 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system - is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). - - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - - LATER Exercises - - DONE past year exercise 1 - - LATER past year exercise 2 - - LATER past year exercise 3 - - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} - collapsed:: true - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-16 Fri> - - DONE 整理考点 - :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:10]--[2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:11] => 00:00:01 - :END: - - LATER See past exam papers - - LATER 整理 ppt - - DONE Week 1 - - {{embed ((648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb))}} - - {{embed ((648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122))}} - - [Topic 4: Product Planning](https://docs.google.com/document/d/17RTFywNdyxAnf7qcb4drrn_shtRjSRhO/edit) - - {{embed ((64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735))}} - - DONE Week 2 - - {{embed ((6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c))}} - - {{embed ((64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149))}} - - {{embed ((64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95))}} - - DONE Week 3 - - DONE Week4 - - LATER 概率论 (隔了一个周末) - collapsed:: true - SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> - - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} - - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) -- diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T01_27_27.434Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T00_54_28.012Z.android.md similarity index 66% rename from logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T01_27_27.434Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T00_54_28.012Z.android.md index 900e690..8dcea85 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T01_27_27.434Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T00_54_28.012Z.android.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + title:: 总复习2023t1 - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> @@ -44,12 +45,12 @@ - DONE 课件 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 :END: - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 :END: - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers - DONE java file IO @@ -83,8 +84,8 @@ - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. - DONE Past exam papers :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 :END: - DONE Access Modifiers - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) @@ -103,14 +104,14 @@ - @throws ExceptionType reason - DONE Garbage collection collapsed:: true - - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage - collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which - objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. - An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your - program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or + - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage + collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which + objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. + An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your + program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. - So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The - programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The + So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The + programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== @@ -127,18 +128,19 @@ - ArithmeticException - NegativeArraySizeException - ArrayStoreException - - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. + - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 :END: - inheritance - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** - - ## polymorphism + - polymorphism + - - encapsulation - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. - abstraction. - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. - - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or + - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). - Overloading vs. overriding - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters @@ -151,213 +153,252 @@ :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 :END: - - DONE 整理错题 + - DONE 整理错题 deck:: 2023t1/Mao - - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 + - 在1978年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486eb88-490a-45f2-b393-89192dd5ea52 A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 - id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 + id:: 6486eba2-9d71-4e27-a8f8-96947c0beda6 A．科技创新 B．理论创新 C．⽂化创新 D．⽣产关系创新 + - id:: 6486ebb8-4319-4e33-a901-221546ac6b28 + 4. 党的思想路线的实质和核⼼是（ {{c1 c}} ）#flashcard A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 + id:: 6486ebbd-9c15-48d3-a273-aad64d4fadb2 + 5. 实事求是思想路线的根本体现是 （ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard A．尊重群众、尊重实践 B．⼀切从群众中来 C．解放思想 D．“三个有利于” - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 - id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 - 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard + id:: 6486ebe6-ea17-4b3d-a855-1a992863e0e2 + 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ - extra:: a: 抢国民党 - id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb - 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 - C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 + id:: 6486ebf2-991b-43fa-9baf-c2e94eec3230 + 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 + C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 - extra:: 学苏联 + id:: 6486ebf5-ecb6-49f4-a22e-156de99c617c + 2. 20世纪50年代，⽑泽东提出，中国⼯业化道路的问题主要是指 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 - - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 + - extra:: b反右运动 c文革 d从来没有 + id:: 6486ec08-5315-4ddc-ad39-f87b1acf36ec + 3. 社会主义改造基本完成后，我国国家政治⽣活的主题是 ( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 + id:: 6486ec0b-b934-4f4a-b0ff-31c39c44e74d + 4. 我国在资本主义⼯商业进⾏社会主义改造实践中⼀个创新性办法是对⺠族资产阶级( {{c1 a}} ) #flashcard A.和平赎买 B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 D.⽣活上给出路 - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 + id:: 6486ec0e-3678-4e3c-95cc-a1eae493c278 + 5. ⽑泽东在《论⼗⼤关系》中提出我国社会主义建设必须围绕的⼀个基本⽅针是 （ {{c1 c}} ） #flashcard A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ - - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard + - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard extra:: 根本原则 - id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd + id:: 6486f101-7de3-4d01-81fa-f33ca1ce5395 A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 - 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard + - id:: 6486f11d-fd1f-4050-b693-1d9e61525db2 + 3. 新时期的解放思想，关键就是对建设中国特⾊社会主义的⾸要的基本理论问题的重新认识，这就 + 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard A.什么是实事求是 B. 怎样建设党 C.什么是⻢克思主义 D. 什么是社会主义 - - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + id:: 6486f139-1b96-4fa2-801d-e6af909be90c extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 - id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard extra:: d: 不谈这些 - id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 + id:: 6486f1db-f09d-45d5-982e-8a6d36c88ec0 A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 + id:: 6486f20e-62ee-4487-855d-9fbfe95e4d8f A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 - - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 - 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard + - 5.经过30多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 + 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 - id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 + id:: 6486f242-b267-4c28-825a-62182abcfbfe A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + id:: 6486f2b8-2ef5-461f-a6da-6dcae1737aa8 extra:: b: 农村银行 - id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 A. 股份制 B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 D.国家独资经济 + - id:: 6486fb7d-2914-45c7-99a3-81afc94e8c1a + 3. 国有经济在国⺠经济中的主导作⽤主要表现在 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 - - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + - extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + 4. 在收⼊分配过程中，⽆论是⿎励⼀部分地区、⼀部分⼈先富起来，还是注重社会公平，其实质都 + 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard extra:: 领导利益优先 - id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e - A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 - C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 - - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 + C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益D.效率优先、兼顾公平 + - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 - id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb + id:: 6486fbcf-fce9-47eb-9471-93bb3fdbca43 A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 - - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 - id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 + id:: 6486fc44-9b33-4eb1-bbc0-fc00aa42ed6c A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 C. 坚持四项基本原则 D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 - - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486fcfb-2262-48e4-96dc-24b0ca4087e3 extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 - id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e A. ⼈⺠当家作主 B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 - - A. 爱国主义 - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 - id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b + - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 + id:: 6486fe1f-1d2e-46de-8616-a9bb174c3ade + 4. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 爱国主义 B. 集体主义 C. 社会主义 D. 为⼈⺠服务 + - id:: 6486fe3b-fd24-4e3f-980d-d02c66e3fe18 + 5. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 为⼈⺠服务 B. 集体主义 C 诚实可信 D 爱国主义 - 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 以⼈为本 - B. 以⺠为本 - C 社会公平 - D 公平和正义 - - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + - id:: 64870181-4942-41c3-9f04-54ccd35a73ad + 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 以⼈为本 + B. 以⺠为本 + C 社会公平 + D 公平和正义 + - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 - id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 + id:: 648701b2-ad29-4bd5-9160-bcf973aaeb51 A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ C. 保证劳动者充分就业 D. 实现共同富裕 - - extra:: + - extra:: + id:: 648702a3-ce36-474c-8427-ba505b748de2 + 5. “⼗⼀五”规划根本⽬的是以⼈为本，执政为⺠，其含义( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 B. 不断推进共同富裕 C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 - - A. 祖国统⼀ - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 - id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 + - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 + id:: 648702cb-b4d4-470c-b1c3-187aa64ba582 + 2. 台湾问题的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 祖国统⼀ B. ⼀国两制 C. ⼀国两政府 D. “三通” - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - id:: 6487034e-025b-4a2e-9bee-ba856180c7cd + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - id:: 648704bb-1b44-4b7a-9b56-4f8ee1e102f0 + 4. 中国外交政策的基本**⽬标**是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 实现全⼈类的解放 - extra:: 是全球的南北 - id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + id:: 648704ff-5743-4233-9a16-3c196737e5aa + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 + id:: 64870507-34f9-422d-b543-727494bcc448 + 3. 当前维护世界和平的根本途径是( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 加强国际⼲预 - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 - id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617 - 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 - B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 - D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + id:: 64870715-f684-48d8-894c-ad2bddd5f912 + 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 + B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 + D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 + id:: 64870745-dadb-467b-a90c-33a99cb70f54 + 3. 我国新时期爱国统⼀战线从根本上说，是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 爱国主义性质的 B. 政治联盟性质的 C. 社会主义性质的 D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 - extra:: 硬背吧 + id:: 648707a6-6088-409d-a3d1-5666d23c5af7 + 4. 新时期我国爱国主义的主题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 B. 实现国家统⼀ C. 加强⺠族团结 D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ - extra:: 重点是体制 - id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559 - 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 加强党的领导 - B. 改善党的领导体制 - C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 - D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 + id:: 648707f5-4cc3-43f4-9709-34f99e05481e + 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 加强党的领导 + B. 改善党的领导体制 + C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 + D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 - extra:: 共产党纯变态 + id:: 648708c8-b45f-48b3-bb42-4dff84cbea23 + 3. 政党区别于其他政治团体的根本标志是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 + - id:: 6487090c-61e8-44ed-81a4-f3e07e1a8731 + 4. ⼀个政党在社会历史进程中是否起促进作⽤，取决于该党是否( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 取得执政地位 B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 @@ -416,7 +457,7 @@ 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) - You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring + You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY @@ -433,7 +474,7 @@ For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. - For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. + For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY @@ -672,59 +713,58 @@ - LATER 写几篇试试手 - DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - collapsed:: true + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - DONE 看 block4 - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? - id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78 + id:: 6488641f-9ec8-4732-9f02-c4aeb2367d68 - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a binary value - Often more than just a one-to-one connection - Data Storage Devices - - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? - id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d + - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? + id:: dba98f43-3f8b-463d-81c5-c72ab1192ec8 - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as each other. - Equal time to access any location - n-bit address - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? - id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43 + id:: 64886486-510b-4bae-a96b-b3e1e2d7426a - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off - - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working - id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a - memory” #flashcard + - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working + id:: 648864bd-5553-4cb9-9b3b-95704702ec3a + memory” #flashcard - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit - id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a + id:: 6488656f-d6e7-471c-a576-918f2a9539cd of information and does not need to be refreshed periodically. #flashcard - more expensive and less dense - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the - id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b + id:: 6488659c-99ea-4bf5-9f22-dabeea3f51d9 data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high densities. - It is the main memory in personal computers. - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? - id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5 + id:: 535e9457-c460-4f39-af70-29f1451ec6bd - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no power to the device. - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} - id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413 + id:: 648864c3-9852-48f3-8aac-21adaab99963 - ROM - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be - id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 + id:: 64886681-d990-45e3-afd3-e13d95459f58 changed by normal CPU operations. - used to store fixed data or information. - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture - id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44 + id:: 648866a8-81ed-435b-a946-d96ab208b17e - PROM :-> Programmable ROM - id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd + id:: 648866ae-85e5-4241-a1f9-fc2d32df9cda - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81 + id:: 648866b2-2f28-4bc3-96ba-d05da9722b4f - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089 + id:: 648866b5-0447-4faf-8535-258f4c28d7d2 - Serial Access - Stores data bits in series Head must travel from current position to new address passing the @@ -738,24 +778,22 @@ - DONE 往年题 - DONE Review slides :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 :END: - DONE Tutorial 1 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 :END: - DONE Base conversion - Integer - Digits - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB - id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2 - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. - id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63 - DONE LSB, MSB - DONE ==2's complement== :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 :END: - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) - Invert the bits of that representation @@ -775,10 +813,10 @@ - Subtraction with 2's complement - DONE Floating point formats :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 :END: - IEEE 754 FP - - $$ Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} $$ + - $$ Value = (-1)^s * 1.f * 2^{e-127} $$ - s: sign - f: Mantissa - e: exponent @@ -786,7 +824,7 @@ - DONE Tutorial 2 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 :END: - Drawing gates - Boolean algebra @@ -801,7 +839,7 @@ - Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product - DONE Tutorial 3 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 :END: - Draw latches - SR @@ -817,28 +855,28 @@ - State diagram - DONE Tutorial 4 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 :END: - Calculating address bits - Calculating bits required to select memory chips - draw diagrams - DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686666046762_0.png) - DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: - DONE Mux switch :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665844966_0.png) - DONE Draw ROM :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686663351367_0.png) The address is from b to a (down to up): @@ -854,9 +892,8 @@ ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} - deck:: 2023t1/database + id:: 647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f - DONE 课件 - collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 @@ -870,212 +907,63 @@ :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 :END: - - DONE Block 1 - deck:: 2023t1/database - collapsed:: true + - LATER Block 1 - DONE DBMS - - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. - id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 - - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8 - - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. - id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f - - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. - id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b - - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. - id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9 - - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. - id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac - - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. - id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a - - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. - id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6 - - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. - id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5 - - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). - id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53 - - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. - id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7 - - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. - id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6 - - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200 - - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. - id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b - - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a - - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af - - DONE basic concepts of Relational model - - A data model :- > a graphical description of the - components of database. - - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. - id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339 - - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. - id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c - - Candidate Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1 - - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a - relation. - - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify - that tuple. - - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the - uniqueness property. - - Primary Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a - - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within - relation. - - Foreign Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342 - - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that - matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. - - Composite Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77 - - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. - - Recursive Relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a - - Relationship type where same entity type participates - more than once in different roles. - - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible - id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a - occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a - single occurrence of an associated entity type - through a particular relationship. - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) - - Cardinality #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7 - - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. - id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0 - - Participation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f - - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. - - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. - - Ternary relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 - - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. + collapsed:: true + - Relational Database: A database that organizes data into tables with rows and columns, maintaining relationships between tables using keys. + - Table: A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). + - Row/Record: A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. + - Column/Field: A specific attribute or data element within a table. + - Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. + - Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. + - Relationship: The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. + - Normalization: The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. + - Index: A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. + - Query: A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). + - SQL (Structured Query Language): A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. + - CRUD Operations: An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. + - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Data Integrity: The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. + - Database Schema: The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. + - Database Management System (DBMS): Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. + - DONE Relational Algrbra - LATER Forming sql queries + collapsed:: true - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - LATER review lab2 - LATER SQL join - - DONE Block 2 - - DONE EER - - Most useful additional concept of EER model: - specialization/generalization. - - Specialization - - Process of maximizing differences between - members of an entity by identifying their - distinguishing characteristics. - - Generalization - - Process of minimizing differences between - entities by identifying their common - characteristics. - - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard - id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb - specialization/generalization: - - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass - id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb - must participate as a member of a subclass. - - May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard - id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443 - - Mandatory: member of superclass must be - member of subclass - - Optional: member of superclass may be member - of subclass. - - disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5 - - Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or) - - Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and) - - Superclass / Subclass - - Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct - id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d - subgroupings of its occurrences. - - Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one - id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e - (1:1).}} #flashcard - - Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct - subclasses. - - Not all members of a superclass need be a - member of a subclass. - - Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity - id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 - type. - - When to use them? either one or both #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6 - - There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity. - - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. - - DONE Designing databases - - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard - - Conceptual database design - - The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. - - Logical database design - - Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations. - - Physical database design - - The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS); - - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard - - Gather requirements - - Conceptual database design - - Logical database design - - Physical database design - - LATER SQL - - purpose and importance of SQL. - - retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and - - Use compound WHERE conditions. - - Sort query results using ORDER BY. - - Use aggregate functions. - - Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. - - Join tables together. - - Use subqueries. + - LATER Block 2 + - LATER designing ER diagram - DONE Block 3 collapsed:: true - DONE DB transaction management - - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 - - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable - to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, - resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of - resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including - database management systems. - - Example: - - Cascading rollback #flashcard - id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658 - - Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a - failure and a rollback must be performed. Other - transactions dependent on T1's actions must also - be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect. - - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. - - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 - collapsed:: true - - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. - id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da - - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. - id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a - - Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. - id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f - - Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. - id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554 + - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Atomicity: The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. + - Consistency: The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. + - Isolation: The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. + - Durability: The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. - DONE Concurrency control - - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f - - The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable. - - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2 + - DONE Meaning of serialisability. + - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. - - DONE 2PL #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250 + - DONE 2PL - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase and the shrinking phase. - - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d + - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. + - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable + to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, + resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of + resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including + database management systems. + - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and serializability. - - ==DONE Recovery Control== + - DONE Recovery Control - DONE Some causes of database failure. - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. - Power failures @@ -1084,23 +972,20 @@ - Natural physical disasters. - User mistakes. - Sabotage. - - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard - id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a + - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. - Contains information about all updates to database: - Transaction records. - Checkpoint records. - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). - For autiding - - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard - id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f + - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that committed since the checkpoint and undo all transactions active at time of crash. - DONE Normalization background-color:: yellow - - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93 + - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. @@ -1109,148 +994,128 @@ CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 :END: - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) - - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of - id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab + - First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. - - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 + - Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be dependent on the primary key. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other columns. - - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 - that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. - - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ - id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 + - Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + that _all non-key attributes are independent of each other._ This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table. + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - - Anomaly - - Update Anomalies #flashcard - - Insertion anomalies - - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the - inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For - example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if - it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the - table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. - - Deletion anomalies - - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or - data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called - the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, - if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of - Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the - row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. - - Modification anomalies - - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the - inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of - anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want - to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows - where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, - then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to - inconsistent and wrong databases. - - LATER Block 4 + - DONE Block 4 - DONE Distributed DBMS - - DONE client server arch #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 + collapsed:: true + - DONE client server arch + collapsed:: true - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - - Distributed Database #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894 + - Distributed Database + collapsed:: true - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - - Distributed DBMS #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36 + - Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - - the key issues #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675 + - the key issues + collapsed:: true - Fragmentation - Allocation - Replication - - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7 + - importance and different types of fragmentation + collapsed:: true - Horizontal - Vertical - Mixed - - different types of transparency #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7 + - different types of transparency + collapsed:: true - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases + - advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - DONE XML - - LATER XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f + collapsed:: true + - XML definition and basic concepts + collapsed:: true - eXtensible Markup Language - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide functionality not available with HTML. - - LATER Relational model versus XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7 + - Relational model versus XML + collapsed:: true - SQL + collapsed:: true - is a special-purpose programming language - You can: manage data in a relational databases. - XML + collapsed:: true - is a markup specification language - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 + - Well-formed XML, Valid XML + collapsed:: true - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Matched tags, proper nesting - Unique attributes within elements - - LATER DTD, XSD + - DTD, XSD + collapsed:: true - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of an XML document. - - LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD - DONE Data Mining - - concept #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a + collapsed:: true + - concept + collapsed:: true - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, and actionable information from large databases and using it to make crucial business decisions. - - different applications #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c + - different applications + collapsed:: true - Retail / Marketing - Banking - Insurance - Medicine - basic techniques - - predictive modelling, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6 + collapsed:: true + - predictive modelling, + collapsed:: true - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some phenomenon - - database segmentation, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec + - database segmentation, + collapsed:: true - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. - - link analysis, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f + - link analysis, + collapsed:: true - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual records, or sets of records, in a database. - - deviation detection. #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333 + - deviation detection. + collapsed:: true - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously known expectation and norm. - DONE NoSQL - - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de + collapsed:: true + - the motivation for NoSQL + collapsed:: true - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve much higher performance and scalability. - - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28 + - explain the concepts of NoSQL + collapsed:: true - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store - data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, - key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. - - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba + - explain the application areas of NoSQL + collapsed:: true - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. - - CAP theorem: #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 + - CAP theorem: + collapsed:: true - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: - 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to - ensure coherency). - 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. - 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system - is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - LATER Exercises - LATER past year exercise 1 diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T10_40_41.427Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T10_40_41.427Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a866889 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T10_40_41.427Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,2608 @@ +- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 64895ec0-51b1-47d6-9243-404b6e52d576 + - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:09:23]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:51] => 01:17:28 + :END: + - DONE lab + - DONE 写 lab8 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:06:46]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:50] => 01:20:04 + :END: + - DONE (考前)复习 labs + collapsed:: true + - DONE [#A] 从 t14 复制过来 + - 1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 2 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 4 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 5 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 6 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 7 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 课件 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 + :END: + - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 + :END: + - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers + - DONE java file IO + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 16:44:33]--[2023-06-09 Fri 17:13:37] => 00:29:04 + :END: + - DONE Buffered Reader / Writer + - DONE File objects + - DONE GUI (自学不考) + collapsed:: true + - DONE Graphics Classes: Color, Font, FontMetrics, JLabel + - StringBuffer vs. StringBuilder + - String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes. + - StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not. That’s why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer. + - String concatenation operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class. + - For String manipulations in a non-multi threaded environment, we should use StringBuilder else use StringBuffer class. + - DONE 题 + - DONE 看 qm 上错题 [gradeplus](https://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/grade/report/user/index.php?id=21582) + - DONE this 的用法 + collapsed:: true + - In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called. + - When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name. + - Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java: + collapsed:: true + - Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object. + - Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object. + - Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object. + - Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object. + - It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them. + - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. + - DONE Past exam papers + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 + :END: + - DONE Access Modifiers + - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) + - Syntax: + - ```java + // This is a single line comment + + /* + * This is a regular multi-line comment + */ + + /** + * This is a Javadoc + */ + ``` + - @throws ExceptionType reason + - DONE Garbage collection + collapsed:: true + - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage + collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which + objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. + An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your + program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or + unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. + So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The + programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The + garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. + - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. + - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== + - **Component**: An object that the user can see on the screen and can also + interact with + - **Container**: A component that can hold other components + - **Event**: An action triggered by the user + - Designing a GUI involves creating components, putting them into containers, and + arranging for the program to respond to events (e.g. responding to mouse clicks). + - DONE ==Review Java File IO== + - DONE Exception Terms + - java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: + - IOException + - ArithmeticException + - NegativeArraySizeException + - ArrayStoreException + - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 + :END: + - inheritance + - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** + - ## polymorphism + - encapsulation + - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. + - abstraction. + - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. + - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or + [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). + - Overloading vs. overriding + - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters + - Interface + - DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看笔记 + - DONE 做题 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 整理错题 + deck:: 2023t1/Mao + - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 + A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 + C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 + D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 + - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard + extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 + id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 + A．科技创新 + B．理论创新 + C．⽂化创新 + D．⽣产关系创新 + A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 + C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 + - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 + A．尊重群众、尊重实践 + B．⼀切从群众中来 + C．解放思想 + D．“三个有利于” + - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 + id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 + 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard + A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 + C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ + - extra:: a: 抢国民党 + id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb + 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 + C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 + - extra:: 学苏联 + A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 + B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 + C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 + D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 + - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 + A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ + B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 + C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 + D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 + - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 + A.和平赎买 + B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 + D.⽣活上给出路 + - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 + A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 + B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 + C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 + D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ + - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard + extra:: 根本原则 + id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd + A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ + C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 + 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard + A.什么是实事求是 + B. 怎样建设党 + C.什么是⻢克思主义 + D. 什么是社会主义 + - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 + id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba + A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + extra:: d: 不谈这些 + id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 + A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 + B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 + C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ + D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 + - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard + id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 + A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 + B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 + C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 + D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 + - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 + 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard + extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 + id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 + A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 + B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 + 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 + C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 + D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 + - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + extra:: b: 农村银行 + id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 + A. 股份制 + B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 + D.国家独资经济 + A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 + B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 + C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== + D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 + - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e + A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 + C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 + - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 + id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb + A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 + B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 + C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 + D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 + - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 + id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 + A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 + B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 + C. 坚持四项基本原则 + D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 + - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 + id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e + A. ⼈⺠当家作主 + B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 + D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 + - A. 爱国主义 + extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 + id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b + B. 集体主义 + C. 社会主义 + D. 为⼈⺠服务 + A. 为⼈⺠服务 + B. 集体主义 + C 诚实可信 + D 爱国主义 + 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 以⼈为本 + B. 以⺠为本 + C 社会公平 + D 公平和正义 + - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 + id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 + A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 + B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ + C. 保证劳动者充分就业 + D. 实现共同富裕 + - extra:: + A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 + B. 不断推进共同富裕 + C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 + D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 + - A. 祖国统⼀ + extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 + id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 + B. ⼀国两制 + C. ⼀国两政府 + D. “三通” + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 + B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 实现全⼈类的解放 + - extra:: 是全球的南北 + id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 + A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 + B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 加强国际⼲预 + - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 + id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617 + 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 + B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 + D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 + A. 爱国主义性质的 + B. 政治联盟性质的 + C. 社会主义性质的 + D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 + - extra:: 硬背吧 + A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 + B. 实现国家统⼀ + C. 加强⺠族团结 + D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ + - extra:: 重点是体制 + id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559 + 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 加强党的领导 + B. 改善党的领导体制 + C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 + D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 + - extra:: 共产党纯变态 + A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 + B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 + C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 + D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 + A. 取得执政地位 + B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 + C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 + D. 符合统治阶级的需要 + - DONE [[学交]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_ + - DONE Job application letter + - Cover letter (application letter) + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + [Your name] + [Your address] + [Your city, state and zip code] + + [Date] + + [Hiring manager's name] + [Hiring manager's title] + [Company name] + [Company address] + [Company city, state and zip code] + + Dear [Hiring manager's name], + + I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job. + + [Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.] + + [Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.] + + [Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.] + + Sincerely, + [Your name] + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE Academic + - DONE research proposal + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + Your proposal should include the following: + + 1. TITLE + + Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question + + 2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE + + You should include: + + the background and issues of your proposed research + identify your discipline + a short literature review + a summary of key debates and developments in the field + + 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) + + You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring + + 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY + + You should provide an outline of: + + the theoretical resources to be drawn on + the research approach (theoretical framework) + the research methods appropriate for the proposed research + a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods + + 5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE + + You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis. + + For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. + + For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. + + 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY + + You should include: + + a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal + a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE academic paper + - DONE abstract + - Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts + - ● Short -uaually less than 120 words. + - ● Includes: + - ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives) + - ● methods used + - ● scope of the paper/work + - ● introducing the subject. + - ● Doesn’t include: + - ● results, conclusions and recommendations + - It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper. + - ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without + providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document + contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond + what you would find in the document's table of contents. + - ● An outline of your work + - •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts + - ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more. + - ● Include: + - ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives) + - ● method used + - ● scope of the work + - ● results / findings + - ● conclusions and recommendations + - ● contributions, novelty (optional) + - It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the + conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these + results. + - DONE introduction + - a clear sense of purpose, + thorough understanding of reader needs, and + close attention to correct formats. + - Research paper introductions are always unique. + After all, research is original by definition. However, they often + contain six essential items. These are: + - **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of + your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific + subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. + Note that you will address them in the publication. + - **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review + other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern + scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior + research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have + that expertise. + - **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to + be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. + Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a + gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will + interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of + your paper. + - **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to + make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you + will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you + measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices. + - **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a + thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run + through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and + clear. + - **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline. + Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the + following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the + end of your paper. + - These six items are emphasized more or less, + depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might + emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the + overview. + - DONE conclusion + - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. + - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. + - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. + - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. + - DONE Report + - Informal + - DONE letter report + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are: + + Heading; + Date; + Address; + Salutation; + Body; + Complimentary close; + Signature. + + The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts: + + Introduction: Here the writer states the problem. + Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented. + Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body. + + The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report. + #+END_VERSE + - Sample + - ```text + Opex Apparel Ltd. + (A house for best Garments) + Dhanmondi, Dhaka + + 25th, May 2021 + + Managing Director + Opex Apparel Ltd. + Dhanmondi, Dhaka. + + Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom. + + Dear Sir, + + In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara + showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and + therefore submitting my report hereunder. + + A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments + but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their + best to return the garments but failed because there was no + attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a + result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed + complaints regarding this issue. + + In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to + handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for + the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting + dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of + competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business. + + I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served + with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there + for proper functioning. + + I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation + for the betterment of our company. + + Yours faithfully + + M. A Khan Secretary + ``` + - DONE memo report + - Format + - Abstract + - Clear statement of memo's purpose + Outline of main parts of memo + - Body + - Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end + Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items + Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader + Tactful presentation of any negative news + - Conclusion + - Clear statement of what step should occur next + Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers + - Sample: + - ```text + MEMORANDUM + + DATE: + + TO: + + FROM: + + SUBJECT: + + I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo]. + + As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening + paragraph]. + + Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your + cooperation as [official business information] takes place. + ``` + - Formal + - DONE Letter Text Combination Form + - Types + - proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a + particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically + prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific + idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report + is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable, + beneficial, and worth pursuing. + - feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors. + - progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status, + achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative. + It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or + quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward + established goals and objectives. + - evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the + performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or + initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the + subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives. + - problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes + of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions + or recommendations. + - recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the + recommendation. + - Template + - ```text + Report on [topic of the report] + Submitted on [date of submission] + Summary or Abstract + [This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and + overall conclusion.] + Introduction + [This provides insight into the purpose of the report.] + Background + [This section provides background information for the reader to understand the + context of the remaining content.] + Methodology + [This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your + findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using + qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.] + Findings + [Present your findings based on your research.] + Conclusions + The main issues we found were as follows: + [Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.] + Recommendations + To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps: + [Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions + to help solve the problem.] + Appendix + [List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other + sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables, + charts, or diagrams referenced in your report.] + ``` + - LATER 写几篇试试手 + - DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + collapsed:: true + - DONE 看 block4 + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? + id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78 + - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a + binary value + - Often more than just a one-to-one connection + - Data Storage Devices + - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? + id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d + - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as + each other. + - Equal time to access any location + - n-bit address + - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? + id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43 + - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off + - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working + id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a + memory” #flashcard + - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit + id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a + of information and does not need to be refreshed + periodically. #flashcard + - more expensive and less dense + - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the + id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b + data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain + the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard + - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high + densities. + - It is the main memory in personal computers. + - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? + id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5 + - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no + power to the device. + - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} + id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413 + - ROM + - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be + id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 + changed by normal CPU operations. + - used to store fixed data or information. + - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture + id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44 + - PROM :-> Programmable ROM + id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd + - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM + id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81 + - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM + id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089 + - Serial Access + - Stores data bits in series + Head must travel from current position to new address passing the + other addresses in between – time consuming + Can store large amounts of data + - Read Only + - R / W + - SI bytes: + 8bit = 1byte + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686315189766_0.png) + - DONE 往年题 + - DONE Review slides + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 + :END: + - DONE Tutorial 1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 + :END: + - DONE Base conversion + - Integer + - Digits + - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB + id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2 + - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. + id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63 + - DONE LSB, MSB + - DONE ==2's complement== + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 + :END: + - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) + - Invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - convert from 2's complement (negative numbers) + - subtract 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - or: + - invert bits + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - Subtraction with 2's complement + - DONE Floating point formats + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 + :END: + - IEEE 754 FP + - $$ Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} $$ + - s: sign + - f: Mantissa + - e: exponent + - Parity + - DONE Tutorial 2 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 + :END: + - Drawing gates + - Boolean algebra + - Theorems + - Consensus theorem + - $$ (X + Y) (X + Z) = X + YZ $$ + - Distributivity theorem + - $$ XY + X'Z + YZ = XY + X'Z $$ + - Minterms and Maxterms + - Minterm + - Algebraic sum of minterms, SOP, Canonical Sum + - Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product + - DONE Tutorial 3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 + :END: + - Draw latches + - SR + - SR with control + - D + - Draw Functional table + - DONE When the output is invalid + - Synchronous state machine + - Input / next state / output equations + - Transition table, State table, State / Output Table + - Circuit synthesis + - K-map + - State diagram + - DONE Tutorial 4 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 + :END: + - Calculating address bits + - Calculating bits required to select memory chips + - draw diagrams + - DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686666046762_0.png) + - DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + - DONE Mux switch + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665844966_0.png) + - DONE Draw ROM + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686663351367_0.png) + The address is from b to a (down to up): + c b a addr + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 1 1 + 0 1 0 2 + 0 1 1 3 + ==mux switch left 1, right 0== + - DONE Ripple parallel adder implemented by FAs + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665873138_0.png) + - DONE Ripple parallel subtractor implemented by FAs + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) + - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb + - DONE 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} + deck:: 2023t1/database + collapsed:: true + - DONE 课件 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 + :END: + - DONE Transactions + - DONE Distributed DMBSs + - DONE XML + - DONE Data Mining + - DONE NoSQL + - DONE Theory + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 + :END: + - DONE Block 1 + deck:: 2023t1/database + - DONE DBMS + - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. + id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 + - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). + id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8 + - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. + id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f + - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. + id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b + - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. + id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9 + - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. + id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac + - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. + id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a + - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. + id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6 + - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. + id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5 + - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). + id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53 + - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. + id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7 + - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. + id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6 + - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200 + - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. + id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b + - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. + id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a + - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. + id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af + - DONE basic concepts of Relational model + - A data model :- > a graphical description of the + components of database. + - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. + id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339 + - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. + id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c + - Candidate Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1 + - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a + relation. + - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify + that tuple. + - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the + uniqueness property. + - Primary Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a + - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within + relation. + - Foreign Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342 + - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that + matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. + - Composite Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77 + - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. + - Recursive Relationship #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a + - Relationship type where same entity type participates + more than once in different roles. + - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible + id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a + occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a + single occurrence of an associated entity type + through a particular relationship. + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) + - Cardinality #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7 + - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. + id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0 + - Participation #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f + - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. + - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. + - Ternary relationship #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 + - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! + - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. + - DONE Forming sql queries + - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ + - LATER review lab2 + - DONE SQL join + - DONE Block 2 + - DONE EER + - Most useful additional concept of EER model: + specialization/generalization. + - Specialization + - Process of maximizing differences between + members of an entity by identifying their + distinguishing characteristics. + - Generalization + - Process of minimizing differences between + entities by identifying their common + characteristics. + - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard + id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb + specialization/generalization: + - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass + id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb + must participate as a member of a subclass. + - May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard + id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443 + - Mandatory: member of superclass must be + member of subclass + - Optional: member of superclass may be member + of subclass. + - disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard + id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5 + - Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or) + - Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and) + - Superclass / Subclass + - Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct + id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d + subgroupings of its occurrences. + - Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one + id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e + (1:1).}} #flashcard + - Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct + subclasses. + - Not all members of a superclass need be a + member of a subclass. + - Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity + id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 + type. + - When to use them? either one or both #flashcard + id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6 + - There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity. + - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. + - DONE Designing databases + - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard + id:: 6489a99e-3ed0-4673-814d-f823e4998168 + - Conceptual database design + - The process of constructing a **model** of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. + - Logical database design + - Maps the conceptual data model on to a **logical model (e.g. relational)**, but i*ndependent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations*. + - Physical database design + - The process of producing a description of the **implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS)**; + - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard + id:: 6489a9b5-14ea-4b2b-bd47-07b93ae94124 + - Gather requirements + - Conceptual database design + - Logical database design + - Physical database design + - DONE SQL + - purpose and importance of SQL. + - SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 + id:: 6489c210-8ab6-4a38-979a-01af7618a3a4 + major components: #flashcard + - A DDL for defining database structure. + - Create table + - Drop table + - A DML for retrieving and updating data. + - Insert + - Delete + - update + - Select + - Importance: + - it is non-procedural - you specify what + information you require, rather than how to get it; + - it is essentially free-format. + - easy to learn + - retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and + - Use compound WHERE conditions. + - Sort query results using ORDER BY. + - Use aggregate functions. + - Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. + - Join tables together. + - Use subqueries. + - update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. + - DONE [#A] Write some SQL!! + - DONE Block 3 + - DONE DB transaction management + - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 + - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable + to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, + resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of + resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including + database management systems. + - Example: + - Cascading rollback #flashcard + id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658 + - Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a + failure and a rollback must be performed. Other + transactions dependent on T1's actions must also + be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect. + - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. + - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 + - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. + id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da + - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. + id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a + - Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. + id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f + - Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. + id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554 + - DONE Concurrency control + - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f + - The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable. + - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2 + - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to + shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and + prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. + - DONE 2PL #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250 + - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database + objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase + and the shrinking phase. + - DONE [#A] How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d + - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write + validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that + transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and + serializability. + - ==DONE Recovery Control== + - DONE Some causes of database failure. + - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. + - Power failures + - Disk crashes, resulting in loss of parts of secondary storage. + - Application software errors. + - Natural physical disasters. + - User mistakes. + - Sabotage. + - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard + id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a + - Contains information about all updates to + database: + - Transaction records. + - Checkpoint records. + - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). + - For autiding + - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard + id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f + - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that + committed since the checkpoint and undo all + transactions active at time of crash. + - DONE Normalization + background-color:: yellow + - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard + id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93 + - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept + that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one + attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. + - DONE BCNF vs. 3NF + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) + - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of + id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab + normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. + - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other + id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 + columns. + - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 + that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ + id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 + - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ + - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ + - Anomaly + - Update Anomalies #flashcard + id:: 6489a420-c0cb-4360-b34f-26a3a01ff46a + - Insertion anomalies + - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the + inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For + example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if + it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the + table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. + - Deletion anomalies + - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or + data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called + the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, + if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of + Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the + row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. + - Modification anomalies + - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the + inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of + anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want + to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows + where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, + then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to + inconsistent and wrong databases. + - DONE Block 4 + - DONE Distributed DBMS + - DONE client server arch #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 + - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) + - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. + - Distributed Database #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894 + - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. + - Distributed DBMS #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36 + - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. + - the key issues #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675 + - Fragmentation + - Allocation + - Replication + - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7 + - Horizontal + - Vertical + - Mixed + - different types of transparency #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7 + - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity + - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. + - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. + - DONE advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases #flashcard + id:: 6489c210-385e-483b-aa5c-dbe688c5f43b + - Advantages + - Reflects organizational structure + - Improved shareability and local autonomy + - Improved availability + - Improved reliability + - Improved performance + - Economics + - Modular growth + - Disadbantages + - Complexity + - Cost + - Security + - Integrity control more difficult + - Lack of standards + - Lack of experience + - Database design more complex + - DONE XML + - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f + - eXtensible Markup Language + - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that + enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide + functionality not available with HTML. + - DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7 + - SQL + - is a special-purpose programming language + - You can: manage data in a relational databases. + - XML + - is a markup specification language + - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). + - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). + - DONE Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 + - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element + - Matched tags, proper nesting + - Unique attributes within elements + - DONE DTD, XSD + - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document + - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of + an XML document. + - DONE Practice reading and writing XML, XSD + - DONE Data Mining + - concept #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a + - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, + and actionable information from large databases and using it to make + crucial business decisions. + - different applications #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c + - Retail / Marketing + - Banking + - Insurance + - Medicine + - basic techniques + - predictive modelling, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6 + - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some + phenomenon + - database segmentation, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec + - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. + - link analysis, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f + - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual + records, or sets of records, in a database. + - deviation detection. #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333 + - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously + known expectation and norm. + - DONE NoSQL + - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de + - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve + much higher performance and scalability. + - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28 + - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. + - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba + - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be + used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. (low updates) + - CAP theorem: #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 + - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + - BASE: #flashcard + id:: 6489dbd1-f9aa-47fa-8e9f-dfb2c73eff3c + - **Basically Available:** + Instead of making it compulsory for immediate consistency, + BASE-modelled NoSQL databases will ensure the availability of data by + spreading and replicating it across the nodes of the database cluster. + - **Soft State:** + Due to the lack of immediate consistency, the data values may change + over time. The BASE model breaks off with the concept of a database that + obligates its own consistency, delegating that responsibility to + developers. + - **Eventually Consistent**: + The fact that BASE does not obligates immediate consistency but it does + not mean that it never achieves it. However, until it does, the data + reads are still possible (even though they might not reflect reality). + - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) + - LATER Exercises + - DONE past year exercise 1 + - DONE past year exercise 2 + - LATER past year exercise 3 + - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-16 Fri> + - ## 往年题考点 + - ### Prototypes (2019) Topic 12-13 + - Physical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Analytical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Comprehensive prototype. (5 marks) (2019) + - three phases of prototyping ( 2018) + - uses of prototypes ( 2018) + - ### Costs (2019) Topic + - Component costs, (5 marks) (2019) Topic 14 + - Support costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Indirect allocations as part of Overhead costs. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### New products and New product development (2019, 2018) + - ~~~#### Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982) Classification Scheme (2019) Topic 17~~~ + - Repositioning (4 marks) (2019) + - four (4) elements through which products can be differentiated (2019) + - the five alternatives that are open to the firm ( 2018) + - kinds of new products identified by Booz Allen and Hamilton ( 2018) + - four elements where values can be added to the basic or ‘core’ product to augment its appeal ( 2018) + - ~~~Product life cycle (2019) Topic 17~~~ + - ### system-level design (2019) Topic 11 + - product architecture (2019) + - key characteristics of modular and integral architecture. (2019) + - three (3) main types of modular architecture. (2019) + - ### IP ( 2018) Topic 10 + - the concept ( 2018) + - what sort of intellectual property copyright can protect and what form of protection it gives. ( 2018) + - benefits and limitations of using patents ( 2018) + - LATER See past exam papers + - DONE 整理 ppt + deck:: 2023t1/product + - DONE Week 1 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w1 + - ## Topic 2: Project Management + id:: 648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb + deck:: 2023t1/product/w1/t2 + collapsed:: true + - **Define** what is project management #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c6bf-4613-9ec3-698ac0ad2f1f + - For all but the simplest products, product development involves many people completing many different tasks. + - is the activity of planning and coordinating resources and tasks to achieve these goals. + - Two Phases of **PM** #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3b38-4615-a104-f6bdcc2226a6 + - Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process. + - Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project. + - **Project Planning**: Understand and represent different tasks in projects + - Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471430664_0.png) + - The Design Structure Matrix + - **Definition** :-> A useful tool for representing and analysing + id:: 648adeaf-4d04-4e42-8de2-46c0f9504b6a + task dependencies is the design structure matrix + (DSM). + - Working: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-8bc0-4375-9aab-dfee9ce1def6 + - A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column. + - The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix. + - We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends. + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471695984_0.png) + - Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row. + - Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column. + - The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies. + - Gantt Chart :-> shows how the work is broken down into a set of activities + id:: 648afdb9-eed3-47a1-bdf7-42e83a0b1b40 + - Features: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7e45-4525-b935-ef9a0357b961 + - They show the scheduling of these activities as a series of horizontal bands against a series of vertical lines representing dates + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471844454_0.png) + - They can be used to show dependencies between activities + - They can be used to measure progress on a project or compare planned production with actual production + - PERT Charts #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d61b-4215-990a-77f4fa850314 + - PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart. + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471880938_0.png) + - The Critical Path #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-08be-4aa8-989a-f39a68c2e9a0 + - The _dependencies_ :-> among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path. + id:: 648afdb9-eeb6-4637-907f-c26da7231fd8 + - The _critical path_ is :-> the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks. + id:: 648afdb9-a6bc-4521-99e2-a8a69f0c1f1f + - Undertake a baseline project plan + - **Definition** :-> project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time. + id:: 648585d8-581f-43ea-9aa5-7b0120facaec + - Do project scheduling + - Methods: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-cdc1-464b-94a2-3f5ea4ee8f9b + - Contract Book + - Project Task List + - Team staffing & Organisation + - Project Schedule + - Project Budget + - Project Risk Plan + - Modifying the baseline plan + - Accelerate projects #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9783-4c22-9927-f475b2ae0d1f + - Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects. + - Start the project early + - Manage the project scope + - Facilitate the exchange of essential information + - **Execute** projects #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c67c-4f4e-81d6-187a2f7c5fe4 + - Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan? + - ## Topic 3: Opportunity Identification + id:: 648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122 + collapsed:: true + - Opportunity, definition and types + - Definition: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3abe-4b2b-a778-294f4dc92976 + - an idea for a new product + - It is a product description in an embryonic form + - a newly sensed need, + - a newly discovered technology, + - a rough match between a need and a possible solution + - It can be thought of as a hypothesis about how value might be created + - Type #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-a9ac-421b-ad3c-d5d03f7c5e92 + - Ansoff’s growth matrix + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686473366617_0.png) + - Market penetration #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-8f67-40a2-98c0-dc235751d2db + - **Opportunities** can exist within a business’s existing + markets through increasing the volume of sales + of existing products + - market development #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-f669-43b0-88cb-67fbc8e4babb + - **Opportunities** are said to exist for a business’s + products through making them available to new + markets + - e.g. using existing products in new + geographical markets + - e.g. selling your existing products to a new age + group of customers + - product development #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-b69b-4a6f-a7d2-e1bae66e8846 + - **Opportunities**: offering new or improved products to + logseq.order-list-type:: number + existing markets + - diversification #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-798a-42ce-b3ff-a36958501057 + - **Opportunities**: Moving into new markets, potentially with a base + logseq.order-list-type:: number + from your existing product knowledge or + diversification through acquisition of other + companies + - Risk #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3eb7-4324-a291-ff338c5c5b0a + - The element of risk _increases the further the strategy moves away from known quantities_ the existing product and the existing market + - **Product development** (requiring, in effect, a new product) and market extension (a new market) involve a greater risk than market penetration + - **Diversification** (both new products and new markets) generally carries the greatest risk of all + - Opportunity identification process + - Establish **a charter** + - A **charter** :-> articulates **the goals of the organisation** + id:: 648adeaf-8034-4b4d-9b8f-c2bd5ac6b4c9 + (in relation to NPD) and establishes the **boundary + conditions for an innovation effort.** Charters can be + termed as mission statement for a new product. + - Generate and sense **many opportunities** + - Focus has to be both on **internal** and **external** sources of raw opportunities. Some of these are generated: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-0aae-4f4a-8463-5b3ae3ac5bd3 + - Internally + - R&D department + - Externally + - customer + - competitive product + - sales forces + - collab. with universities + - investors + - distribution partners + - other partner companies + - Sense opportunities: Where do they come from? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b639-4a63-96de-0c6fe8da2f31 + - Passively + - Proactively #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-2690-4d99-947d-07243006c606 + - Document **frustrations** and **complaints** that current **customers** experience with existing products + - Interview lead users, with attention devoted to + - **innovations** by these users and + - **modifications** these users may have + made to existing products + - **trends** + - Systematically gather suggestions from **current customers** + - **Competitors** + - **Transfer** emerging tech. + - **R&D**: _Research_ and _Development_ + - **Definition** :-> to develop new knowledge and apply scientific or engineering knowledge to connect the knowledge in one field to that in others + id:: 64858d63-a50c-47ac-b805-f31a915f1be2 + - Roles: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7c92-47f1-b472-b961486ade03 + - **Discovering and developing** new technologies Improving understanding of the technology in existing products + - **Improving and strengthening** understanding of technologies used in manufacturing + - **Understanding research results** from universities and other research institutions + - Areas: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-8615-41e8-a04c-750e66439bd7 + - R&D for existing businesses + - R&D for new businesses + - R&D for exploratory research + - **Screen** opportunities + - Purpose: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4e6e-4925-ae4a-fe540da85785 + - to eliminate any opportunities that are **unlikely to result in the creation of value**, + - to focus attention on the opportunities **worthy of further investigation** + - **not to** pick the _single best opportunity_! + - Approach: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-aee3-42e1-a238-429a8eba8b49 + - Web-based **surveys** + - Workshops with **multi-voting**: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas. + - Develop **promising opportunities** + - Details #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-1eba-4bb8-ae08-7408e2844da3 + - customer interviews, + - testing of existing products, + - concept generation, + - quick prototypes, + - estimates of market sizes and growth rates. + - Goal #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d526-4806-810a-24f52e5820f9 + - resolve the greatest uncertainty surrounding each one at the lowest cost in time and money. + - Select **exceptional opportunities** + - Goal #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b25f-4948-9137-298090ae8c93 + - select a few that warrant a significant investment in product development. + - Approach:**Real-Win-Worth-it** #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7e84-444b-9edc-54cb1d8aab8c + - **Real**: Is the opportunity real? + - **Win**: Can you win with this opportunity? + - **Worth** It: Is it worth doing? + - **Reflect** on the result and process. + id:: 648adeaf-d942-4fb1-a500-a6f66a6723e4 + Ask the following questions: #flashcard + - **How many** of the opportunities identified came from internal sources versus external sources? + - Did we consider **dozens or hundreds** of opportunities? + - Was the innovation charter **too narrowly focused**? + - Were our filtering criteria **biased**, or largely based on the best possible estimates of eventual product success? + - Are the resulting opportunities **exciting** to the team? + - + - ## topic 4 产品规划 Product Planning + collapsed:: true + - 概念 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4cad-4231-828e-13102f6cea50 + 产品规划 (product planning)流程发生在一个产品开发项目正式启动，大量的资源开始使 用及更大的开发团队形成之前。该流程将确定一个公司应该从事的项目组合 (portfolio, 或译 为项目投资组合),并决定什么时候从事什么子项目。产品规划流程确保产品开发项目可以支持公司未来更多的商业策略·This phase takes place before a product development project is formally approved·It takes place before substantial resources are applied ·It takes place before the larger development team is formed ·Product planning is an activity that ·considers the portfolio of projects that an organisation might pursue. i.e. what mix of new products and markets to develop, if they focus is on basic or applied research or diversification projects and ·determines what subset of these projects will be pursued over what time period + - 步骤 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-062d-4ec0-ae96-8aee97541d41 + - (1)确认市场机会 Identify Opportunities + - 规划流程始于对产品开发机会的识别，这种机会可能包括上述四种类型项目中的任何一 种。这一步可以看成是机会漏斗 (opportunity funnel), 因为它将来自整个公司的各种投入汇聚到一起。每个想法应该有一个简短的描述，包括产品概念、市场机会等。把这些想法方放到一起然后进行筛选·The first stage of the planning process is to identify product development opportunities·Each of the ideas should be expanded into a short description – including the potential business opportunity·These ideas can then be stored and revisited later·Each of the ideas should have a ‘champion’ who is responsible for supporting the idea through theprocess + - 项目评价和优先级排序 Evaluate and prioritise projects + - 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms 在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场 + - 竞争策略 competitive strategy 决定了它在市场和产品上针对竞争者的基本运作方法 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-32ed-4584-af75-bc7392e2f6a9 + * - ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies + * - ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency + * - ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences + * - ● 模仿策略 (imitative): 这一策略要求紧跟市场趋势，允许竞争者探索每一部分已获成功的新产品。当确定了可行机会之后，企业快速开始模仿成功竞争者的新产品。快速的 发流程对于这一策略的有效实施至关重要 When a clear opportunity has been identified and has been successful, the organisation launches a competitive version. + * - 市场细分 Market Segmentation 一般认为顾客属于市场的不同部分。把市场分为不同的部分，使企业能够按照各详细定义的顾客群来考虑竞争者的行动和企业已有产品的市场力度。通过将竞争者的产品和企业自己的产品对应到各个细分市场，企业就可以评价哪些产品机会最好，以揭示出企业自身的(或竞 争者的)产品生产线问题 Divide the market into segments in order to be more focused on the customer and competitors + * - 技术曲线 Technological Trajectories 在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range + * - 产品平台规划 Product Platform Planning 产品平台是指由一系列产品共享的一整套资产。通常，零件和部件是这些资产中最重要的部分。 一个有效的平台可以更快更容易地制造出许多衍生品，每种产品提供一个特定细分市场所需要的特点和功能由于平台开发项目在时间和资金上的消耗是衍生品开发项目的 2 ～ 10 倍，企业不可能使 每个项目都成为平台开发项目 + - 评 价 全 新 产 品 的 机 会（这个不是四个基本方面里的，但 PPT 里写出来了，应该是指在四个基本方面结束/以外的评估方法）除了已有产品领域的新型产品之外，企业还将面对许多机会，如新的市场或全新技术。 尽管在使用新技术或为进入新市场而进行的产品开发中投入紧缺资源有很大风险，但是这 种投入对于定期更新产品组合是必要的 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-a0fd-48ac-b086-2996279b109b + - ● 市场规模(单位/年 · 平均价格) + - ● 市场增长率(每年百分比) + - ● 竞争激烈程度(竞争者的数量和实力) + - ● 企业对市场的了解程度 + - ● 企业对技术的了解程度 + - ● 与企业其他产品的匹配 + - ● 与企业能力的匹配 + - ● 专利、商业秘密或其他竞争障碍的潜在压力 + - ● 企业中冠军产品 (product champion) 的存在 l Market size (units/year x average price)l Market growth rate (percent per year)l Competitive intensity (number of competitors and their strengths)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the marketevaluation criteria (contd.)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the technologyl Fit with the firm’s capabilitiesl Fit with the firm’s other productsl Potential for patents, trade secrets or other barriers to competitionl Existence of a product champion within the firm + - (3)资源分配和时间安排 Allocate resources and plan timing + - 资源分配 Resource Allocation 如果公司开发太多的项目而不考虑开发资源的有限性，那么有经验的工程师和经理就会被分配到越来越多的项目上，生产效率急剧下降，项目完成时间延长，产品上市迟缓，利润水平低下。l Over commitment of resources will inevitably lead to a drop in productivity l An example of over commitment would be allocating engineers and managers to more than one project (where they are already at full capacity working on one) + - 综合计划（这个也不属于它列出来的两个之一，但也不是总的概括。我也不知道 PPT 为什么放到资源分配之后，感觉是资源分配的一个概括，就先放着了） + - 项目时间安排 Project Timing #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-1ab0-4f0f-800a-58d2dc1f7d80 + - 产品上市时间： 通常情况下产品上市越快越好。但是，产品质量未达标就上市，会损害企业的声誉。Timing of product introductions - Time to Market (TTM) + - 技 术 储 备 ：基础技术的稳健性对于规划流程十分重要。 一 种被证实了的、成熟度高的技术可以快速可靠地集成到产品中去。 Technology readiness + - 市场准备： 产品上市的顺序决定了最初使用者的购买意图 — — 是先购买低端产品，再买 更高价的产品，还是直接购买价格高的高端产品。 一方面，改进的产品上市太快，会打击紧追产品更新步伐的顾客；另一反面，新品上市太慢会面临落后于竞争者的风险。 Market readiness + - 竞 争 ：竞争性产品的预期上市将会加快开发项目的进度。Competition + - product planl This is the set of projects approved by the planning processl These are sequenced in time l The plan may include a mix of fundamentally new products, platform projects and derivative projects l The updating of these plans is usually undertaken on a periodic basis e.g. quarterly or annually（这个同样不属于资源分配和时间安排里的两步，但是 PPT 放上去了） + - (4)完成项目前期规划 Complete pre-project planning + - 当项目确定下来，但是还未进行物质资源的分配时，就需要进行项目前期规划。这一过程涉及一个小的跨职能团队，通常被称为核心团队 (core team)，分别代表技术、市场、制造和服务部门等多方。¡ After project approval, but before the commitment of resources, a pre-project planning activity takes place¡ This activity involves a small, cross-functional team – the Core Team + id:: 648adeaf-912a-48e7-989a-170e51c95b02 + * 任务陈述（mission statement） + * - ● 对产品的概括性描述 (用一句话描述):这一描述通常包括产品的主要用途，但要避免包含特定的产品概念。实际上它可以是产品的前景说明。 A brief description of the product + * - ● 获益方案 (或称为获益建议， benefit proposition): 这一部分阐述了顾客会购买商品的几个关键原因。Typically includes the key customer benefit of the product + * - ● 主要商业目标： 除了支持公司战略的项目目标之外，这些目标通常包括时间、成本和质量目标(如产品的上市时间、预期财务效益和市场份额目标等)。 ¡ The goals which support the corporate strategy ¡ The goals for l Time e.g. timing for product introduction l Cost e.g. desired financial performance l Quality + * - ● 产品目标市场： 每一种产品可能会有几个目标市场。任务陈述的这一部分确定了一级市场和二级市场。 Target market for the product Primary and secondary markets that should be considered in the development effort + * - ● 指导开发工作的设想和限制： 必须仔细地制定设想，尽管它会限制可能的产品概念范 围，但是它有助于项目管理。有关设想和限制的决策信息可以附加到任务书中。 Assumptions and constraints that guide the development effort + * - ● 利益相关者 (stakeholder): 确保开发流程中的细微问题均被考虑到的一种方法是，清楚地列出产品的所有利益相关者，也就是所有受产品成败影响的人群。利益相关者列表以末端使用者(最终的外部顾客)和做出产品购买决定的外部顾客开始，包括企业内 部与产品相关的人，如经销商、服务商和生产部门。利益相关者列表可以提醒团队考 虑被产品影响到的每个人的需求。¡ List all of the product’s stakeholders to ensure that many of the subtle development issues are addressed ¡ The list of stakeholders serves as a reminder for the team to consider the needs of everyone who will be influenced by the product + - (5)对结果和过程进行反思 Reflect on the results and the process + - 在规划流程的最后一步，团队应该问几个关于评价过程和结果质量的问题。我们推荐的问题是： + * ● 机会漏斗收集到各种令人激动的产品机会了吗? + * ● 产品规划支持企业的竞争策略吗? + * ● 产品规划是否针对企业现在面临的最重要的机遇? + * ● 分配给产品开发的资源足以贯彻企业的竞争策略吗? + * ● 使有限资源发挥最大作用的方法被充分考虑了吗?例如产品平台的使用、合资，以及 与供应商合作等。 + * ● 核心团队接受最终任务书的挑战了吗? + * ● 任务书的各个部分一致吗? + * ● 任务书的假定条件真的必要吗?项目的限制过多吗?开发团队能自由开发最好的产 品吗? + * ● 怎样才能改进产品规划流程? + - 不重视产品开发的公司所面临的的问题 + ● 不能以有竞争力的产品占有足够的目标市场份额。 + * ● 产品引入市场的时间安排不合理。 + * ● 总开发能力与所从事的项目数量不匹配。 + * ● 资源分配不合理， 一些项目人员过多而另外一些却人手不足。 + * ● 构思错误的项目，启动后又取消。 + * ● 项目方向经常变动。l ·Inadequate coverage of target markets with competitive products l ·Poor timing of market introductions of products l ·Mismatches between aggregate development capacity and the number of projects pursued l ·Poor distribution of resources, with some projects overstaffed and others understaffed l ·Initiation and subsequent cancellation of illconceived projects l ·Frequent changes in the directions of projects + - 产品开发的四种类型 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-e57f-4391-941d-e3eb842cf401 + - ● 全新产品 (fundamentally new products): 这类项目涉及全新的产品或生产技术，并由此进入一个新的、不熟知的市场。这种项目本质上存在更大的风险，但是，公司的长期成功可能要依赖从这种重要的项目中获得的经验。New product or production technology for new and unfamiliar markets + 新产品平台 (new product platform): 这类项目主要致力于在一个新的通用平台基础开发出一个新产品家族，这一新产品家族将进入相关市场和产品领域。New products for familiar markets and product categories + - ● 已有产品平台的衍生品 (derivatives of existing product platform): 这类项目是在已有产品平台上进行扩展，用一种或多种新产品更好地占有相关市场。Projects extend an existing product platform to better addresses familiar markets with one or two more products + - ● 对已有产品的改进 (incremental improvements to existing products): 这类项目只是增加或改进已有产品的特点，以使生产线跟上潮流和具有竞争力。May only involve adding or modifying some features of existing products to keep the product line current and competitive + - ## Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development) + id:: 64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735 + collapsed:: true + - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) + - **Definition** :-> the function that links the consumer, customer + id:: 648adeaf-8e4d-45b4-bfb1-048cc3f2da61 + and public to the marketer through information + – information used + - **Goal**: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-fd48-4e98-aca8-0f44f0a6b478 + - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; + - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; + - to monitor marketing performance; + - to improve understanding of the marketing process + - When to use it? + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) + - **Gather** raw **data** from customers #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-3531-4f3e-a109-f93735a1ba1b + - **Interviews**: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer + - **Focus groups**: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers + - **Observing** the product in use + - **Surveys**: direct mail or web-based questionnaires; + - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer needs #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-4f6e-407d-b13f-4edbf4d3040d + - The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to + express the customers’ needs in terms of what the + product has to do, not in terms of how it might do + - Use positive, not negative phrasing + - Express the needs as attributes of the product + - Organize **the needs** into a hierarchy of needs + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - **Structure** the needs into #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-fd65-423d-b7b7-1a3078a23fab + - **Must-haves** – _“I wont buy without”_ + - **Delighters** – _“What an unexpected treat”_ + - **Linear Satisfiers** – _“The more the merrier”_ + - **Neutrals** – _“No big deal”_ + - This is the _Kano_ classification + - Consumer needs can be very **elusive** + - **Intuitions** are often wrong + - Establish the **relative importance** of the needs #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-eb26-44b8-9d91-4cf891c7fc22 + - Measuring **preference** is central to market research + - **Reflect** on the results and the process + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - Questions to ask: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-ad74-4dde-a94d-fcae5b2f4bb0 + - Have we interacted with all **important customers** in + our target market? + - Can we see the **latent needs** of customers beyond + our current product range? + - Can we **further involve** any of the customers in our + product development? + - Did we involve the **right people** in our organisation? + - Can we **improve** our process? + - DONE Week 2 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2 + - ## Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发 + id:: 6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t6 + - What is Concept Development? 概念开发是什么 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-0ddf-46dc-a1ad-0ad4b31fdd1a + collapsed:: true + - The needs of the target market are identified + Alternative product concepts are generated and + evaluated 需求 + - One or more concepts are selected for further + development and testing 多种概念被生成，经过挑选后选择其中一个 + - A concept is a description of the form, function + and features of a product 概念是一个产品的描述，功能和特性 + Evaluation and screening criteria are used to aid + in the selection 评估和测试可以辅助选择（screen = test） + - Usually accompanied by a set of specifications, an + analysis of competitive products and an economic + justification for the project 伴随着来自个方面的要求，与竞争对手的比较和分析，还有经济方面的考虑（能不能赚钱） + - This can be concluded as 图解如下 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289806889_0.png) + - #### Identify Customer Needs 用户需求是什么 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-2226-4c18-87eb-3053656b2e91 + collapsed:: true + - to understand customers needs, + then to effectively communicate them to the + development team 和研发队伍沟通 + The output of this step is: + Customer need statements organised in a + hierarchical list, with importance weightings + for many or all of the needs 把用户的需求整理成加权列表 + - #### Establishing target specifications 确立规格要求 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5121-4337-9752-7ec836ad4c56 + collapsed:: true + - 1. Prepare the list of metrics, i.e. the technical or + manufacturing features of the product based on + the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表 + - 2. Collect competitive benchmarking information 竞争对手的产品性能 + - 3. Set ideal and marginally acceptable target values 理想的和可接受的要求 + - 4. Reflect on the results and the process 通过结果和进一步完善 + - #### Concept generation 想一个概念 + collapsed:: true + - Steps: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5da3-4fba-adaa-1f13b027770a + collapsed:: true + - external search 在外面搜索 + - creative problem solving within the team, and 团队灵机一动 + - systematic exploration of the various solution + fragments the team generates 系统地寻找解决方法 + - The result of this activity is usually a set of 10-20 + concepts – each is typically represented by a sketch + and a brief descriptive text 产生 10-20 个概念 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289726119_0.png) + - #### Concept selection 选一两个出来 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c28e-4998-b7ac-d3c5edabfe1e + collapsed:: true + - the activity in which various + product concepts are analysed and sequentially + eliminated to identify the most promising + concept(s) + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289907417_0.png){:height 564, :width 688} + - There are 5 stages to the screening and + id:: 648adeaf-63e1-4b70-bb5e-b41aa40a665c + collapsed:: true + evaluation process: 用以下方式选择好的概念 #flashcard + - 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the + previous slides can be developed further using a + scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试 + - id:: 648afdb9-8b42-4bdb-833d-659318935512 + 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to + explain a concept 和客户沟通 #flashcard + - informal technical discussions with experts + - extensive analysis by a 3 rd party + - Involves the use of screening models and computer assessment programs + - apreliminary marketing plans, + - technical plans, + - financial reviews and + - projected budgets + - #### Concept testing 测试 + collapsed:: true + - There are 7 steps to this process #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9fef-44f8-a1da-71324dfce1a1 + collapsed:: true + - 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的 + - 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象 + - 3. Choose a survey format 格式 + - 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念 + - 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想 + - 6. Interpret the results 分析结果 + - 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进 + - #### Setting final specifications 最终规格 + Target specifications are revisited after a concept has been selected and tested + - #### Project planning 计划 + collapsed:: true + - The final activity of concept development + - Steps: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5cfc-4ef2-8ba3-53278f179e33 + - creates a detailed development schedule 产品开发时间线 + - devises a strategy to minimise development time and 定一个计划 + - identifies the resources required to complete the project 需求是什么 + - #### Economic analysis + collapsed:: true + - 拿出去卖亏不亏钱 + - #### Benchmarking & modelling + collapsed:: true + - 和竞争对手比较，品质行不行 + - ## Topic 7: Innovation + id:: 64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t7 + - ### Definition of Innovation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-19e3-4987-a5d1-d0f6b21e814e + - Innovation is :-> successful implementation of a new or + id:: 648b42e9-846d-441d-9588-5878b036cc53 + significantly improved product (good or service), or + process, a new marketing method, or a new + organisational method in business practices, + workplace organisation or external relations. + - ### Categories: + - Product innovation + - Advantages #flashcard + id:: 648ba6cf-fb81-49b4-88fc-585414facef1 + - Increased market share + - Public relations – e.g. news coverage + - Enhanced reputation as an innovative company + - Opportunity to build early customer loyalty + - Added value + - However, creation of + - Higher prices and profitability + - some innovative + - products can instigate + - Competitive advantage + - Process innovation + - Advantages #flashcard + id:: 648ba6dd-3e44-4c80-a5ad-cd24eeaa972b + - Reduced costs + - Improved quality + - More responsive customer service + - Greater flexibility + - ### Types of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-1355-48de-91ae-ea4bc4b4d816 + There are different types of innovation, including: #flashcard + - Product Innovation The development of a new or improved product + - Process innovation The development of a new manufacturing + process + - Organisational innovationA new venture division, a new internal + communication system, introduction of a new + accounting procedure + - Management innovationTQM (Total Quality Management) systems. BPR + (business process re-engineering) + - Production innovationQuality circles, just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing + system, new production planning software + - Commercial/marketing innovation New financing arrangements, new sales + approach e.g. direct marketing, e-commerce + Service innovation Telephone financial services or on-line services + e.g. customer support + - ### Models of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-2f3b-4ccc-a949-915a03aac808 + Innovation can follow different models, such as: #flashcard + - Linear model: involves a sequential process of research, development, and commercialization. + - Technology push + - Market pull + - Universities & industry liaison + - Simultaneous coupling: involves a continuous process of feedback and iteration. + - interactive: takes simultaneous coupling one step further, Innovations occur due to work in universities, industry and from market demand + - ### Characteristics of Innovative Companies + id:: 648adeaf-9213-4326-9e55-82d61f9a3b0c + Innovative companies share certain characteristics, such as: #flashcard + - A willingness to take risks and experiment with new ideas. + - A focus on customer needs and preferences. + - A culture that encourages creativity, collaboration, and learning. + - A commitment to continuous improvement and innovation. + - ### Strategies for Fostering a Culture of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-8bb5-48bc-b238-aa0f9c52f7e4 + Companies can foster a culture of innovation by: #flashcard + - Providing resources, such as funding, time, and expertise, to support innovation initiatives. + - Encouraging collaboration and cross-functional teams. + - Rewarding creativity and risk-taking. + - Creating a supportive and inclusive work environment. + - ### Examples of Innovative Companies and Products + collapsed:: true + There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as: + - Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad. + - Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions. + - Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time. + - ### Further Resources + The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development. + - ## Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products + id:: 64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95 + collapsed:: true + - Digital Transformation + collapsed:: true + - Terms + collapsed:: true + - **Digitisation** is :-> the process of converting information from analog to digital. + id:: 64856c7b-d844-4f23-845c-1c4b74eebc0c + - **Digitalisation** is :-> the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient. + id:: 64856c7b-9aea-4afe-a16d-b0f7a61a2bcc + - **Digital transformation** is :-> the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements + id:: 64856c7b-6270-4c9a-9f96-920cc6d57636 + - **Types** of Digital transformation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d4a0-44f6-bbc3-a9d21a773c69 + collapsed:: true + - **Process Transformation** :-> aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business. + id:: 64856c69-52d5-40b7-9497-52567a02ce7f + - **Business Model Transformation** :-> aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology. + id:: 64856c7b-7b10-4cc5-a0c9-69900f0ccb14 + - **Domain Transformation** :-> This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies. + id:: 64856c7b-1aaf-4be3-949f-aed8563d07bf + - **Cultural/Organizational Transformation** :-> This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking. + id:: 648594af-cbc3-4a32-b6cc-56e47df1124e + - **Guidelines** for a successful Digital Transformation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-bb84-41c5-93bf-bb4feb5f8f6d + collapsed:: true + - Understand your technology + - Embrace Cultural Change + - Consider a new digital business model + - Digital upskilling + - Ensure Collaboration + - Top Management Support + - Digital Product + collapsed:: true + - Characteristics #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5f9b-4d8b-a56c-dcdcec706fc2 + collapsed:: true + - no physical form, exist only in the digital realm, + - _intangible_ items delivered _electronically_, + - anything that can be _downloaded_ and _used digitally_ can be considered a digital product, + - sold online or through brick-and-mortar retailers, + - can be easily updated or modified to keep up with changing technology and trends because they're intangible, + - often come with a license that allows a customer to use them in unlimited ways. + - Will everything become digital? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9acb-4ea2-938a-8ffdb701d897 + collapsed:: true + - In practice, most products and experiences they are part of are _hybrid_. + - **Why** digital products? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-bc9c-4763-9fd9-257d6422ea59 + collapsed:: true + - Customer happiness is how you win in business. Modern customer expectations are being driven by largely digital technology and digital innovations. + - Low investment, (potentially) high returns + - More profitable than physical goods + - No inventory, shipping or rent hassle + - Automated delivery for passive income + - Serve a niche at scale + - Digital products offer unique ways to communicate directly with the customers. + - Digital Project Development #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3f04-491f-9c27-31923ca289b0 + collapsed:: true + - Phase 1. **Discovery** :-> the process of identifying the problem to be + id:: 648adeaf-d69b-4b37-ae1c-fe56af28f8ed + solved, making sure the problem is worth solving, and + envisioning the solution to that problem. + - Phase 2. **Ideate** :-> The goal is to brainstorm possible solutions to the + id:: 648adeaf-9927-4e22-90f0-88b5e42c5c99 + problem identified in the discovery phase, creating a + strategy for how to build a product that will solve that + problem. + - Phase 3. **Test** :-> The testing phase is all about gathering data, + id:: 648adeaf-5010-4af8-a168-559b91adefeb + refining and improving your idea, and gathering more data + until you have a sharp idea. The testing phase should + involve at least four steps, known as the lean validation + process + - Phase 4. **Execute** :-> This stage aims to develop the“most + id:: 648adeaf-6ff8-4ce2-8567-1853d5bf63e0 + valuable player” namely the _Minimum Viable + Product (MVP)._ + - Phase 5. **Launch** :-> Once your MVP is ready to go, it’s time to launch. A + id:: 648adeaf-9b1a-4fb3-a36a-9b05174e52ef + digital product launch usually means putting the MVP + on the market and giving customers their first crack at + your solution. + - Phase 6. **Grow** :-> As refine the digital product into its final form, based on + id:: 648adeaf-f8a3-4503-b1f2-526ff4b58779 + the feedback from the MVP launch, it’s time to consider + the growth or scaling phase. + - Digital Project Management + collapsed:: true + - Terms + collapsed:: true + - **Digital Project Manager** :-> the glue that brings + id:: 648adeaf-2034-426d-ab31-c83d06e1c0b9 + together many facets of a successful digital product— + customers, design, engineering, operations, sales, + marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more. + - **Project Team for Digital Products**: + collapsed:: true + A project team for digital product is made up of: + - **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers. + - **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers + - **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product. + - mistakes to avoid #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-6b3a-4fb1-afe9-fd8d786f6db3 + collapsed:: true + - Having the _wrong data_ + - _Resistance_ from staff + - Underestimate _costs_ + - A lack of _commitment_ + - A lack of _skills_ + - ## Topic 10: ==Intellectual Property== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t10 + collapsed:: true + - 知识产权分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae540-d111-47d6-8742-5709ab330e29 + - 专利 (patent):专利是政府向发明人授予的暂时垄断权，以排除他人使用该发明。在美国，专利有效期自其存档日期起共20年。“ 专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约”专利是由政府授予的有限时间的垄断，作为交换，它向公众传授新的有用的知识 其目的是通过授予临时垄断来鼓励一个经济体内部的创造力和创新·a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention ¡ ·“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state¡· A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge ¡ ·The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopolyThis means that individuals and organisations will know that any l· idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and l ·any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others（也就是说个人和组织将知道他们所研发的想法将得到保护，同时任何投资回报（ROI）将由他们获得，而不是别人） + - ◦ 专利分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae546-f71a-4320-bb7c-15340bcd6e77 + - ▪ 设计专利(design patent)设计专利提供了一种法定权利，可以排除其他人用与设 计专利中描述的相同的装饰性设计来生产和销售一件产品。设计专利可以被看成是一件产品 装饰性设计的“版权”。 + extra:: 'Registered design' and 'Design patent' are two terms are often used interchangeably. They are similar rights, used to protect the aesthetic appearance of a product, but they arise in different jurisdictions. + - ▪ 实用新型专利 (utility patent)美国法律允许为与下列事物有关的发明申请专利：新工艺、机器、制品、合成物，以及对 上述事物新的和有用的改进。Patents are granted to individuals and organisations who can lay claim to a new product or manufacturing process, or to an improvement of an existing product or process that was not previously known（只用记这个） + - • 法律要求被授予专利的发明的要求、特点 ：Patents – Requirements + - ◦ 工业应用Industrial application如果发明可以是机器、产品或工艺，则该发明应被视为能够进行工业应用专利是关于产品 /工艺的，因此最终目标是行业应用。即被授予专利的发明必须在某种情况下对某些人有用·The invention shall be taken to be capable of industrial application if it can be a machine, product or processl ·Patents are about products/processes and therefore the final aim is industry application (unlike, for example, PhD research) + - ◦ 新颖 (novel): 新颖的发明是还没有公开的，在现有产品、出版物或先前专利中未见的发明。新颖性的定义还与实际发明的披露有关。·‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’ – the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK) ¡ ·A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid在英国，如果你要申请一个专利，它必须从未在公众里出现过 + - ◦ 创造性步骤Inventive step当对本领域技术人员来说不显而易见时，发明应被视为包括创造性步骤‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘ + - ◦ 专利的花费The cost of patents #flashcard + id:: 648ae578-d2df-4a05-8b3f-c14cb0c6c9eb + - ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required :-> 可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损） + id:: 648ae582-c9b5-4239-9d3b-8067a3537035 + - ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents :-> 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others + id:: 648ae585-7f30-4254-a523-9097bb9aa003 + - ▪ 法院费用Court fees :-> 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce it ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts + id:: 648ae587-c976-430d-9f2a-f1b4627252b7 + - ◦ 关键术语Patents – Key Terms + - ▪ 上诉权Offensive right :-> 要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为 requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款） + id:: 648ae591-defb-43aa-8dbb-cc7da735911d + - ▪ 现有技术Prior art :-> 专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly + id:: 648ae594-2c94-4a76-b55c-7796c9b2b747 + - ▪ 防御性权利Defensive right :-> 以专利形式公开现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护。它可以阻止竞争对手为公开的发明申请专利。因此，尽早申请很重要·the disclosure of this prior art in the form of the patent is a defensive protection for the owner – it can block a competitor from patenting the disclosed inventionl· Therefore it is important to apply early（比如现在有一项技术，你和你的竞争对手都在研究。如果你提前把这个技术申请专利的话，那么这个技术就归你所有，别人就不能用或者用了要给你交钱，这样就能在技术上占据优势，来保护自己的公司。由于专利是先到先得，所以如果别人先申请了的话你就申请不了了） + id:: 648ae597-8660-4209-bbf6-4e3a658f536c + - ◦ 专利地域性：国际专利条约一般是指，在决定谁在其他国家享有优先权时，以你在自己国家的申请日为申请日 + - ◦ 专利的好处 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5be-f9c8-49f4-9b6d-aa644128135b + - ▪ 在专利期限内，只有所有者 (个人或组织 )才能从发明中受益。Only the owner (individual or organisation) can benefit from the invention for the duration of the patent + - 专利所有者可以自己在法商业上利用他们的想，Patent owners can commercially exploit their ideas themselves + - 也可以向其他机构收取专利使用费，从而找到一个替代收入来源。·or they can charge other organisations to use their patent – thereby identifying an alternative source of income + - 这在组织没有资源或市场知识来开发与专利相关的发明时特别有用·¡ ·This is particularly useful where an organisation does not have the resources or market knowledge to exploit the invention associated with the patent（比如使用专利权/专有技术使用权入股） + - ◦ 专利限制 + - ▪ 原则上，必须申请专利。申请专利的国家为了享有专利保护，专利申请应符合形式和实质要求，专利发明应向公众公开。这些要求在法律上和技术上可能很复杂，遵守这些要求通常需要法律专家的帮助。如果专利侵权，就要由专利所有人在法庭上为专利辩护，这对小企业来说可能非常昂贵，而且通常是不可能的。保持专利有效需要年费¡ ·A patent must be applied for, in principle, in each country in which you seek patent ¡ ·In order to enjoy patent protection, an application for a patent shall comply with both formal and substantive requirements, and a patented invention shall be disclosed to the public¡· These requirements can be legally and technically complex, and their compliance often requires a legal expert’s assistance ¡ ·It is up to the patent owner to defend a patent in the courts if there is infringement, which can prove very expensive and often impossible for a small business¡ ·Annual fees are needed to keep the patent in force首先是专利申请很难，你要符合专利申请的条件。其次申请后的专利应该向共中披露，对于有些公司来说可能不愿意公开。而专利又是个很复杂的事情，不仅要有技术专家还得请法律专家。如果侵权诉讼你要支付一笔昂贵的律师费用和其他费用，而且一般来说专利侵权能难界定，并且很难打官司同时每年还得上交专利年费。 + - ◦ 专利里的内容 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5c8-e194-4a0a-ada3-3ac640729f64 + - ▪ ·发明领域¡ ·Field of the inventionl ¡ · + - 描述解决的问题·Describe the problem addressed¡ + - 发明背景·Background of the invention + - 描述“现有技术” Describe the “prior art” + - 列出优于现有方法的优势·ll List advantages over existing methods + - 发明内容·Summary of the invention + - 详细描述最佳模式Detailed descriptionl Best mode + - :实现本发明的最佳方式使用示例和实施模式·the best way to implement the invention Examples of use and modes of implementation + - 要求这项发明到底是什么 Claims What exactly is the invention + - ◦ 申请专利的六个步骤 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5e3-1eb4-4d37-97ce-c4226124d6ac + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686824439230_0.png) + - 商标 (trademark): 商标是政府授予商标拥有人的、与一类产品或服务相关的特定名 称或标志的排他性使用权。商标的基本功能是专门识别产品或服务的来源或原产地，因此它是原产地标记与商业形象、商誉密切相关。商标专用权产生于与商品和服务有关的标志的使用，它持续 10年，之后只要没有异议，它可以反复更新¡· The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so it serves as a badge of origin¡ ·Closely associates with business image, goodwilland reputation¡ ·Trademark exclusive rights arise from the use of the sign in relation to goods and services, it lasts 10years after which it can be renewed repeatedly for as long as there are no objections + - ◦ 注册商标的法律要求 + - ▪ 注册的法律要求 : #flashcard + id:: 648ae61f-665c-4e88-8801-17a4c6f34ed2 + - 1.一个标志A sign + - 2.与起源不同Distinctive as to origin + - 3.能够以清晰、精确的方式表现出来Capable of being represented in a clearand precise manner + - 某些标志永远不能注册 :-> 不是标志，没有特色，描述性，违反公共政策，欺骗性，等等。有些商标不能注册，因为市场上已经存在相同或相似的商标 + id:: 648ae62b-2880-4605-8aef-ebd61a95b160 + - 产品外观设计designs for product appearance产品整体或部分的特征，特别是产品本身或其装饰的线条、轮廓、颜色、形状、纹理或材料只有其实际形状、结构、图案或装饰所赋予的外观才能得到保护，而不是任何潜在的想法它赋予所有者在其地理管辖范围内 (英国 /欧盟 )阻止任何人复制其产品外部设计的权利.在美国设计专利注册可以持续 25年，但必须每五年更新一次`A registered design protects the external shape of the productl `Only the appearance given by its actual shape, configuration, pattern or ornament can be protected, not any underlying idea ¡` It gives the owner the right to stop anyone copying the external design of their product, within their geographical jurisdiction (UK / EU)¡ ·In the US similar protection exists under the concept of a design patent¡ T·he registration can last 25 years, but it must be renewed at five-yearly intervals + - ◦ 注册要求 + - ▪ 1.新颖 + - 2.有个性 + - 版权 (copyright): 版权是政府授予的复制和传播某原始作品的排他性权利，包括文字、 图形、音乐、艺术、娱乐、软件等。 + - 版权保护仅延伸到表达方式，而不延伸到思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。为了版权的存在，作品必须 :原创性要求并不要求作品是原创思想的表达，但表达思想的方式必须是原源自作者，以及属于受保护的主题¡ ·Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, including computer programs and databases are protected by copyright for duration of the author’s life + 70 years after their death ¡ ·Sound recordings, films, broadcasts and cable programmes, the typographical arrangement or layout of a published edition are protected by related rights for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made available to the public (except for films) + - ◦ 专有权、保护形势 + - ▪ 1.它从第一次被记录的那一刻起自动产生，不需要任何正式的登记 + - 2.版权授予专有权，如复制作品、向公众传播、提供或分发作品的权利 + - 3.奏鸣曲将作为作者作品受到版权保护，奏鸣曲的录音将受到相关权利的保护1.It arises automatically from the moment it has beenfirst recorded and does not require any formal registration2.Copyright grants exclusive rights such as to the right to reproduce the work,communicate it to the public,make it available, or distribute it3.A sonata will be protected as an authorial work by copyright, a sound recording of the sonata will be protected by related rights + - 知识产权战略：保护公司无形资产 #flashcard + id:: 648ae67f-8cbb-47cd-bb19-166f4a8d926d + - 产品 /服务开发Product / service development + - 知识产权保护IP Protection + - 知识产权商业化IP Commercialization + - 构思过程Ideation process + - 知识产权定义 #flashcard + id:: 648ae68b-e450-490f-a0bb-90055a272ab7 + - 知识产权，通常被称为 IP，是指由人类智力或创造性活动创造的无形资产。Intellectual property, often known as IP, refers to intangible assets created by human intellectual or creative activity + - 知识产权允许人们像拥有有形财产一样拥有自己的创造力和创新。 Intellectual property rights (IPRs) allow people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. + - 所有者可以控制并从使用他们的知识产权中获得回报，这鼓励了进一步的创新和创造，对我们所有人都有好处。The owner can control and be rewarded for the use of their IP, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all. + - DONE Week 3 + - ## Topic 11: ==System Level Design== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w3/t11 + collapsed:: true + - 系统级设计（System-level Design）产品架构可以描述为 :Product Architecture can be described as: #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-baec-4117-9da9-5c12dcb2dd38 + collapsed:: true + - 1."the **scheme** by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact” + - 2.**Functional** – individual operations and transformations that contribute to its overall performance + - 3.**Physical** – parts, components and subassemblies that implement the product’s functions + - 目的 :-> 架构决策允许将这些物理模块的详细设计和测试分配给团队、个人和 /或供应商，以便不同部分的开发可以同时进行 Architectural decisions allow the detailed design and testing of these physical blocks to be assigned to teams, individuals, and/or suppliers, so that the development of different portions can be carried out simultaneously + id:: 648adea3-e0aa-4145-888e-45d2711be5ae + - 模块化架构 Modular & integral architecture: types of modular architecture #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b4ef-4ae0-aac3-74b22ee2c63a + collapsed:: true + - ◦ 模块化架构 modular architecture 特点： #flashcard + extra:: 理解：当每个功能都只被一个组件完成时，并且组件之间的配合十分完美时，这种架构允许在不改变的情况下只改变一组而不影响整体功能。也就是说各个组件可以单独设计 + id:: 648afdb9-ff7c-4958-8c43-61f5f2e9c502 + collapsed:: true + - 1.各个组件分别实现一个或多个功能Each chunk implements one or a few functions entirely. · + - 2.组件之间的关系是明确的，这种关系往往是实现一个产品功能的基础 ·The interactions between chunks are well defined. ·Modular architecture has simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform. + - ▪ 槽形模块架构 Slot-modular (the most common type) #flashcard + extra:: 例子：汽车上的收音机接口与速度仪、仪表盘的接口都不同 + id:: 648afdb9-30e4-4982-bcf6-511478cabfdc + collapsed:: true + - 每个接口都与于其它接口类型不同， Each of the interfaces between chunks in a slot-modular architecture is of a different type from the others – + - 产品中的组件不能互换 therefore the various chunks in the product cannot be interchanged + - ▪ 总线模型 Bus-modular #flashcard + extra:: 例子：轨道照明 + id:: 648afdb9-d501-4bcb-a79e-8a859f57c162 + collapsed:: true + - 有一个通用总线，其他组件通过同类型的接口连接到这个总线上 There is a common bus to which the other chunks connect via the same type of interface + - ▪ 组合型模块架构 Sectional-modular + extra:: 例子：分体沙发 + collapsed:: true + - 所有接口都是同类型的，但是没有一个所有组件都与之相联的元件。 1.All interfaces are of the same type, there is no single element to which all the other chunks attach + - 组装是通过将同样的接口相连接而完成的2.The assembly is built up by connecting the chunks to each other via identical interfaces + - ▪ There are implications to the decisions you make about product architecture · + collapsed:: true + - Product change + - ·Modular chunks allow changes to be made to a few isolated functional elements of the product without necessarily affecting the design of other chunks · + - Motives for change include #flashcard + id:: 648afb1a-e204-4958-9376-00dff9d8890f + collapsed:: true + - upgrades, add-ons, + - adaptation, + - wear, + - consumption + - , flexibility in use, + - reuse + - ▪Product **variety** l Variety refers to :-> the range of product models the firm can produce within a particular time period in response to market demand + id:: 648adea3-42a7-4192-8e0e-9bd19e753f1d + collapsed:: true + - Products built around modular product architectures can be more easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing system + - ◦ 集成化架构 Integral architecture 特点： #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-dd91-4bd0-99fc-9e1ff3d553e3 + collapsed:: true + - 1.产品的每个功能由多个组件组成Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks, or a chunk may implement many functions + - 2.每个组件参与多个功能的单元实现The interactions between chunks are poorly + defined + - 3.组件之间的互相关系不明确，这种相互关系对基本功能来说不重要 理解：不同于模块化结构，因为集成化结构的功能是由多个组件构成的，所以改变一个功能或者零件都涉及到多个组件的改变 Integral architecture generally increases performance and reduces costs for any specific product model. + - 建立产品架构（四步法） + collapsed:: true + - ◦ 创建产品示意图 Create a schematic of the product + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 示意图 (schematic) 反映了开发人员对产品组成的认识； 不包含全部细节； 示意图不是唯一的 + - ◦ 对示意图中的元素(单元)进行聚类 (cluster) Cluster the elements of the schematic + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 把示意图中的每个元素都划分到相应的组件中去； 为了控制这些选择的复杂性，可以假定每个元素都形成一个独立的组件，然 后在有利的情况下不断加以合并。为了确定哪些合并是有利的，需要考虑以下因素，这些因 素反映了前文所讨论的产品架构的内涵： #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-09a3-488f-8f99-58d7804d2e0b + collapsed:: true + - • ·几何集成与精确性 Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员 �� 好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。 l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a single individual or group to control the physical relationships among the elements l ·Elements requiring precise location or close geometric integration can often be best designed if they are part of the same chunk + - • ·功能共享 Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement several functional elements of the product, these functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car + - • ·供应商能力 Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team may choose to cluster those elements about which the vendor has expertise into one chunk + - • ·设计或技术生产的相似性 Similarity of design or production technology 当两个或更多的功能单元可能用同样的设计或生产技术完 成时，将这些元素集成到同一组件中将会使设计或生产更经济 When two or more functional elements are likely to be implemented using the same design and/or production technology, then incorporating these elements into the same chunk may allow for more economical design and/or production + - • ·集中修改 Localisation of change 当开发人员预计某些单元可能要做大量的修改时，就有必要把该单元独立为 一个模块化的组件，这样对该组件的修改就不会影响到其他的组件。 When a team expects there to be a great deal of change in an element, it makes sense to isolate that element into its own modular chunk l In that way, any necessary changes to the element can be carried out without disrupting any of the other chunks + - • ·适合多样化 Accommodating variety 示意图中元素的聚类应该有利于企业按照客户的具体要求来对产品做出 改动。打印机将在全世界电力标准不同的各个地区销售。所以，开发团队为与直流供 电有关的元素建立了单独的组件。 ·Elements should be clustered together to enable the firm to vary the product in ways that will have value for customers l ·Example – a power supply needs to handle different mains supplies in different countries + - • ·标准化 Enabling standardisation 如果有一套元件在其他的产品中也可以使用，那么应该把它们集成到一个组件中。这样可以提高组件中各实体单元的生产质量。 l ·If a set of elements will be useful in other products, they should be clustered together into a single chunk l· This allows the physical elements of the chunk to be produced in higher quantities + - • ·关联的便利性：有些相互作用可以在长距离内方便地传递。 + - ◦ 设计简略的几何结构 Create a rough geometric layout + collapsed:: true + - 几何结构可以采用草图、计算机模型或物理模型(例如卡板纸或泡沫制成)在二维平面或者三维空间中进行设计。设计几何结构时，设计人员要考虑组件之间的几何关系是否可以实现，并确定组件间的基本空间关系。 A geometric layout can be created in 2 or 3 dimensions or as physical models l· an example can be found on a later slide ¡ ·Creating a geometric layout forces the team to consider l ·whether the geometric interfaces among the chunks are feasible and l ·to work out the basic dimensional relationships among the chunks + - ◦ 确定基本的和附属的相互作用关系 Identify the fundamental and incidental  interactions + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 各个组件可能是由不同的个人或小组设计的。组件之间存在着确定或不确定的相互作用关 系，所以各个小组要协调他们的设计，交流各自的信息。为了更好地管理这种协作过程，开发人员应该在系统设计阶段明确组件之间那些已知的相互作用。 + - 组件之间的联系有两种类型。 + collapsed:: true + - 首先是基本的相互作用关系 (fundamental interaction), 它与 示意图中连接各组件的那些线条相对应。例如， 一张纸从纸张托盘移动到打印装置中，因为 这种基本的相互作用关系是系统运行的基础，所以，在最早设计示意图时就应该计划好，并 要很好地加以理解。其次是附属的相互作用关系 (incidental interaction), 它是功能单元特定的 实体设置或组件之间具体的几何排列造成的。例如，纸张托盘中的传动器所引起的震动会干 扰打印墨盒在 X 轴的精确定位。 It is most likely that a different person or group will be assigned to design each chunk ¡ Because the chunks interact with one another in both planned and unintended ways, these different groups will have to coordinate their activities and exchange information ¡ To manage this coordination process better, the team should identify the known interactions between chunks during the system-level design phase There are two categories of interaction l Fundamental ¡ Those which correspond to the lines on the schematic that connect the chunks to one another ¡ These are the fundamental interactions of the systems operation l Incidental ¡ Those that arise because of l the particular physical implementation of functional elements, or l because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks ¡ An incidental interaction graph is used to document this type of interaction, see next slide + - + - ## ==Topic 12 / 13: Detail Design and Prototypes== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w3/t12 + collapsed:: true + - 此阶段的部门职责是 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-8ccf-4d7e-854d-5a9e89be62b0 + - ·营销Marketing #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-d389-400b-8eea-c748ed5124c2 + - 制定营销计划 ·Develop marketing plan + - 设计Design ¡ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e0fc-4374-a756-f1b6ac6333f8 + - 定义零件几何图形Define part geometry + - 选择材料 Choose materials + - 分配公差Assign tolerances + - 完整的工业设计控制文件Complete industrial design control documentation + - ·制造·Manufacturing #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3ea9-43b2-9ab4-4d205fd7b6ed + - Define piece-part production processes 定义零件生产流程 + - Design tooling 设计工装 + - Define quality assurance processes 定义质量保证流程 + - 阶段 3 的输出是产品的控制文档,The output of Phase 3 is the control documentation for the product + - 控制文件是The control documentation is: #flashcard + id:: 648aff42-4eb9-44ef-a2b0-eb30eb9ca2c4 + - :描述要制造的每个零件的几何形状及其生产工具的图纸或计算机文件The drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part to be made and its production tooling + - 制造的过程描述和产品的组装The process descriptions for the fabrication and assembly of the product + - 要购买的零件的规格· The specifications of the parts to be purchased + - 什么是原型 :-> “依据一个或多个方面的兴趣而得到的产品的近似品”(*an approximation of the product* along one or more dimensions of interest)a small scale modeling.¡ ·Industrial designers produce prototypes of their concepts, such as models¡ ·Engineers prototype a design¡ ·Software developers write prototype programs Prototyping is the process of developing such an approximation of the product + id:: 648adeaf-406c-446a-a293-4823cd212018 + - a 原型 (alpha prototype) :-> 通常用于评估产品是否按预期工作 Are typically used to assess whether the product works as intended + id:: 648afdb9-4329-42c6-92eb-eb05e682abbb + - β 原型 (beta prototype) :-> 通常用于评估可靠性和识别产品中的剩余缺陷 Are typically used to assess reliability and to identify remaining bugs in the product + id:: 648afdb9-58e5-4934-bd39-d2bd66f0d417 + extra:: ◦ Beta 原型在内部进行了广泛的评估，并且通常由客户在他们自己的使用环境中进行测试测试原型的目标通常是回答关于性能和可靠性的问题，以便为最终产品确定必要的工程更改 Beta prototypes are extensively evaluated internally and are also typically tested by customers in their own use environment¡ The goal for the beta prototypes is usually to answer questions about performance and reliability in order to identify necessary engineering changes for the final product + - 试产原型 (preproduction prototype)是整个公司生产的第一批产品生产过程 Are the first products produced by the entire production process + - 软件模型、硬件模型（Soft Models、Hard Models） #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-8f45-41e1-b289-04400b5e90e6 + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686840524822_0.png) + - Soft model + - Rough modelling, Use to assess the overall size, proportion, + and shape of many proposed concepts / + ideas + - Fast evaluation of basic sizes and + proportions + - Reshaped and refined by hand to explore + and improve its quality + - Hard model + - Technically non-functional yet a replicas or + copies of the final design + - Sometimes made from wood, dense foam, + plastic, or painted + - Have some “working” features such as + button that push or sliders that move + - 控制模型和 CAD 模型 Control Models and CAD Models + - 从 CAD 数据构建和匹配的模型Model that is constructed and matched from CAD data + - 产品的完整模型和完整详细的组成Complete model and fully detailed composition of the product + - 由于成本或时间短缺，该模型的组件将被简化或忽略· ··Component of this model will be simplified or neglected due to cost or time shortages + - 什么是原型化（prototyping）:-> 原型化是快速组装工作模型 (原型 )的过程，Prototyping is the process of quickly putting together a working model (a prototype) + id:: 648acec3-1352-4b73-86df-d4c008305bb5 + - 目的是 :-> 测试设计的各个方面，阐明想法或功能，并收集早期用户反馈。 in order to test various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or features and gather early user feedback + id:: 648b168d-0c56-4fb0-a5fd-d24a5bb8c06a + - 原型的作用 Uses of Prototypes #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-f8f5-4bfc-8062-62b71f0af4be + - 学习(learning):原型通常用于回答“它能否工作?”和“它满足消费者需求的程度如何?”。 当回答这类问题时，原型就作为学习的工具。Answering questions about performance or feasibility , such as“Will it work?”“How well does it meet the customer needs?” + - 沟通（communication）沟通 (communication): 原型加强了开发团队与高层管理者、供应商、合作人、开发团队 扩展成员、消费者及投资者间的沟通。·Demonstration of a product to get feedbackfrom all stakeholders·A physical, tactile, 3D representation of aproduct is much easier to understand than averbal description or even a sketch of aproduct 例子：以一个可见的、能 触知的三维图形来表现一个产品，比语言草图描述更易理解。在 PackBot 概念开发中，通过利 用“可视、可感知”的原型，设计工程师、经理、供应商和顾客间的沟通得到加强。新的消 费者经常对 PackBot 底盘过于狭小不满意，然而，实物模型清晰地展示了有限的空间。 + - 集成 integration  原型用于确保产品的子系统及组件能如预期的一样协同工作。综合化的实体原型在产品开发项目中作为集成工具最为有效，因为它们要求零件、各部件间协调，并与零件组成一个产品。要做出这样的原型，需产品开 发团队成员相互协作。如果产品任何组件的组合妨碍了 产品的整体功能，这一 问题只能在综合化的实体原型中 通过集成来检测。·Prototypes are used to ensure that componentsand subsystems of the product work together as expectedl ·Comprehensive physical prototypes are the most effective as integration tools in product development projects because they require the assembly and physical interconnection of all of the parts and subassemblies that make up a productl ·The integration of the prototype forces coordination between different members of the product development teaml ·For example: alpha or beta test models + - 里程碑 milestones  尤其是在产品开发的后期，原型用于验证产品在功能上已达到期望水 平。里程碑原型提供可触知的目标，表明了进展情况，并用来加强进度安排。Provide goals for the development team’s schedule· Milestone prototypes are defined in the product development project plan 这种原型的数量和它们的时间是整个开发计划的关键要素之一作为一个基本案例，开发团队应该考虑使用 alpha、 beta 和预生产原型作为里程碑 The number of such prototypes and their timingis one of the key elements of the overall development planl ·As a base case, the development team should consider using alpha, beta and pre-production prototypes as milestones¡ e.g. first testable hardware + - 原型分类 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5d76-4273-af44-f89d6adc854e + - 实体/解析 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e204-4ec9-ad13-a1a2a89e7cbb + - Physical prototypes are :-> tangible artifacts created to approximate the product ¡ ·Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation ¡· Examples of physical prototypes include l ·models which look and feel like the product l ·proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly l· experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product 例子：一个木制的玩具模型 + id:: 648adea3-30f6-4214-ab85-0a41dbfffa93 + - Analytical prototypes :-> represent the product in a non-tangible, usually mathematical, manner¡ ·Interesting aspects of the product are analysed, rather than built 例子：数学分析、建模 + id:: 648adea3-43b4-4c38-8202-edd69837cf83 + - 综合/专一 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-046b-4558-b7db-116856c4b577 + - ◦ 综合 (comprehensive) :-> 能完成产品的绝大多数属性。·Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product¡ ·A comprehensive prototype corresponds closely to the everyday use of the work prototype – i.e. it is a full-scale, fully operational version of the product 例子：β 原型，用来给测试功能 + id:: 648adea3-d8ea-4659-a743-2089ecce3d97 + - ◦ 专一化原型 (focused prototype) :-> 只履行(完成)产品的某个或某些属性。 + id:: 648acfc3-52b6-457c-be20-de52d48db117 + extra:: Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype + - 一个普遍的做法是用两个或多个专一化原型一起探查一个产品的所有性能。这些 原型包括外观 (looks-like)原型和工作原理 (works-like)原型。通过制造两个分离的专一化原型，开发团队可以比制造一个综合化原型更早地解决问题。·Focused prototypes implement one, or a few, of the attributes of a product¡· Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype + - 选择原型类型的原则 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-30b3-4b79-9261-098c21872aa1 + - Analytical vs. physical + - ·分析原型通常比物理原型更灵活 ·Analytical prototypes are in general more flexible than physical prototypes + - 需要物理原型来检测意料之外的现象 ·Physical prototypes are required to detect unanticipated phenomena + - Features of prototypes + - 原型可以降低高成本迭代的风险 ·Prototypes may reduce the risk of costly iterations + - 原型可以加速其他开发步骤 ¡ ··Prototypes may expedite other development steps + extra:: 示例 :在零件设计 -模具设计 -成型流程中添加原型制作步骤 + - A prototype may restructure task dependencies 原型可以重构任务依赖关系 + - 市场、技术风险还有综合模型成本之间的关系 :-> 总结起来就是技术、市场风险越高，制作的模型就越多。综合模型制造成本越高，制作的模型就越少。（**即风险和模型数量成正比，成本和模型数量成反比）** + id:: 648afdb9-9b3e-464e-a381-6b6270c64efd + - 制定原型计划（四步） #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4219-4f20-a6fb-d82381a36dd7 + - 界定原型的目的·define the purpose of the prototype 原型的四个目的是：学习、沟通、集成和里程碑。在界定原型目的的过程中，开发团队列出具体的学习与沟通需求，也列出了集成需求以及这一原型是否作为整个产品开发项目中的一个里程碑。l ·The team lists its specific learning andcommunication needsl ·Team members also¡ ·list any integration needs¡· decide whether or not the prototype isintended to be one of the major milestonesof the overall product development project 例子：车轮原型的目的是决定车轮的抗震性能和安全性能。虽然学习原型的目的专注于性能，但开发团队还是要考虑材料的制造成本，其中，很多材料是不可铸造的，必须机加。 + - 建立原型的近似水平 Establish the level of approximation of the prototype 对原型进行计划需要确定原型与最终产品的相似程度。开发团队应考虑一个实体化原型是否必需，或一个解析化原型能否最好地满足它的要求。在大多数情况下，最好的原型是那个满足步骤 1 所设定目的的最简单原型 The degree to which the final product will be approximated in the prototype must be defined l The team should consider whether a physical prototype is necessary or whether an analytical prototype would best meet its needs 例子:对于车轮原型，团队要根据冲击效果来决定车轮的材料和几何形状。然而，车轮的其他 方面可能被忽视，包括生产方法(铸模或者机加)、驾驶系统的附件和铁轨带、车轮的颜色和 整体造型等。团队中一名成员先前就研究了轮辐弯曲效果的解析化原型，她认为原型的物理 特征对于确认她的分析很有必要。她发现抗震效果和车轮力量之间存在一个基本的取舍关系， 因为抗震需要轮辐柔韧，而车轮力量需要车轮尺寸更大。因此，团队使用解析型原型和物理原型来决定轮辐的尺寸。 + - 制定实验大纲 Outline an experimental plan 大多数情况下，在产品开发中使用原型可以看成一个实验。好的实验有助于从原型化活动 中获取最大价值。实验计划包括确认各种实验变量、测试草案、进行哪些测试的指示以及分 析最终数据的计划。当必须探索许多变量时，有效的实验设计将极大地加快这一进程。·The use of a prototype in product development can be thought of as an experimentl ·Good experimental practice helps to make sure that you get the maximum value from the prototyping activity 例子：对于车轮原型测试，团队决定只改变轮辐的材料和网的几何形状。根据解析化原型，团队 选择了两种样式的轮辐，每种轮辐又选择了 6 种材料，总共进行了 12 次实验。团队设计了一 个结实的平台，每个车轮被安装后由不同的高度落入平台，通过观察平台的受重就可以测试 车轮传递给 PackBot 的冲击力。在完成所有的实验后，相关人员会观察车轮落下的损伤，包括 裂纹和塑性变形，然后再提高一个高度进行测试。这些测试的结果不仅可以用来选择最好的轮辐几何和材料，而且可以改善车轮的物理解析化原型。 + - 制定采购、建造和测试的时间表 Create a schedule for procurement,construction and testing 因为建造和测试一个原型可以看作整体开发项目内的一个子项目，因此，开发团队会从制 定原型化活动计划中获益。对于一个原型计划，有三个日期特别重要：第一，部件可装配的日期(这一 日期有时被称为“部件水桶 (bucket of part)”日期);第二，原型进行首次测试的日 期(这一 日期有时被称为“冒烟实验 (smoke test)”日期，因为在这天，开发团队将首次在产品中通电并在电器系统中“寻找烟”);第三，完成测试并产生最终结果的日期。Three dates are particularly important in defining a prototyping effort¡ ·The team defines when the parts will be ready to assemble¡ ·The team defines the date when the prototype will first be tested¡ ·The team defines the date when it expects to have completed testing and produced the final results + - Strategies: #flashcard + id:: 648b2bc6-9816-4452-bf2e-75d6981cac3e + - Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty + Make models with a defined purpose + - Consider multiple forms of prototypes + - Choose the timing of prototype cycles + - Many early models are used to validate concepts + - Relatively few comprehensive models are + necessary to test integration + - Plan time to learn from prototype cycles + - Avoid the “hardware swamp” - where you keep + building different ways out of a problem without + stopping to think + - DONE Week4 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w4 + - ## Topic 18 初创企业和企业家精神 + - 什么是创业（startup） + collapsed:: true + - 定义：创业公司是指经营历史有限的公司 这些公司通常是新成立的，正处于市场开发和研究阶段 通常它涉及一些新颖的技术或技术的使用，但关键是从技术中赚钱的连贯方法高科技(如电信、软件)与生物技术或医疗有很大不同\n A startup company or start-up is a company with \na limited operating history These companies, generally newly created, are in a \nphase of development and research for markets Typically it involves some novel technology, or \nuse of technology, but crucially… \nl a coherent means for making money from the \ntechnology High-tech (e.g. telecom, software) is very different \nfrom bio-tech or medica + - Spin-out 通常是从大学或其他公司中分离出来的、基于某项技术或研究成果的企业项目，可能已经得到了某些技术或资金上的支持。而创业公司则是在任何地方创建的初创企业，不一定与任何大学或公司有直接关联。然而，如果一个 Spin-out 从大学或公司分离出来并作为一个独立的企业开始运营，那么它也可以被认为是一个创业公司。 + - 企业家 entrepreneur + collapsed:: true + - Definition: :-> 拥有一家新企业或合资企业，并且承担固有风险和后果的全部责任·has possession over a new enterprise or venture·assumes full accountability for the inherent risks \nand the outcome + id:: 648afdb9-8b0a-450f-a32f-360b652f6f50 + - 企业家精神/创业行为 Entrepreneurship + collapsed:: true + - 它指的是 :-> 个人或团队通过创造新的商业机会、设计并开发新产品或服务、组织资源和着手实现创新的一系列行动和过程。 ·Entrepreneurship is the **practice of starting new** organisations or **revitalizing mature organisations**, *particularly new businesses* - generally in response to identified opportunities + id:: 648afdb9-d3d8-4527-bd63-2b84df539122 + - 两种创新/企业家精神 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-cfc9-4215-972f-a19feed04e7d + collapsed:: true + - 社会（social）\n 目的在造福社会而不是去赚钱，包括商业、公众等，如扶贫、环境、文化与艺术\n·Aim is to create social change rather than\nmake money Often involves business, public & charity organisations\n·Examples\nl poverty relief\nl environment\nl arts & culture + - 技术 Technological\n·目标是获得独立性，以利用某项技术。\n·经常是由于在大公司中受挫而导致的。Aim is to gain independence to exploit a technology Often results from being frustrated in a large company + - 影响成功创业的因素 + collapsed:: true + - 支持创业的组织 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5804-4c67-ba71-df7abfda3c60 + collapsed:: true + - business incubators 企业孵化 + - science parks 科学园区 + - Non-Government Organisations + - government + - 小企业会面临的风险 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5cf5-43c6-9d96-b957e829cdb6 + collapsed:: true + - 努力工作，自己做大多数决定涉及相当大的风险融资成本高没有规模经济 Hard work, making most decisions on your own Considerable risks involved Costly to raise finance No economies of scale + - 创业的优劣势 + collapsed:: true + - Advantages: #flashcard + id:: 648b01b2-b79e-4a14-84b3-3009c7bd6e8f + collapsed:: true + - Independence + - Financial opportunities + - Community service + - Job security + - Family employment + - Challenge + - Disadvantages: #flashcard + id:: 648b01cc-3ccf-4336-a531-725d62f89bc7 + collapsed:: true + - Sales fluctuations + - Competition + - Increased responsibilities + - Financial losses + - Employee relatoins + - Laws and regulations + - Risk of failure + - 早期决定 + collapsed:: true + - 什么类型的业务–type of business + collapsed:: true + - 可扩展的全球技术公司Scalable, global technology player + - 有长期 R&D 计划的生物技术企业Biotech business with long-term R&D plans + - 具有中期增长计划的制造工厂 Manufacturing facility with medium growth plans + - 互联网服务商 Service provider + - 生活方式商业lifestyle business + -  什么形式的所有权——如个体经营者？ + collapsed:: true + - 营销商 Sole Trader + collapsed:: true + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686821512069_0.png) + - 伙伴关系 Partnership + collapsed:: true + -  两个或两个以上的人结合资源，形成合伙关系 双方(或多方)之间存在合同。Two or more people combine resources and form partnership, Contract exists between the two (or more) parties; + - 条款包括:terms include: #flashcard + id:: 648b024a-a6bd-4252-9a61-aecc0e8417f6 + collapsed:: true + - 各合伙人认缴的出资额The amount of capital subscribed by each partner + - 如何确定利润并在合伙人之间分配How profits will be determined and allocated between partners + - 合伙人的工资分配Salary allocation for the partners + - 合伙企业的解散程序 Procedure for dissolving the partnership + - 比如说你想开一家茶百道的奶茶店，你和茶百道总公司就构成了加盟关系。也比较类似于你和同伴合伙开一家公司，按照技术、资金投入占比进行股权分配和分红。当然要考虑到如果你不想在这个公司干了该怎么把钱拿回来，这就是退出机制（解散程序） + - 有限责任公司 Limited Company #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-01bc-4cb9-9a0b-f74ad94fbe2c + collapsed:: true + -  在这种情况下，有限意味着所有者不再对其公司的债务承担无限责任 在美国，这些被称为股份有限公司所有公司都有在公司投资的股东 所有公司都有董事，他们是由股东选出来管理公司的\n·Limited in this instance meaning that the owners no \nlonger have unlimited liability for the debts of their \ncompanies \n·In the US, these are known as incorporated \ncompanies \n·All companies have shareholders who have \ninvested in the company \n· All companies have directors who are selected by \nthe shareholders to run the company\n\n 公司所有者的个人财产和资产是与公司完全独立的，这意味着企业的债务不会由个人承担，仅限于承担其所持有的股份投资。这种特殊的财务安排可以帮助创业者控制风险并保护个人财产不受经营活动的影响。 + -  你是被技术驱动还是被市场驱动？ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-d5d9-445b-a4c3-aa68dd432b3d + collapsed:: true + - 市场驱动型就是根据市场需求来设计产品。 + - 技术驱动型就是发明出来一个技术后看这个技术能运用在哪，然后告诉用户这个技术有多棒 + -  谁是你的客户？ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-7f1e-4250-8708-521b0671de67 + collapsed:: true + - B2C (business to consumer) + - B2B (business to business) + - 高科技创新企业是怎么样走到一起的 + collapsed:: true + -  技术 + - 知识产权(保护) + - 愿景(技术能引领到哪里？ + - 有市场吗 + - 人事部门 + - 科学领袖\ + - 业务经理 + - 资金筹集者 + - 科学家 + - 工程师金钱 + - Technology Intellectual Property (Protection) The Vision (Where can the technology lead? Is there \na market for it) Personnel\nl Scientific leaders\nl Business managers\nl Fund Raisers\nl Scientists/Engineers Money + - 创建高新企业的阶段\nThe stages for creating a hitech start-up #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3129-4e6c-8322-a704741423a4 + collapsed:: true + - 1.评估机会-产生、评估和提炼商业概念 \nassess the opportunities - generate, evaluate & \nrefine the business concept + - 2.制定商业计划并决定合资企业的结构 \nDevelop the business plan and decide on the \nstructure of the venture + - 3.获得必要的资源和资金 \nAcquire the necessary resources and funding + collapsed:: true + - 筹资阶段 fund-raising stage + collapsed:: true + - 投资前期 Pre-investment + collapsed:: true + - 大学基金、朋友、银行贷款  5k- 50k\n 构建演示者，构建商业计划\nPre-investment \n·University fund, friends, bank loan  £5k-£50k \n build demonstrator, build business plan \n\nPre-investment（前投资）阶段通常通过大学基金、亲友关系或银行贷款等方式筹集资金，金额在 5,000 英镑至 50,000 英镑之间。这个阶段主要用于制作展示装置（demonstrator）并编制商业计划。 + - A 轮 Round A 天使投资，或特别启动基金 \n10 万至 50 万 \n 建立董事会、部分高管团队 \n5 - 10 名员工\nl Angels, or special startup funds \nl £100k-£500k \nl Establish board, partial executive team \nl 5 - 10 employees + - B 轮 \n 风险投资\n1 米至 5 米 \n 完整的董事会和高管团队。扩展到 20+\nl Venture Capital\nl £1M-£5M\nl Complete board and exec team. Expand to 20+ + collapsed:: true + - 风险投资 VCs(Venture Capitalists) + collapsed:: true + - 收集资金(例如从养老基金)然后将这些资金投资到创业公司的公司 + - 追求高风险、高回报 + - 价值需要大幅提升 10 倍或更多 + - 在公司股权中持有大量股份 + - 预计只有十分之一的人会成功\n A company that collects funds (e.g. from pension \nfunds) and then invests those funds in startups Go for high-risk, high reward Need very large uplift in value, 10 times or more Take large stake in company equity Expect only 1 in 10 to succeed + - 退出阶段 exit\nExit 阶段 + collapsed:: true + - （退出阶段）是指企业从一个环节成功转向下一个环节，或者从某一市场上成功退出。在创业公司中，Exit 通常是指公司被收购或上市交易。 + - 筹资过程 + collapsed:: true + - Elevator pitch/executive summary: 简短陈述/执行摘要； + - Business plan, presentation, management team: 商业计划、演示文稿、管理团队； + collapsed:: true + - Business plan 的两个基本功能 + collapsed:: true + - 1.通过规划公司未来的发展方向和制定战略来指导公司。 \nGuiding the company by charting its future course \nand defining its strategy for following it.（内部） + - 2.吸引将提供所需资本的贷款人和投资者。Attracting lenders and investors who will provide needed capital.（外部） + - 什么是商业计划 + collapsed:: true + -  你计划进入的市场\ + - 你对这个市场贡献的独特 �� 引人注目的特点 + collapsed:: true + - 知识产权 + - 商业模式和财务 + - 团队和公司发展与战略 + - 投资主张 + - 退出策略 + - The market you plan to enter\nl The unique and compelling features of your \ncontribution to this market\nl Intellectual property\nl Business model and Financials\nl Team and Company development \nand strategy\nl Investment proposition\nl Exit strategy + - 为什么需要商业计划 + collapsed:: true + - 在公司创始人之间提供一份关于未来发展方向的正式协议 可以减少创始人的自欺欺人 定义责任和奖励 帮助将抽象的目标转化为明确的目标 A business plan… provides a formal agreement between the \founders of a company about the direction to be \taken can reduce self-delusion among st the founders defines responsibilities & rewards helps to translate abstract goals into explicit operational needs + - 商业模式（如何赚钱） + - 商业计划的关键要素 + collapsed:: true + - 标题页和目录 + - 行动纲要 + - 愿景和使命 + - 陈述公司历史 + - 商业和工业概况 + - 商业策略 + - 产品/服务描述 + - 市场战略 + - 记录市场索赔 + - 显示客户兴趣 + - 竞争对手分析管理团队的描述 + - 业务计划 + - 预计财务报表 + - 贷款或投资建议 + - Title Page and Table of Contents Executive Summary Vision and Mission Statement Company History Business and Industry Profile Business Strategy Description of Products/Services Marketing Strategy\nl Document market claims\nl Show customer interest Competitor Analysis Description of Management Team Plan of Operation Projected Financial Statements Loan or Investment Proposa + - 准备商业计划的技巧 + collapsed:: true + - 确保你的计划有一个吸引人的封面。(第一印象至关重要。)去掉你计划中所有的拼写和语法错误。让你的计划在视觉上吸引人。包括一个目录，让读者可以轻松地浏览您的计划。让它变得有趣。你的计划必须证明生意会赚钱(不一定马上赚钱，但最终会赚钱)。使用电子表格生成财务预测。总是包括现金流预测。保持你的计划“简洁”——25 到 40 页长。永远说实话。\n Make sure your plan has an attractive cover. (First impressions are crucial.) Rid your plan of all spelling and grammatical errors. Make your plan visually appealing. Include a table of contents to allow readers to navigate your plan easily. Make it interesting Your plan must prove that the business will \nmake money (not necessarily immediately, \nbut eventually). Use spreadsheets to generate financial \nforecasts. Always include cash flow projections. Keep your plan “crisp” – between 25 and 40 pages long. Tell the truth – always. \n + - Business survey: 商业调查； + - Due diligence: 尽职调查； + - Valuation, ownership, control, legal issues: 估值、所有权、控制权、法律问题； + - FUNDING: 融资。 + - 4.成长和收获风险\nGrow and harvest the venture + - 企业失败的原因 + collapsed:: true + - 缺乏技能 + -  销售问题 + -  财务控制 + -  缺乏资金 + -  融资成本高 + -  破产的顾客 + -  过度交易开发 + -  营销问题 + - 官僚主义 + l lack of skills + l sales problem + l financial control + l lack of funds + l high cost of finance + l insolvent customers + l overtrading development + l marketing issues + l red tape (bureaucracy) + - ## Topic 19 + - The scope and objectives of cybersecurity + - Definition :-> Cybersecurity is the application of technologies, + id:: 648ae156-d60a-4df9-b0ef-6d1404a44712 + processes and controls to protect systems, + networks, programs, devices and data from cyber + attacks + - Objective :-> It aims to reduce the risk of cyber attacks, and + id:: 648ae15b-9229-4b0f-bcaa-8cd716c52a08 + protect against the unauthorised exploitation of + systems, networks and technologies + - Trends and drivers of cybersecurity + - Information Security + - Definition :-> Seeks to protect all information assets, whether in + id:: 648ae194-a96a-4fe0-903a-5d0de2d0344d + hard copy or in digital form + - Concepts: #flashcard + id:: 648ae25d-6a9e-423b-bceb-ac5d9b378bf8 + - confidentiality + - Confidentiality means that :-> only people with the right + id:: 648ae279-8cbc-457a-815b-9110beb1209a + permission can access and use information + - Ensuring confidentiality :-> encryption, access controls + id:: 648ae29c-80ff-417b-b260-17d9d4b37b6b + - Compromising confidentiality :-> (intentional) + id:: 648ae2a7-de20-4ef5-92aa-c25a3475088f + shoulder surfing, social engineering; (accidental) + publication + - integrity, and + - Integrity means that :-> information systems and their + id:: 648ae2db-d473-4637-9883-b9881abb341c + data are accurate, Changes cannot be made to data without + appropriate permissions + - Ensuring integrity :-> controls ensuring the correct + id:: 648ae2e9-3893-4534-839b-f74b0a47b967 + entry of information, authorization, antivirus + - Compromising integrity :-> (intentional) employee or + id:: 648ae2f5-d95e-4fae-b43b-0b10e8eefcf0 + external attacks; (accidental) employee error + - Authentication is :-> the process of validating the + id:: 648ae307-4640-478a-97cc-42102626dbb3 + identity of a registered user or process before + enabling access to protected networks and systems. #flashcard + - Analogue + - signatures, handwriting, in person attestation, + witnesses, notary + - Digital + - username and password, digital signatures, + fingerprints or face recognition + - availability of information + - Availability is :-> the security goal of making sure + id:: 648ae327-b6e7-429a-b6a5-2141ae9de3cb + information systems are reliable + - Individuals with proper permission can use systems + and retrieve data in a dependable and timely + manner + - Ensuring availability :-> recovery plans, backup + id:: 648ae332-cf7f-401b-a309-8aae86bb5c39 + systems + - Compromising availability :-> (intentional) denial of + id:: 648ae33a-8f36-4048-8ac7-8dfbd51a2b44 + service (DoS) attack, (accidental) outage + - Privacy and Data Protection + - Data privacy are the regulations, or policies, that + governs the use of my data when shared with any + entity, while data protection is the mechanism — + that is, the tools and procedures — to enforce the + policy and regulation, including the prevention of + unauthorized access or misuse of the data that I + agreed to share + - Information Security x Privacy #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e32c-41ca-aead-2d027d4c3fea + - Information security and privacy are **closely related, + but distinct concepts** + - Privacy is :-> an individual’s right to control the use and + id:: 648ae1b1-50af-4fe1-92ea-4924a940f6ec + disclosure of their own personal information + - Information security is :-> the process used to keep + id:: 648ae1b7-d101-4cab-bf62-d30b99c4a004 + data private + - Security is the process; privacy is the result + - Cybercrime + - Cybercrime is :-> an act that violates the law, by using + id:: 648afdb9-c1a5-4942-91b2-fb9a455b75ca + information and communication technology (ICT) to + either target networks, systems, data, websites + and/or technology or facilitate a crime + - Drivers of Cybersecurity #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3c18-4a35-8f03-3252710b99c7 + - Legal and regulatory + - Commercial + - Technical + - Key concepts + - Vulnerabilities :-> weakness or flaw in the information system that can + id:: 648ae352-f31c-437b-bc7f-e07e266f239e + be exploited + - Threats :-> anything that can cause harm to an information + id:: 648ae35f-8842-4358-93fd-1f6fa1bb72a4 + system – successful exploits of vulnerabilities + - Relationship between a vulnerability and a threat #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-a664-4f39-9264-9962fc02e7ac + - An organization does not have sufficient controls + to prevent an employee from deleting critical + computer files **(lack of controls – vulnerability).** + An employee could delete files by mistake + **(employee – source of threat) (deleting critical + files – threat).** If the files are deleted, successful + exploit of the vulnerability has taken place. If the + file is not recoverable, the incident harms the + organizations and its security. Availability is + compromised. + - Risks :-> a likelihood that a threat will exploit a vulnerability + id:: 648ae35f-621c-42e5-ac5e-0040b762e74f + and cause harm, where the harm is the impact to + organization, **Risk = vulnerability + threat** + - Safeguards :-> safeguard reduces the harm posed by information + id:: 648ae360-054d-4a49-9dd6-bb0f8c3e5c25 + security vulnerabilities or threats + - Risk management :-> Risk management as means to justify information + id:: 648ae14d-ad8d-4662-b153-b3372c7b1a28 + security laws, process of listing the all the relevant factors and + taking steps to control them where possible + - Information Security Management + - To effectively assess the security needs of an + organization and to evaluate and choose various + security products and policies + - Methods: #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-52cf-48f4-ab98-560e43a318b2 + - Categorize information + - Identify legal obligations + - Assess vulnerabilities, threats and risks + - Safeguards + - Development of standards + - process to take + - requirements to meet + - LATER 概率论 (隔了一个周末) + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> + - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} + - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) +- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T12_34_22.179Z.android.md b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T12_34_22.179Z.android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..334a7c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-16T12_34_22.179Z.android.md @@ -0,0 +1,2730 @@ +- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 64895ec0-51b1-47d6-9243-404b6e52d576 + - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:09:23]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:51] => 01:17:28 + :END: + - DONE lab + - DONE 写 lab8 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:06:46]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:50] => 01:20:04 + :END: + - DONE (考前)复习 labs + collapsed:: true + - DONE [#A] 从 t14 复制过来 + - 1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 2 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 4 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 5 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 6 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 7 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 课件 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 + :END: + - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 + :END: + - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers + - DONE java file IO + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 16:44:33]--[2023-06-09 Fri 17:13:37] => 00:29:04 + :END: + - DONE Buffered Reader / Writer + - DONE File objects + - DONE GUI (自学不考) + collapsed:: true + - DONE Graphics Classes: Color, Font, FontMetrics, JLabel + - StringBuffer vs. StringBuilder + - String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes. + - StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not. That’s why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer. + - String concatenation operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class. + - For String manipulations in a non-multi threaded environment, we should use StringBuilder else use StringBuffer class. + - DONE 题 + - DONE 看 qm 上错题 [gradeplus](https://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/grade/report/user/index.php?id=21582) + - DONE this 的用法 + collapsed:: true + - In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called. + - When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name. + - Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java: + collapsed:: true + - Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object. + - Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object. + - Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object. + - Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object. + - It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them. + - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. + - DONE Past exam papers + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 + :END: + - DONE Access Modifiers + - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) + - Syntax: + - ```java + // This is a single line comment + + /* + * This is a regular multi-line comment + */ + + /** + * This is a Javadoc + */ + ``` + - @throws ExceptionType reason + - DONE Garbage collection + collapsed:: true + - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage + collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which + objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. + An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your + program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or + unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. + So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The + programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The + garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. + - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. + - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== + - **Component**: An object that the user can see on the screen and can also + interact with + - **Container**: A component that can hold other components + - **Event**: An action triggered by the user + - Designing a GUI involves creating components, putting them into containers, and + arranging for the program to respond to events (e.g. responding to mouse clicks). + - DONE ==Review Java File IO== + - DONE Exception Terms + - java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: + - IOException + - ArithmeticException + - NegativeArraySizeException + - ArrayStoreException + - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 + :END: + - inheritance + - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** + - ## polymorphism + - encapsulation + - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. + - abstraction. + - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. + - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or + [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). + - Overloading vs. overriding + - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters + - Interface + - DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看笔记 + - DONE 做题 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 整理错题 + deck:: 2023t1/Mao + - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 + A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 + C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 + D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 + - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard + extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 + id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 + A．科技创新 + B．理论创新 + C．⽂化创新 + D．⽣产关系创新 + A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 + C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 + - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 + A．尊重群众、尊重实践 + B．⼀切从群众中来 + C．解放思想 + D．“三个有利于” + - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 + id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 + 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard + A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 + C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ + - extra:: a: 抢国民党 + id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb + 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 + C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 + - extra:: 学苏联 + A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 + B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 + C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 + D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 + - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 + A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ + B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 + C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 + D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 + - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 + A.和平赎买 + B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 + D.⽣活上给出路 + - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 + A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 + B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 + C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 + D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ + - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard + extra:: 根本原则 + id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd + A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ + C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 + 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard + A.什么是实事求是 + B. 怎样建设党 + C.什么是⻢克思主义 + D. 什么是社会主义 + - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 + id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba + A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + extra:: d: 不谈这些 + id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 + A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 + B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 + C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ + D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 + - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard + id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 + A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 + B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 + C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 + D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 + - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 + 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard + extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 + id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 + A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 + B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 + 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 + C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 + D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 + - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + extra:: b: 农村银行 + id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 + A. 股份制 + B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 + D.国家独资经济 + A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 + B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 + C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== + D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 + - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e + A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 + C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 + - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 + id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb + A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 + B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 + C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 + D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 + - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 + id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 + A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 + B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 + C. 坚持四项基本原则 + D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 + - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 + id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e + A. ⼈⺠当家作主 + B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 + D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 + - A. 爱国主义 + extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 + id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b + B. 集体主义 + C. 社会主义 + D. 为⼈⺠服务 + A. 为⼈⺠服务 + B. 集体主义 + C 诚实可信 + D 爱国主义 + 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 以⼈为本 + B. 以⺠为本 + C 社会公平 + D 公平和正义 + - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 + id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 + A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 + B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ + C. 保证劳动者充分就业 + D. 实现共同富裕 + - extra:: + A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 + B. 不断推进共同富裕 + C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 + D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 + - A. 祖国统⼀ + extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 + id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 + B. ⼀国两制 + C. ⼀国两政府 + D. “三通” + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 + B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 实现全⼈类的解放 + - extra:: 是全球的南北 + id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 + A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 + B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 加强国际⼲预 + - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 + id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617 + 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 + B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 + D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 + A. 爱国主义性质的 + B. 政治联盟性质的 + C. 社会主义性质的 + D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 + - extra:: 硬背吧 + A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 + B. 实现国家统⼀ + C. 加强⺠族团结 + D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ + - extra:: 重点是体制 + id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559 + 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 加强党的领导 + B. 改善党的领导体制 + C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 + D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 + - extra:: 共产党纯变态 + A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 + B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 + C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 + D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 + A. 取得执政地位 + B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 + C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 + D. 符合统治阶级的需要 + - DONE [[学交]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_ + - DONE Job application letter + - Cover letter (application letter) + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + [Your name] + [Your address] + [Your city, state and zip code] + + [Date] + + [Hiring manager's name] + [Hiring manager's title] + [Company name] + [Company address] + [Company city, state and zip code] + + Dear [Hiring manager's name], + + I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job. + + [Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.] + + [Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.] + + [Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.] + + Sincerely, + [Your name] + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE Academic + - DONE research proposal + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + Your proposal should include the following: + + 1. TITLE + + Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question + + 2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE + + You should include: + + the background and issues of your proposed research + identify your discipline + a short literature review + a summary of key debates and developments in the field + + 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) + + You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring + + 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY + + You should provide an outline of: + + the theoretical resources to be drawn on + the research approach (theoretical framework) + the research methods appropriate for the proposed research + a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods + + 5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE + + You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis. + + For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. + + For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. + + 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY + + You should include: + + a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal + a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE academic paper + - DONE abstract + - Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts + - ● Short -uaually less than 120 words. + - ● Includes: + - ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives) + - ● methods used + - ● scope of the paper/work + - ● introducing the subject. + - ● Doesn’t include: + - ● results, conclusions and recommendations + - It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper. + - ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without + providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document + contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond + what you would find in the document's table of contents. + - ● An outline of your work + - •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts + - ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more. + - ● Include: + - ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives) + - ● method used + - ● scope of the work + - ● results / findings + - ● conclusions and recommendations + - ● contributions, novelty (optional) + - It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the + conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these + results. + - DONE introduction + - a clear sense of purpose, + thorough understanding of reader needs, and + close attention to correct formats. + - Research paper introductions are always unique. + After all, research is original by definition. However, they often + contain six essential items. These are: + - **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of + your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific + subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. + Note that you will address them in the publication. + - **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review + other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern + scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior + research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have + that expertise. + - **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to + be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. + Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a + gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will + interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of + your paper. + - **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to + make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you + will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you + measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices. + - **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a + thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run + through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and + clear. + - **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline. + Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the + following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the + end of your paper. + - These six items are emphasized more or less, + depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might + emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the + overview. + - DONE conclusion + - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. + - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. + - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. + - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. + - DONE Report + - Informal + - DONE letter report + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are: + + Heading; + Date; + Address; + Salutation; + Body; + Complimentary close; + Signature. + + The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts: + + Introduction: Here the writer states the problem. + Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented. + Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body. + + The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report. + #+END_VERSE + - Sample + - ```text + Opex Apparel Ltd. + (A house for best Garments) + Dhanmondi, Dhaka + + 25th, May 2021 + + Managing Director + Opex Apparel Ltd. + Dhanmondi, Dhaka. + + Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom. + + Dear Sir, + + In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara + showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and + therefore submitting my report hereunder. + + A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments + but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their + best to return the garments but failed because there was no + attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a + result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed + complaints regarding this issue. + + In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to + handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for + the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting + dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of + competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business. + + I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served + with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there + for proper functioning. + + I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation + for the betterment of our company. + + Yours faithfully + + M. A Khan Secretary + ``` + - DONE memo report + - Format + - Abstract + - Clear statement of memo's purpose + Outline of main parts of memo + - Body + - Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end + Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items + Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader + Tactful presentation of any negative news + - Conclusion + - Clear statement of what step should occur next + Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers + - Sample: + - ```text + MEMORANDUM + + DATE: + + TO: + + FROM: + + SUBJECT: + + I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo]. + + As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening + paragraph]. + + Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your + cooperation as [official business information] takes place. + ``` + - Formal + - DONE Letter Text Combination Form + - Types + - proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a + particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically + prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific + idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report + is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable, + beneficial, and worth pursuing. + - feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors. + - progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status, + achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative. + It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or + quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward + established goals and objectives. + - evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the + performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or + initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the + subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives. + - problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes + of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions + or recommendations. + - recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the + recommendation. + - Template + - ```text + Report on [topic of the report] + Submitted on [date of submission] + Summary or Abstract + [This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and + overall conclusion.] + Introduction + [This provides insight into the purpose of the report.] + Background + [This section provides background information for the reader to understand the + context of the remaining content.] + Methodology + [This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your + findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using + qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.] + Findings + [Present your findings based on your research.] + Conclusions + The main issues we found were as follows: + [Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.] + Recommendations + To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps: + [Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions + to help solve the problem.] + Appendix + [List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other + sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables, + charts, or diagrams referenced in your report.] + ``` + - LATER 写几篇试试手 + - DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + collapsed:: true + - DONE 看 block4 + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? + id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78 + - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a + binary value + - Often more than just a one-to-one connection + - Data Storage Devices + - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? + id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d + - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as + each other. + - Equal time to access any location + - n-bit address + - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? + id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43 + - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off + - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working + id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a + memory” #flashcard + - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit + id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a + of information and does not need to be refreshed + periodically. #flashcard + - more expensive and less dense + - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the + id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b + data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain + the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard + - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high + densities. + - It is the main memory in personal computers. + - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? + id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5 + - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no + power to the device. + - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} + id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413 + - ROM + - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be + id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 + changed by normal CPU operations. + - used to store fixed data or information. + - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture + id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44 + - PROM :-> Programmable ROM + id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd + - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM + id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81 + - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM + id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089 + - Serial Access + - Stores data bits in series + Head must travel from current position to new address passing the + other addresses in between – time consuming + Can store large amounts of data + - Read Only + - R / W + - SI bytes: + 8bit = 1byte + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686315189766_0.png) + - DONE 往年题 + - DONE Review slides + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 + :END: + - DONE Tutorial 1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 + :END: + - DONE Base conversion + - Integer + - Digits + - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB + id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2 + - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. + id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63 + - DONE LSB, MSB + - DONE ==2's complement== + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 + :END: + - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) + - Invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - convert from 2's complement (negative numbers) + - subtract 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - or: + - invert bits + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - Subtraction with 2's complement + - DONE Floating point formats + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 + :END: + - IEEE 754 FP + - $$ Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} $$ + - s: sign + - f: Mantissa + - e: exponent + - Parity + - DONE Tutorial 2 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 + :END: + - Drawing gates + - Boolean algebra + - Theorems + - Consensus theorem + - $$ (X + Y) (X + Z) = X + YZ $$ + - Distributivity theorem + - $$ XY + X'Z + YZ = XY + X'Z $$ + - Minterms and Maxterms + - Minterm + - Algebraic sum of minterms, SOP, Canonical Sum + - Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product + - DONE Tutorial 3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 + :END: + - Draw latches + - SR + - SR with control + - D + - Draw Functional table + - DONE When the output is invalid + - Synchronous state machine + - Input / next state / output equations + - Transition table, State table, State / Output Table + - Circuit synthesis + - K-map + - State diagram + - DONE Tutorial 4 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 + :END: + - Calculating address bits + - Calculating bits required to select memory chips + - draw diagrams + - DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686666046762_0.png) + - DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + - DONE Mux switch + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665844966_0.png) + - DONE Draw ROM + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + :END: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686663351367_0.png) + The address is from b to a (down to up): + c b a addr + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 1 1 + 0 1 0 2 + 0 1 1 3 + ==mux switch left 1, right 0== + - DONE Ripple parallel adder implemented by FAs + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665873138_0.png) + - DONE Ripple parallel subtractor implemented by FAs + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) + - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb + - DONE 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} + deck:: 2023t1/database + collapsed:: true + - DONE 课件 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 + :END: + - DONE Transactions + - DONE Distributed DMBSs + - DONE XML + - DONE Data Mining + - DONE NoSQL + - DONE Theory + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 + :END: + - DONE Block 1 + deck:: 2023t1/database + - DONE DBMS + - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. + id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 + - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). + id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8 + - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. + id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f + - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. + id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b + - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. + id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9 + - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. + id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac + - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. + id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a + - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. + id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6 + - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. + id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5 + - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). + id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53 + - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. + id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7 + - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. + id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6 + - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200 + - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. + id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b + - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. + id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a + - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. + id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af + - DONE basic concepts of Relational model + - A data model :- > a graphical description of the + components of database. + - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. + id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339 + - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. + id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c + - Candidate Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1 + - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a + relation. + - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify + that tuple. + - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the + uniqueness property. + - Primary Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a + - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within + relation. + - Foreign Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342 + - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that + matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. + - Composite Key #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77 + - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. + - Recursive Relationship #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a + - Relationship type where same entity type participates + more than once in different roles. + - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible + id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a + occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a + single occurrence of an associated entity type + through a particular relationship. + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) + - Cardinality #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7 + - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. + id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0 + - Participation #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f + - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. + - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. + - Ternary relationship #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 + - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! + - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. + - DONE Forming sql queries + - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ + - LATER review lab2 + - DONE SQL join + - DONE Block 2 + - DONE EER + - Most useful additional concept of EER model: + specialization/generalization. + - Specialization + - Process of maximizing differences between + members of an entity by identifying their + distinguishing characteristics. + - Generalization + - Process of minimizing differences between + entities by identifying their common + characteristics. + - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard + id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb + specialization/generalization: + - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass + id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb + must participate as a member of a subclass. + - May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard + id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443 + - Mandatory: member of superclass must be + member of subclass + - Optional: member of superclass may be member + of subclass. + - disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard + id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5 + - Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or) + - Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and) + - Superclass / Subclass + - Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct + id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d + subgroupings of its occurrences. + - Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one + id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e + (1:1).}} #flashcard + - Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct + subclasses. + - Not all members of a superclass need be a + member of a subclass. + - Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity + id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 + type. + - When to use them? either one or both #flashcard + id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6 + - There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity. + - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. + - DONE Designing databases + - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard + id:: 6489a99e-3ed0-4673-814d-f823e4998168 + - Conceptual database design + - The process of constructing a **model** of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. + - Logical database design + - Maps the conceptual data model on to a **logical model (e.g. relational)**, but i*ndependent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations*. + - Physical database design + - The process of producing a description of the **implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS)**; + - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard + id:: 6489a9b5-14ea-4b2b-bd47-07b93ae94124 + - Gather requirements + - Conceptual database design + - Logical database design + - Physical database design + - DONE SQL + - purpose and importance of SQL. + - SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 + id:: 6489c210-8ab6-4a38-979a-01af7618a3a4 + major components: #flashcard + - A DDL for defining database structure. + - Create table + - Drop table + - A DML for retrieving and updating data. + - Insert + - Delete + - update + - Select + - Importance: + - it is non-procedural - you specify what + information you require, rather than how to get it; + - it is essentially free-format. + - easy to learn + - retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and + - Use compound WHERE conditions. + - Sort query results using ORDER BY. + - Use aggregate functions. + - Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. + - Join tables together. + - Use subqueries. + - update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. + - DONE [#A] Write some SQL!! + - DONE Block 3 + - DONE DB transaction management + - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 + - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable + to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, + resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of + resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including + database management systems. + - Example: + - Cascading rollback #flashcard + id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658 + - Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a + failure and a rollback must be performed. Other + transactions dependent on T1's actions must also + be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect. + - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. + - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 + - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. + id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da + - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. + id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a + - Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. + id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f + - Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. + id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554 + - DONE Concurrency control + - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f + - The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable. + - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2 + - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to + shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and + prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. + - DONE 2PL #flashcard + id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250 + - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database + objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase + and the shrinking phase. + - DONE [#A] How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard + id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d + - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write + validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that + transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and + serializability. + - ==DONE Recovery Control== + - DONE Some causes of database failure. + - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. + - Power failures + - Disk crashes, resulting in loss of parts of secondary storage. + - Application software errors. + - Natural physical disasters. + - User mistakes. + - Sabotage. + - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard + id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a + - Contains information about all updates to + database: + - Transaction records. + - Checkpoint records. + - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). + - For autiding + - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard + id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f + - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that + committed since the checkpoint and undo all + transactions active at time of crash. + - DONE Normalization + background-color:: yellow + - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard + id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93 + - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept + that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one + attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. + - DONE BCNF vs. 3NF + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) + - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of + id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab + normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. + - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other + id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 + columns. + - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 + that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ + id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 + - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ + - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ + - Anomaly + - Update Anomalies #flashcard + id:: 6489a420-c0cb-4360-b34f-26a3a01ff46a + - Insertion anomalies + - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the + inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For + example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if + it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the + table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. + - Deletion anomalies + - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or + data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called + the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, + if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of + Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the + row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. + - Modification anomalies + - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the + inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of + anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want + to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows + where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, + then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to + inconsistent and wrong databases. + - DONE Block 4 + - DONE Distributed DBMS + - DONE client server arch #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 + - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) + - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. + - Distributed Database #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894 + - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. + - Distributed DBMS #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36 + - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. + - the key issues #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675 + - Fragmentation + - Allocation + - Replication + - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7 + - Horizontal + - Vertical + - Mixed + - different types of transparency #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7 + - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity + - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. + - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. + - DONE advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases #flashcard + id:: 6489c210-385e-483b-aa5c-dbe688c5f43b + - Advantages + - Reflects organizational structure + - Improved shareability and local autonomy + - Improved availability + - Improved reliability + - Improved performance + - Economics + - Modular growth + - Disadbantages + - Complexity + - Cost + - Security + - Integrity control more difficult + - Lack of standards + - Lack of experience + - Database design more complex + - DONE XML + - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f + - eXtensible Markup Language + - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that + enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide + functionality not available with HTML. + - DONE Relational model versus XML #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7 + - SQL + - is a special-purpose programming language + - You can: manage data in a relational databases. + - XML + - is a markup specification language + - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). + - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). + - DONE Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 + - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element + - Matched tags, proper nesting + - Unique attributes within elements + - DONE DTD, XSD + - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document + - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of + an XML document. + - DONE Practice reading and writing XML, XSD + - DONE Data Mining + - concept #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a + - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, + and actionable information from large databases and using it to make + crucial business decisions. + - different applications #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c + - Retail / Marketing + - Banking + - Insurance + - Medicine + - basic techniques + - predictive modelling, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6 + - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some + phenomenon + - database segmentation, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec + - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. + - link analysis, #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f + - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual + records, or sets of records, in a database. + - deviation detection. #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333 + - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously + known expectation and norm. + - DONE NoSQL + - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de + - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve + much higher performance and scalability. + - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28 + - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. + - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba + - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be + used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. (low updates) + - CAP theorem: #flashcard + id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 + - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + - BASE: #flashcard + id:: 6489dbd1-f9aa-47fa-8e9f-dfb2c73eff3c + - **Basically Available:** + Instead of making it compulsory for immediate consistency, + BASE-modelled NoSQL databases will ensure the availability of data by + spreading and replicating it across the nodes of the database cluster. + - **Soft State:** + Due to the lack of immediate consistency, the data values may change + over time. The BASE model breaks off with the concept of a database that + obligates its own consistency, delegating that responsibility to + developers. + - **Eventually Consistent**: + The fact that BASE does not obligates immediate consistency but it does + not mean that it never achieves it. However, until it does, the data + reads are still possible (even though they might not reflect reality). + - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) + - LATER Exercises + - DONE past year exercise 1 + - DONE past year exercise 2 + - LATER past year exercise 3 + - DONE [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-16 Fri> + - ## 往年题考点 + - ### Prototypes (2019) Topic 12-13 + - Physical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Analytical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Comprehensive prototype. (5 marks) (2019) + - three phases of prototyping ( 2018) + - uses of prototypes ( 2018) + - ### Costs (2019) Topic + - Component costs, (5 marks) (2019) Topic 14 + - Support costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Indirect allocations as part of Overhead costs. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### New products and New product development (2019, 2018) + - ~~~#### Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982) Classification Scheme (2019) Topic 17~~~ + - Repositioning (4 marks) (2019) + - four (4) elements through which products can be differentiated (2019) + - the five alternatives that are open to the firm ( 2018) + - kinds of new products identified by Booz Allen and Hamilton ( 2018) + - four elements where values can be added to the basic or ‘core’ product to augment its appeal ( 2018) + - ~~~Product life cycle (2019) Topic 17~~~ + - ### system-level design (2019) Topic 11 + - product architecture (2019) + - key characteristics of modular and integral architecture. (2019) + - three (3) main types of modular architecture. (2019) + - ### IP ( 2018) Topic 10 + - the concept ( 2018) + - what sort of intellectual property copyright can protect and what form of protection it gives. ( 2018) + - benefits and limitations of using patents ( 2018) + - LATER See past exam papers + - DONE 整理 ppt + deck:: 2023t1/product + - DONE Week 1 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w1 + - ## Topic 2: Project Management + id:: 648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb + deck:: 2023t1/product/w1/t2 + collapsed:: true + - **Define** what is project management #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c6bf-4613-9ec3-698ac0ad2f1f + - For all but the simplest products, product development involves many people completing many different tasks. + - is the activity of planning and coordinating resources and tasks to achieve these goals. + - Two Phases of **PM** #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3b38-4615-a104-f6bdcc2226a6 + - Project planning involves scheduling the project tasks and determining resource requirements. The project plan is first laid out during the concept development phase, although it is a dynamic entity and continues to evolve throughout the development process. + - Project execution, sometimes called project control, involves coordinating and facilitating the myriad tasks required to complete the project in the face of inevitable unanticipated events and the arrival of new information. Execution is just as important as planning; Many teams fail because they do not remain focused on their goals for the duration of the project. + - **Project Planning**: Understand and represent different tasks in projects + - Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471430664_0.png) + - The Design Structure Matrix + - **Definition** :-> A useful tool for representing and analysing + id:: 648adeaf-4d04-4e42-8de2-46c0f9504b6a + task dependencies is the design structure matrix + (DSM). + - Working: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-8bc0-4375-9aab-dfee9ce1def6 + - A project task is assigned to a row and a corresponding column. + - The rows and columns are named and ordered identically, although generally only the rows list the complete names of the tasks. Each task is defined by a row of the matrix. + - We represent a task’s dependencies by placing marks in the columns to indicate the other tasks (columns) on which it depends. + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471695984_0.png) + - Reading across a row reveals all of the tasks whose output is required to perform the task corresponding to the row. + - Reading down a column reveals which tasks receive information from the task corresponding to the column. + - The diagonal cells are usually filled in with dots or the task labels, simply to separate the upper and lower triangles of the matrix and to facilitate tracing dependencies. + - Gantt Chart :-> shows how the work is broken down into a set of activities + id:: 648afdb9-eed3-47a1-bdf7-42e83a0b1b40 + - Features: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7e45-4525-b935-ef9a0357b961 + - They show the scheduling of these activities as a series of horizontal bands against a series of vertical lines representing dates + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471844454_0.png) + - They can be used to show dependencies between activities + - They can be used to measure progress on a project or compare planned production with actual production + - PERT Charts #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d61b-4215-990a-77f4fa850314 + - PERT (program evaluation and review technique) charts explicitly represent both dependencies and timing, in effect combining some of the information contained in the DSM and Gantt chart. + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686471880938_0.png) + - The Critical Path #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-08be-4aa8-989a-f39a68c2e9a0 + - The _dependencies_ :-> among the tasks in a PERT chart, some of which may be arranged sequentially and some of which may be arranged in parallel, lead to the concept of a critical path. + id:: 648afdb9-eeb6-4637-907f-c26da7231fd8 + - The _critical path_ is :-> the longest chain of dependent events. This is the single sequence of tasks whose combined required times define the minimum possible completion time for the entire set of tasks. + id:: 648afdb9-a6bc-4521-99e2-a8a69f0c1f1f + - Undertake a baseline project plan + - **Definition** :-> project plan is the roadmap for the remaining development effort. The plan is important in coordinating the remaining tasks and in estimating the required development resources and development time. + id:: 648585d8-581f-43ea-9aa5-7b0120facaec + - Do project scheduling + - Methods: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-cdc1-464b-94a2-3f5ea4ee8f9b + - Contract Book + - Project Task List + - Team staffing & Organisation + - Project Schedule + - Project Budget + - Project Risk Plan + - Modifying the baseline plan + - Accelerate projects #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9783-4c22-9927-f475b2ae0d1f + - Product development time is often the dominant concern in project planning and execution. There are a set of guidelines for accelerating product development projects. + - Start the project early + - Manage the project scope + - Facilitate the exchange of essential information + - **Execute** projects #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c67c-4f4e-81d6-187a2f7c5fe4 + - Smooth execution of even a well-planned project requires careful attention. Three problems of project execution are particularly important: 1. What mechanisms can be used to coordinate tasks? 2. How can project status be assessed? and 3. What actions can the team take to correct for undesirable deviations from the project plan? + - ## Topic 3: Opportunity Identification + id:: 648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122 + collapsed:: true + - Opportunity, definition and types + - Definition: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3abe-4b2b-a778-294f4dc92976 + - an idea for a new product + - It is a product description in an embryonic form + - a newly sensed need, + - a newly discovered technology, + - a rough match between a need and a possible solution + - It can be thought of as a hypothesis about how value might be created + - Type #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-a9ac-421b-ad3c-d5d03f7c5e92 + - Ansoff’s growth matrix + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686473366617_0.png) + - Market penetration #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-8f67-40a2-98c0-dc235751d2db + - **Opportunities** can exist within a business’s existing + markets through increasing the volume of sales + of existing products + - market development #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-f669-43b0-88cb-67fbc8e4babb + - **Opportunities** are said to exist for a business’s + products through making them available to new + markets + - e.g. using existing products in new + geographical markets + - e.g. selling your existing products to a new age + group of customers + - product development #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-b69b-4a6f-a7d2-e1bae66e8846 + - **Opportunities**: offering new or improved products to + logseq.order-list-type:: number + existing markets + - diversification #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-798a-42ce-b3ff-a36958501057 + - **Opportunities**: Moving into new markets, potentially with a base + logseq.order-list-type:: number + from your existing product knowledge or + diversification through acquisition of other + companies + - Risk #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3eb7-4324-a291-ff338c5c5b0a + - The element of risk _increases the further the strategy moves away from known quantities_ the existing product and the existing market + - **Product development** (requiring, in effect, a new product) and market extension (a new market) involve a greater risk than market penetration + - **Diversification** (both new products and new markets) generally carries the greatest risk of all + - Opportunity identification process + - Establish **a charter** + - A **charter** :-> articulates **the goals of the organisation** + id:: 648adeaf-8034-4b4d-9b8f-c2bd5ac6b4c9 + (in relation to NPD) and establishes the **boundary + conditions for an innovation effort.** Charters can be + termed as mission statement for a new product. + - Generate and sense **many opportunities** + - Focus has to be both on **internal** and **external** sources of raw opportunities. Some of these are generated: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-0aae-4f4a-8463-5b3ae3ac5bd3 + - Internally + - R&D department + - Externally + - customer + - competitive product + - sales forces + - collab. with universities + - investors + - distribution partners + - other partner companies + - Sense opportunities: Where do they come from? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b639-4a63-96de-0c6fe8da2f31 + - Passively + - Proactively #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-2690-4d99-947d-07243006c606 + - Document **frustrations** and **complaints** that current **customers** experience with existing products + - Interview lead users, with attention devoted to + - **innovations** by these users and + - **modifications** these users may have + made to existing products + - **trends** + - Systematically gather suggestions from **current customers** + - **Competitors** + - **Transfer** emerging tech. + - **R&D**: _Research_ and _Development_ + - **Definition** :-> to develop new knowledge and apply scientific or engineering knowledge to connect the knowledge in one field to that in others + id:: 64858d63-a50c-47ac-b805-f31a915f1be2 + - Roles: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7c92-47f1-b472-b961486ade03 + - **Discovering and developing** new technologies Improving understanding of the technology in existing products + - **Improving and strengthening** understanding of technologies used in manufacturing + - **Understanding research results** from universities and other research institutions + - Areas: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-8615-41e8-a04c-750e66439bd7 + - R&D for existing businesses + - R&D for new businesses + - R&D for exploratory research + - **Screen** opportunities + - Purpose: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4e6e-4925-ae4a-fe540da85785 + - to eliminate any opportunities that are **unlikely to result in the creation of value**, + - to focus attention on the opportunities **worthy of further investigation** + - **not to** pick the _single best opportunity_! + - Approach: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-aee3-42e1-a238-429a8eba8b49 + - Web-based **surveys** + - Workshops with **multi-voting**: collaborative sessions or meetings where participants engage in a voting process to prioritize or make decisions on various options or ideas. + - Develop **promising opportunities** + - Details #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-1eba-4bb8-ae08-7408e2844da3 + - customer interviews, + - testing of existing products, + - concept generation, + - quick prototypes, + - estimates of market sizes and growth rates. + - Goal #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d526-4806-810a-24f52e5820f9 + - resolve the greatest uncertainty surrounding each one at the lowest cost in time and money. + - Select **exceptional opportunities** + - Goal #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b25f-4948-9137-298090ae8c93 + - select a few that warrant a significant investment in product development. + - Approach:**Real-Win-Worth-it** #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7e84-444b-9edc-54cb1d8aab8c + - **Real**: Is the opportunity real? + - **Win**: Can you win with this opportunity? + - **Worth** It: Is it worth doing? + - **Reflect** on the result and process. + id:: 648adeaf-d942-4fb1-a500-a6f66a6723e4 + Ask the following questions: #flashcard + - **How many** of the opportunities identified came from internal sources versus external sources? + - Did we consider **dozens or hundreds** of opportunities? + - Was the innovation charter **too narrowly focused**? + - Were our filtering criteria **biased**, or largely based on the best possible estimates of eventual product success? + - Are the resulting opportunities **exciting** to the team? + - + - ## topic 4 产品规划 Product Planning + collapsed:: true + - 概念 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4cad-4231-828e-13102f6cea50 + 产品规划 (product planning)流程发生在一个产品开发项目正式启动，大量的资源开始使 用及更大的开发团队形成之前。该流程将确定一个公司应该从事的项目组合 (portfolio, 或译 为项目投资组合),并决定什么时候从事什么子项目。产品规划流程确保产品开发项目可以支持公司未来更多的商业策略·This phase takes place before a product development project is formally approved·It takes place before substantial resources are applied ·It takes place before the larger development team is formed ·Product planning is an activity that ·considers the portfolio of projects that an organisation might pursue. i.e. what mix of new products and markets to develop, if they focus is on basic or applied research or diversification projects and ·determines what subset of these projects will be pursued over what time period + - 步骤 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-062d-4ec0-ae96-8aee97541d41 + - (1)确认市场机会 Identify Opportunities + - 规划流程始于对产品开发机会的识别，这种机会可能包括上述四种类型项目中的任何一 种。这一步可以看成是机会漏斗 (opportunity funnel), 因为它将来自整个公司的各种投入汇聚到一起。每个想法应该有一个简短的描述，包括产品概念、市场机会等。把这些想法方放到一起然后进行筛选·The first stage of the planning process is to identify product development opportunities·Each of the ideas should be expanded into a short description – including the potential business opportunity·These ideas can then be stored and revisited later·Each of the ideas should have a ‘champion’ who is responsible for supporting the idea through theprocess + - 项目评价和优先级排序 Evaluate and prioritise projects + - 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms 在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场 + - 竞争策略 competitive strategy 决定了它在市场和产品上针对竞争者的基本运作方法 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-32ed-4584-af75-bc7392e2f6a9 + * - ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies + * - ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency + * - ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences + * - ● 模仿策略 (imitative): 这一策略要求紧跟市场趋势，允许竞争者探索每一部分已获成功的新产品。当确定了可行机会之后，企业快速开始模仿成功竞争者的新产品。快速的 发流程对于这一策略的有效实施至关重要 When a clear opportunity has been identified and has been successful, the organisation launches a competitive version. + * - 市场细分 Market Segmentation 一般认为顾客属于市场的不同部分。把市场分为不同的部分，使企业能够按照各详细定义的顾客群来考虑竞争者的行动和企业已有产品的市场力度。通过将竞争者的产品和企业自己的产品对应到各个细分市场，企业就可以评价哪些产品机会最好，以揭示出企业自身的(或竞 争者的)产品生产线问题 Divide the market into segments in order to be more focused on the customer and competitors + * - 技术曲线 Technological Trajectories 在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range + * - 产品平台规划 Product Platform Planning 产品平台是指由一系列产品共享的一整套资产。通常，零件和部件是这些资产中最重要的部分。 一个有效的平台可以更快更容易地制造出许多衍生品，每种产品提供一个特定细分市场所需要的特点和功能由于平台开发项目在时间和资金上的消耗是衍生品开发项目的 2 ～ 10 倍，企业不可能使 每个项目都成为平台开发项目 + - 评 价 全 新 产 品 的 机 会（这个不是四个基本方面里的，但 PPT 里写出来了，应该是指在四个基本方面结束/以外的评估方法）除了已有产品领域的新型产品之外，企业还将面对许多机会，如新的市场或全新技术。 尽管在使用新技术或为进入新市场而进行的产品开发中投入紧缺资源有很大风险，但是这 种投入对于定期更新产品组合是必要的 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-a0fd-48ac-b086-2996279b109b + - ● 市场规模(单位/年 · 平均价格) + - ● 市场增长率(每年百分比) + - ● 竞争激烈程度(竞争者的数量和实力) + - ● 企业对市场的了解程度 + - ● 企业对技术的了解程度 + - ● 与企业其他产品的匹配 + - ● 与企业能力的匹配 + - ● 专利、商业秘密或其他竞争障碍的潜在压力 + - ● 企业中冠军产品 (product champion) 的存在 l Market size (units/year x average price)l Market growth rate (percent per year)l Competitive intensity (number of competitors and their strengths)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the marketevaluation criteria (contd.)l Depth of the firm’s existing knowledge of the technologyl Fit with the firm’s capabilitiesl Fit with the firm’s other productsl Potential for patents, trade secrets or other barriers to competitionl Existence of a product champion within the firm + - (3)资源分配和时间安排 Allocate resources and plan timing + - 资源分配 Resource Allocation 如果公司开发太多的项目而不考虑开发资源的有限性，那么有经验的工程师和经理就会被分配到越来越多的项目上，生产效率急剧下降，项目完成时间延长，产品上市迟缓，利润水平低下。l Over commitment of resources will inevitably lead to a drop in productivity l An example of over commitment would be allocating engineers and managers to more than one project (where they are already at full capacity working on one) + - 综合计划（这个也不属于它列出来的两个之一，但也不是总的概括。我也不知道 PPT 为什么放到资源分配之后，感觉是资源分配的一个概括，就先放着了） + - 项目时间安排 Project Timing #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-1ab0-4f0f-800a-58d2dc1f7d80 + - 产品上市时间： 通常情况下产品上市越快越好。但是，产品质量未达标就上市，会损害企业的声誉。Timing of product introductions - Time to Market (TTM) + - 技 术 储 备 ：基础技术的稳健性对于规划流程十分重要。 一 种被证实了的、成熟度高的技术可以快速可靠地集成到产品中去。 Technology readiness + - 市场准备： 产品上市的顺序决定了最初使用者的购买意图 — — 是先购买低端产品，再买 更高价的产品，还是直接购买价格高的高端产品。 一方面，改进的产品上市太快，会打击紧追产品更新步伐的顾客；另一反面，新品上市太慢会面临落后于竞争者的风险。 Market readiness + - 竞 争 ：竞争性产品的预期上市将会加快开发项目的进度。Competition + - product planl This is the set of projects approved by the planning processl These are sequenced in time l The plan may include a mix of fundamentally new products, platform projects and derivative projects l The updating of these plans is usually undertaken on a periodic basis e.g. quarterly or annually（这个同样不属于资源分配和时间安排里的两步，但是 PPT 放上去了） + - (4)完成项目前期规划 Complete pre-project planning + - 当项目确定下来，但是还未进行物质资源的分配时，就需要进行项目前期规划。这一过程涉及一个小的跨职能团队，通常被称为核心团队 (core team)，分别代表技术、市场、制造和服务部门等多方。¡ After project approval, but before the commitment of resources, a pre-project planning activity takes place¡ This activity involves a small, cross-functional team – the Core Team + id:: 648adeaf-912a-48e7-989a-170e51c95b02 + * 任务陈述（mission statement） + * - ● 对产品的概括性描述 (用一句话描述):这一描述通常包括产品的主要用途，但要避免包含特定的产品概念。实际上它可以是产品的前景说明。 A brief description of the product + * - ● 获益方案 (或称为获益建议， benefit proposition): 这一部分阐述了顾客会购买商品的几个关键原因。Typically includes the key customer benefit of the product + * - ● 主要商业目标： 除了支持公司战略的项目目标之外，这些目标通常包括时间、成本和质量目标(如产品的上市时间、预期财务效益和市场份额目标等)。 ¡ The goals which support the corporate strategy ¡ The goals for l Time e.g. timing for product introduction l Cost e.g. desired financial performance l Quality + * - ● 产品目标市场： 每一种产品可能会有几个目标市场。任务陈述的这一部分确定了一级市场和二级市场。 Target market for the product Primary and secondary markets that should be considered in the development effort + * - ● 指导开发工作的设想和限制： 必须仔细地制定设想，尽管它会限制可能的产品概念范 围，但是它有助于项目管理。有关设想和限制的决策信息可以附加到任务书中。 Assumptions and constraints that guide the development effort + * - ● 利益相关者 (stakeholder): 确保开发流程中的细微问题均被考虑到的一种方法是，清楚地列出产品的所有利益相关者，也就是所有受产品成败影响的人群。利益相关者列表以末端使用者(最终的外部顾客)和做出产品购买决定的外部顾客开始，包括企业内 部与产品相关的人，如经销商、服务商和生产部门。利益相关者列表可以提醒团队考 虑被产品影响到的每个人的需求。¡ List all of the product’s stakeholders to ensure that many of the subtle development issues are addressed ¡ The list of stakeholders serves as a reminder for the team to consider the needs of everyone who will be influenced by the product + - (5)对结果和过程进行反思 Reflect on the results and the process + - 在规划流程的最后一步，团队应该问几个关于评价过程和结果质量的问题。我们推荐的问题是： + * ● 机会漏斗收集到各种令人激动的产品机会了吗? + * ● 产品规划支持企业的竞争策略吗? + * ● 产品规划是否针对企业现在面临的最重要的机遇? + * ● 分配给产品开发的资源足以贯彻企业的竞争策略吗? + * ● 使有限资源发挥最大作用的方法被充分考虑了吗?例如产品平台的使用、合资，以及 与供应商合作等。 + * ● 核心团队接受最终任务书的挑战了吗? + * ● 任务书的各个部分一致吗? + * ● 任务书的假定条件真的必要吗?项目的限制过多吗?开发团队能自由开发最好的产 品吗? + * ● 怎样才能改进产品规划流程? + - 不重视产品开发的公司所面临的的问题 + ● 不能以有竞争力的产品占有足够的目标市场份额。 + * ● 产品引入市场的时间安排不合理。 + * ● 总开发能力与所从事的项目数量不匹配。 + * ● 资源分配不合理， 一些项目人员过多而另外一些却人手不足。 + * ● 构思错误的项目，启动后又取消。 + * ● 项目方向经常变动。l ·Inadequate coverage of target markets with competitive products l ·Poor timing of market introductions of products l ·Mismatches between aggregate development capacity and the number of projects pursued l ·Poor distribution of resources, with some projects overstaffed and others understaffed l ·Initiation and subsequent cancellation of illconceived projects l ·Frequent changes in the directions of projects + - 产品开发的四种类型 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-e57f-4391-941d-e3eb842cf401 + - ● 全新产品 (fundamentally new products): 这类项目涉及全新的产品或生产技术，并由此进入一个新的、不熟知的市场。这种项目本质上存在更大的风险，但是，公司的长期成功可能要依赖从这种重要的项目中获得的经验。New product or production technology for new and unfamiliar markets + 新产品平台 (new product platform): 这类项目主要致力于在一个新的通用平台基础开发出一个新产品家族，这一新产品家族将进入相关市场和产品领域。New products for familiar markets and product categories + - ● 已有产品平台的衍生品 (derivatives of existing product platform): 这类项目是在已有产品平台上进行扩展，用一种或多种新产品更好地占有相关市场。Projects extend an existing product platform to better addresses familiar markets with one or two more products + - ● 对已有产品的改进 (incremental improvements to existing products): 这类项目只是增加或改进已有产品的特点，以使生产线跟上潮流和具有竞争力。May only involve adding or modifying some features of existing products to keep the product line current and competitive + - ## Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development) + id:: 64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735 + collapsed:: true + - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) + - **Definition** :-> the function that links the consumer, customer + id:: 648adeaf-8e4d-45b4-bfb1-048cc3f2da61 + and public to the marketer through information + – information used + - **Goal**: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-fd48-4e98-aca8-0f44f0a6b478 + - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; + - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; + - to monitor marketing performance; + - to improve understanding of the marketing process + - When to use it? + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) + - **Gather** raw **data** from customers #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-3531-4f3e-a109-f93735a1ba1b + - **Interviews**: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer + - **Focus groups**: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers + - **Observing** the product in use + - **Surveys**: direct mail or web-based questionnaires; + - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer needs #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-4f6e-407d-b13f-4edbf4d3040d + - The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to + express the customers’ needs in terms of what the + product has to do, not in terms of how it might do + - Use positive, not negative phrasing + - Express the needs as attributes of the product + - Organize **the needs** into a hierarchy of needs + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - **Structure** the needs into #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-fd65-423d-b7b7-1a3078a23fab + - **Must-haves** – _“I wont buy without”_ + - **Delighters** – _“What an unexpected treat”_ + - **Linear Satisfiers** – _“The more the merrier”_ + - **Neutrals** – _“No big deal”_ + - This is the _Kano_ classification + - Consumer needs can be very **elusive** + - **Intuitions** are often wrong + - Establish the **relative importance** of the needs #flashcard + logseq.order-list-type:: number + id:: 648adeaf-eb26-44b8-9d91-4cf891c7fc22 + - Measuring **preference** is central to market research + - **Reflect** on the results and the process + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - Questions to ask: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-ad74-4dde-a94d-fcae5b2f4bb0 + - Have we interacted with all **important customers** in + our target market? + - Can we see the **latent needs** of customers beyond + our current product range? + - Can we **further involve** any of the customers in our + product development? + - Did we involve the **right people** in our organisation? + - Can we **improve** our process? + - DONE Week 2 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2 + - ## Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发 + id:: 6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t6 + - What is Concept Development? 概念开发是什么 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-0ddf-46dc-a1ad-0ad4b31fdd1a + collapsed:: true + - The needs of the target market are identified + Alternative product concepts are generated and + evaluated 需求 + - One or more concepts are selected for further + development and testing 多种概念被生成，经过挑选后选择其中一个 + - A concept is a description of the form, function + and features of a product 概念是一个产品的描述，功能和特性 + Evaluation and screening criteria are used to aid + in the selection 评估和测试可以辅助选择（screen = test） + - Usually accompanied by a set of specifications, an + analysis of competitive products and an economic + justification for the project 伴随着来自个方面的要求，与竞争对手的比较和分析，还有经济方面的考虑（能不能赚钱） + - This can be concluded as 图解如下 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289806889_0.png) + - #### Identify Customer Needs 用户需求是什么 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-2226-4c18-87eb-3053656b2e91 + collapsed:: true + - to understand customers needs, + then to effectively communicate them to the + development team 和研发队伍沟通 + The output of this step is: + Customer need statements organised in a + hierarchical list, with importance weightings + for many or all of the needs 把用户的需求整理成加权列表 + - #### Establishing target specifications 确立规格要求 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5121-4337-9752-7ec836ad4c56 + collapsed:: true + - 1. Prepare the list of metrics, i.e. the technical or + manufacturing features of the product based on + the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表 + - 2. Collect competitive benchmarking information 竞争对手的产品性能 + - 3. Set ideal and marginally acceptable target values 理想的和可接受的要求 + - 4. Reflect on the results and the process 通过结果和进一步完善 + - #### Concept generation 想一个概念 + collapsed:: true + - Steps: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5da3-4fba-adaa-1f13b027770a + collapsed:: true + - external search 在外面搜索 + - creative problem solving within the team, and 团队灵机一动 + - systematic exploration of the various solution + fragments the team generates 系统地寻找解决方法 + - The result of this activity is usually a set of 10-20 + concepts – each is typically represented by a sketch + and a brief descriptive text 产生 10-20 个概念 + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289726119_0.png) + - #### Concept selection 选一两个出来 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-c28e-4998-b7ac-d3c5edabfe1e + collapsed:: true + - the activity in which various + product concepts are analysed and sequentially + eliminated to identify the most promising + concept(s) + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289907417_0.png){:height 564, :width 688} + - There are 5 stages to the screening and + id:: 648adeaf-63e1-4b70-bb5e-b41aa40a665c + collapsed:: true + evaluation process: 用以下方式选择好的概念 #flashcard + - 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the + previous slides can be developed further using a + scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试 + - id:: 648afdb9-8b42-4bdb-833d-659318935512 + 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to + explain a concept 和客户沟通 #flashcard + - informal technical discussions with experts + - extensive analysis by a 3 rd party + - Involves the use of screening models and computer assessment programs + - apreliminary marketing plans, + - technical plans, + - financial reviews and + - projected budgets + - #### Concept testing 测试 + collapsed:: true + - There are 7 steps to this process #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9fef-44f8-a1da-71324dfce1a1 + collapsed:: true + - 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的 + - 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象 + - 3. Choose a survey format 格式 + - 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念 + - 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想 + - 6. Interpret the results 分析结果 + - 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进 + - #### Setting final specifications 最终规格 + Target specifications are revisited after a concept has been selected and tested + - #### Project planning 计划 + collapsed:: true + - The final activity of concept development + - Steps: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5cfc-4ef2-8ba3-53278f179e33 + - creates a detailed development schedule 产品开发时间线 + - devises a strategy to minimise development time and 定一个计划 + - identifies the resources required to complete the project 需求是什么 + - #### Economic analysis + collapsed:: true + - 拿出去卖亏不亏钱 + - #### Benchmarking & modelling + collapsed:: true + - 和竞争对手比较，品质行不行 + - ## Topic 7: Innovation + id:: 64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t7 + - ### Definition of Innovation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-19e3-4987-a5d1-d0f6b21e814e + - Innovation is :-> successful implementation of a new or + id:: 648b42e9-846d-441d-9588-5878b036cc53 + significantly improved product (good or service), or + process, a new marketing method, or a new + organisational method in business practices, + workplace organisation or external relations. + - ### Categories: + - Product innovation + - Advantages #flashcard + id:: 648ba6cf-fb81-49b4-88fc-585414facef1 + - Increased market share + - Public relations – e.g. news coverage + - Enhanced reputation as an innovative company + - Opportunity to build early customer loyalty + - Added value + - However, creation of + - Higher prices and profitability + - some innovative + - products can instigate + - Competitive advantage + - Process innovation + - Advantages #flashcard + id:: 648ba6dd-3e44-4c80-a5ad-cd24eeaa972b + - Reduced costs + - Improved quality + - More responsive customer service + - Greater flexibility + - ### Types of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-1355-48de-91ae-ea4bc4b4d816 + There are different types of innovation, including: #flashcard + - Product Innovation The development of a new or improved product + - Process innovation The development of a new manufacturing + process + - Organisational innovationA new venture division, a new internal + communication system, introduction of a new + accounting procedure + - Management innovationTQM (Total Quality Management) systems. BPR + (business process re-engineering) + - Production innovationQuality circles, just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing + system, new production planning software + - Commercial/marketing innovation New financing arrangements, new sales + approach e.g. direct marketing, e-commerce + Service innovation Telephone financial services or on-line services + e.g. customer support + - ### Models of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-2f3b-4ccc-a949-915a03aac808 + Innovation can follow different models, such as: #flashcard + - Linear model: involves a sequential process of research, development, and commercialization. + - Technology push + - Market pull + - Universities & industry liaison + - Simultaneous coupling: involves a continuous process of feedback and iteration. + - interactive: takes simultaneous coupling one step further, Innovations occur due to work in universities, industry and from market demand + - ### Characteristics of Innovative Companies + id:: 648adeaf-9213-4326-9e55-82d61f9a3b0c + Innovative companies share certain characteristics, such as: #flashcard + - A willingness to take risks and experiment with new ideas. + - A focus on customer needs and preferences. + - A culture that encourages creativity, collaboration, and learning. + - A commitment to continuous improvement and innovation. + - ### Strategies for Fostering a Culture of Innovation + id:: 648adeaf-8bb5-48bc-b238-aa0f9c52f7e4 + Companies can foster a culture of innovation by: #flashcard + - Providing resources, such as funding, time, and expertise, to support innovation initiatives. + - Encouraging collaboration and cross-functional teams. + - Rewarding creativity and risk-taking. + - Creating a supportive and inclusive work environment. + - ### Examples of Innovative Companies and Products + collapsed:: true + There are many examples of innovative companies and products, such as: + - Apple: known for its innovative products, such as the iPhone and iPad. + - Tesla: known for its innovative electric vehicles and renewable energy solutions. + - Sinclair C5: an innovative electric vehicle developed in the 1980s that was ahead of its time. + - ### Further Resources + The PDF provides links to further resources for learning about innovation, such as a video and short videos about new inventions. These resources can help individuals and companies stay up-to-date on the latest trends and developments in innovation and product development. + - ## Topic 8: Digital Transofrmation and Digital Products + id:: 64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95 + collapsed:: true + - Digital Transformation + collapsed:: true + - Terms + collapsed:: true + - **Digitisation** is :-> the process of converting information from analog to digital. + id:: 64856c7b-d844-4f23-845c-1c4b74eebc0c + - **Digitalisation** is :-> the process of using digitised information to make established ways of working simpler and more efficient. + id:: 64856c7b-9aea-4afe-a16d-b0f7a61a2bcc + - **Digital transformation** is :-> the process of using digital technologies to create new — or modify existing — business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business and market requirements + id:: 64856c7b-6270-4c9a-9f96-920cc6d57636 + - **Types** of Digital transformation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-d4a0-44f6-bbc3-a9d21a773c69 + collapsed:: true + - **Process Transformation** :-> aims to process such as data, analytics, AI, and any process that can work towards lowering costs and driving operational efficiency in the business. + id:: 64856c69-52d5-40b7-9497-52567a02ce7f + - **Business Model Transformation** :-> aims to make fundamental changes in how a business or organization runs which can include personnel, processes, and technology. + id:: 64856c7b-7b10-4cc5-a0c9-69900f0ccb14 + - **Domain Transformation** :-> This area offers a great opportunity to move into a new domain or area that a business may not have explored before by acquiring new technologies. + id:: 64856c7b-1aaf-4be3-949f-aed8563d07bf + - **Cultural/Organizational Transformation** :-> This is about redefining mindsets, processes, capabilities and skills for a digital world. It’s about driving digital transformation forward through growth initiatives that are grounded in a new culture and way of thinking. + id:: 648594af-cbc3-4a32-b6cc-56e47df1124e + - **Guidelines** for a successful Digital Transformation #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-bb84-41c5-93bf-bb4feb5f8f6d + collapsed:: true + - Understand your technology + - Embrace Cultural Change + - Consider a new digital business model + - Digital upskilling + - Ensure Collaboration + - Top Management Support + - Digital Product + collapsed:: true + - Characteristics #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-5f9b-4d8b-a56c-dcdcec706fc2 + collapsed:: true + - no physical form, exist only in the digital realm, + - _intangible_ items delivered _electronically_, + - anything that can be _downloaded_ and _used digitally_ can be considered a digital product, + - sold online or through brick-and-mortar retailers, + - can be easily updated or modified to keep up with changing technology and trends because they're intangible, + - often come with a license that allows a customer to use them in unlimited ways. + - Will everything become digital? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-9acb-4ea2-938a-8ffdb701d897 + collapsed:: true + - In practice, most products and experiences they are part of are _hybrid_. + - **Why** digital products? #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-bc9c-4763-9fd9-257d6422ea59 + collapsed:: true + - Customer happiness is how you win in business. Modern customer expectations are being driven by largely digital technology and digital innovations. + - Low investment, (potentially) high returns + - More profitable than physical goods + - No inventory, shipping or rent hassle + - Automated delivery for passive income + - Serve a niche at scale + - Digital products offer unique ways to communicate directly with the customers. + - Digital Project Development #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-3f04-491f-9c27-31923ca289b0 + collapsed:: true + - Phase 1. **Discovery** :-> the process of identifying the problem to be + id:: 648adeaf-d69b-4b37-ae1c-fe56af28f8ed + solved, making sure the problem is worth solving, and + envisioning the solution to that problem. + - Phase 2. **Ideate** :-> The goal is to brainstorm possible solutions to the + id:: 648adeaf-9927-4e22-90f0-88b5e42c5c99 + problem identified in the discovery phase, creating a + strategy for how to build a product that will solve that + problem. + - Phase 3. **Test** :-> The testing phase is all about gathering data, + id:: 648adeaf-5010-4af8-a168-559b91adefeb + refining and improving your idea, and gathering more data + until you have a sharp idea. The testing phase should + involve at least four steps, known as the lean validation + process + - Phase 4. **Execute** :-> This stage aims to develop the“most + id:: 648adeaf-6ff8-4ce2-8567-1853d5bf63e0 + valuable player” namely the _Minimum Viable + Product (MVP)._ + - Phase 5. **Launch** :-> Once your MVP is ready to go, it’s time to launch. A + id:: 648adeaf-9b1a-4fb3-a36a-9b05174e52ef + digital product launch usually means putting the MVP + on the market and giving customers their first crack at + your solution. + - Phase 6. **Grow** :-> As refine the digital product into its final form, based on + id:: 648adeaf-f8a3-4503-b1f2-526ff4b58779 + the feedback from the MVP launch, it’s time to consider + the growth or scaling phase. + - Digital Project Management + collapsed:: true + - Terms + collapsed:: true + - **Digital Project Manager** :-> the glue that brings + id:: 648adeaf-2034-426d-ab31-c83d06e1c0b9 + together many facets of a successful digital product— + customers, design, engineering, operations, sales, + marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more. + - **Project Team for Digital Products**: + collapsed:: true + A project team for digital product is made up of: + - **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers. + - **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers + - **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product. + - mistakes to avoid #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-6b3a-4fb1-afe9-fd8d786f6db3 + collapsed:: true + - Having the _wrong data_ + - _Resistance_ from staff + - Underestimate _costs_ + - A lack of _commitment_ + - A lack of _skills_ + - ## Topic 10: ==Intellectual Property== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w2/t10 + collapsed:: true + - 知识产权分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae540-d111-47d6-8742-5709ab330e29 + - 专利 (patent):专利是政府向发明人授予的暂时垄断权，以排除他人使用该发明。在美国，专利有效期自其存档日期起共20年。“ 专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约”专利是由政府授予的有限时间的垄断，作为交换，它向公众传授新的有用的知识 其目的是通过授予临时垄断来鼓励一个经济体内部的创造力和创新·a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention ¡ ·“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state¡· A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge ¡ ·The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopolyThis means that individuals and organisations will know that any l· idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and l ·any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others（也就是说个人和组织将知道他们所研发的想法将得到保护，同时任何投资回报（ROI）将由他们获得，而不是别人） + - ◦ 专利分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae546-f71a-4320-bb7c-15340bcd6e77 + - ▪ 设计专利(design patent)设计专利提供了一种法定权利，可以排除其他人用与设 计专利中描述的相同的装饰性设计来生产和销售一件产品。设计专利可以被看成是一件产品 装饰性设计的“版权”。 + extra:: 'Registered design' and 'Design patent' are two terms are often used interchangeably. They are similar rights, used to protect the aesthetic appearance of a product, but they arise in different jurisdictions. + - ▪ 实用新型专利 (utility patent)美国法律允许为与下列事物有关的发明申请专利：新工艺、机器、制品、合成物，以及对 上述事物新的和有用的改进。Patents are granted to individuals and organisations who can lay claim to a new product or manufacturing process, or to an improvement of an existing product or process that was not previously known（只用记这个） + - • 法律要求被授予专利的发明的要求、特点 ：Patents – Requirements + - ◦ 工业应用Industrial application如果发明可以是机器、产品或工艺，则该发明应被视为能够进行工业应用专利是关于产品 /工艺的，因此最终目标是行业应用。即被授予专利的发明必须在某种情况下对某些人有用·The invention shall be taken to be capable of industrial application if it can be a machine, product or processl ·Patents are about products/processes and therefore the final aim is industry application (unlike, for example, PhD research) + - ◦ 新颖 (novel): 新颖的发明是还没有公开的，在现有产品、出版物或先前专利中未见的发明。新颖性的定义还与实际发明的披露有关。·‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’ – the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK) ¡ ·A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid在英国，如果你要申请一个专利，它必须从未在公众里出现过 + - ◦ 创造性步骤Inventive step当对本领域技术人员来说不显而易见时，发明应被视为包括创造性步骤‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘ + - ◦ 专利的花费The cost of patents #flashcard + id:: 648ae578-d2df-4a05-8b3f-c14cb0c6c9eb + - ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required :-> 可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损） + id:: 648ae582-c9b5-4239-9d3b-8067a3537035 + - ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents :-> 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others + id:: 648ae585-7f30-4254-a523-9097bb9aa003 + - ▪ 法院费用Court fees :-> 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce it ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts + id:: 648ae587-c976-430d-9f2a-f1b4627252b7 + - ◦ 关键术语Patents – Key Terms + - ▪ 上诉权Offensive right :-> 要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为 requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款） + id:: 648ae591-defb-43aa-8dbb-cc7da735911d + - ▪ 现有技术Prior art :-> 专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly + id:: 648ae594-2c94-4a76-b55c-7796c9b2b747 + - ▪ 防御性权利Defensive right :-> 以专利形式公开现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护。它可以阻止竞争对手为公开的发明申请专利。因此，尽早申请很重要·the disclosure of this prior art in the form of the patent is a defensive protection for the owner – it can block a competitor from patenting the disclosed inventionl· Therefore it is important to apply early（比如现在有一项技术，你和你的竞争对手都在研究。如果你提前把这个技术申请专利的话，那么这个技术就归你所有，别人就不能用或者用了要给你交钱，这样就能在技术上占据优势，来保护自己的公司。由于专利是先到先得，所以如果别人先申请了的话你就申请不了了） + id:: 648ae597-8660-4209-bbf6-4e3a658f536c + - ◦ 专利地域性：国际专利条约一般是指，在决定谁在其他国家享有优先权时，以你在自己国家的申请日为申请日 + - ◦ 专利的好处 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5be-f9c8-49f4-9b6d-aa644128135b + - ▪ 在专利期限内，只有所有者 (个人或组织 )才能从发明中受益。Only the owner (individual or organisation) can benefit from the invention for the duration of the patent + - 专利所有者可以自己在法商业上利用他们的想，Patent owners can commercially exploit their ideas themselves + - 也可以向其他机构收取专利使用费，从而找到一个替代收入来源。·or they can charge other organisations to use their patent – thereby identifying an alternative source of income + - 这在组织没有资源或市场知识来开发与专利相关的发明时特别有用·¡ ·This is particularly useful where an organisation does not have the resources or market knowledge to exploit the invention associated with the patent（比如使用专利权/专有技术使用权入股） + - ◦ 专利限制 + - ▪ 原则上，必须申请专利。申请专利的国家为了享有专利保护，专利申请应符合形式和实质要求，专利发明应向公众公开。这些要求在法律上和技术上可能很复杂，遵守这些要求通常需要法律专家的帮助。如果专利侵权，就要由专利所有人在法庭上为专利辩护，这对小企业来说可能非常昂贵，而且通常是不可能的。保持专利有效需要年费¡ ·A patent must be applied for, in principle, in each country in which you seek patent ¡ ·In order to enjoy patent protection, an application for a patent shall comply with both formal and substantive requirements, and a patented invention shall be disclosed to the public¡· These requirements can be legally and technically complex, and their compliance often requires a legal expert’s assistance ¡ ·It is up to the patent owner to defend a patent in the courts if there is infringement, which can prove very expensive and often impossible for a small business¡ ·Annual fees are needed to keep the patent in force首先是专利申请很难，你要符合专利申请的条件。其次申请后的专利应该向共中披露，对于有些公司来说可能不愿意公开。而专利又是个很复杂的事情，不仅要有技术专家还得请法律专家。如果侵权诉讼你要支付一笔昂贵的律师费用和其他费用，而且一般来说专利侵权能难界定，并且很难打官司同时每年还得上交专利年费。 + - ◦ 专利里的内容 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5c8-e194-4a0a-ada3-3ac640729f64 + - ▪ ·发明领域¡ ·Field of the inventionl ¡ · + - 描述解决的问题·Describe the problem addressed¡ + - 发明背景·Background of the invention + - 描述“现有技术” Describe the “prior art” + - 列出优于现有方法的优势·ll List advantages over existing methods + - 发明内容·Summary of the invention + - 详细描述最佳模式Detailed descriptionl Best mode + - :实现本发明的最佳方式使用示例和实施模式·the best way to implement the invention Examples of use and modes of implementation + - 要求这项发明到底是什么 Claims What exactly is the invention + - ◦ 申请专利的六个步骤 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5e3-1eb4-4d37-97ce-c4226124d6ac + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686824439230_0.png) + - 商标 (trademark): 商标是政府授予商标拥有人的、与一类产品或服务相关的特定名 称或标志的排他性使用权。商标的基本功能是专门识别产品或服务的来源或原产地，因此它是原产地标记与商业形象、商誉密切相关。商标专用权产生于与商品和服务有关的标志的使用，它持续 10年，之后只要没有异议，它可以反复更新¡· The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so it serves as a badge of origin¡ ·Closely associates with business image, goodwilland reputation¡ ·Trademark exclusive rights arise from the use of the sign in relation to goods and services, it lasts 10years after which it can be renewed repeatedly for as long as there are no objections + - ◦ 注册商标的法律要求 + - ▪ 注册的法律要求 : #flashcard + id:: 648ae61f-665c-4e88-8801-17a4c6f34ed2 + - 1.一个标志A sign + - 2.与起源不同Distinctive as to origin + - 3.能够以清晰、精确的方式表现出来Capable of being represented in a clearand precise manner + - 某些标志永远不能注册 :-> 不是标志，没有特色，描述性，违反公共政策，欺骗性，等等。有些商标不能注册，因为市场上已经存在相同或相似的商标 + id:: 648ae62b-2880-4605-8aef-ebd61a95b160 + - 产品外观设计designs for product appearance产品整体或部分的特征，特别是产品本身或其装饰的线条、轮廓、颜色、形状、纹理或材料只有其实际形状、结构、图案或装饰所赋予的外观才能得到保护，而不是任何潜在的想法它赋予所有者在其地理管辖范围内 (英国 /欧盟 )阻止任何人复制其产品外部设计的权利.在美国设计专利注册可以持续 25年，但必须每五年更新一次`A registered design protects the external shape of the productl `Only the appearance given by its actual shape, configuration, pattern or ornament can be protected, not any underlying idea ¡` It gives the owner the right to stop anyone copying the external design of their product, within their geographical jurisdiction (UK / EU)¡ ·In the US similar protection exists under the concept of a design patent¡ T·he registration can last 25 years, but it must be renewed at five-yearly intervals + - ◦ 注册要求 + - ▪ 1.新颖 + - 2.有个性 + - 版权 (copyright): 版权是政府授予的复制和传播某原始作品的排他性权利，包括文字、 图形、音乐、艺术、娱乐、软件等。 + - 版权保护仅延伸到表达方式，而不延伸到思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。为了版权的存在，作品必须 :原创性要求并不要求作品是原创思想的表达，但表达思想的方式必须是原源自作者，以及属于受保护的主题¡ ·Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, including computer programs and databases are protected by copyright for duration of the author’s life + 70 years after their death ¡ ·Sound recordings, films, broadcasts and cable programmes, the typographical arrangement or layout of a published edition are protected by related rights for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made available to the public (except for films) + - ◦ 专有权、保护形势 + - ▪ 1.它从第一次被记录的那一刻起自动产生，不需要任何正式的登记 + - 2.版权授予专有权，如复制作品、向公众传播、提供或分发作品的权利 + - 3.奏鸣曲将作为作者作品受到版权保护，奏鸣曲的录音将受到相关权利的保护1.It arises automatically from the moment it has beenfirst recorded and does not require any formal registration2.Copyright grants exclusive rights such as to the right to reproduce the work,communicate it to the public,make it available, or distribute it3.A sonata will be protected as an authorial work by copyright, a sound recording of the sonata will be protected by related rights + - 知识产权战略：保护公司无形资产 #flashcard + id:: 648ae67f-8cbb-47cd-bb19-166f4a8d926d + - 产品 /服务开发Product / service development + - 知识产权保护IP Protection + - 知识产权商业化IP Commercialization + - 构思过程Ideation process + - 知识产权定义 #flashcard + id:: 648ae68b-e450-490f-a0bb-90055a272ab7 + - 知识产权，通常被称为 IP，是指由人类智力或创造性活动创造的无形资产。Intellectual property, often known as IP, refers to intangible assets created by human intellectual or creative activity + - 知识产权允许人们像拥有有形财产一样拥有自己的创造力和创新。 Intellectual property rights (IPRs) allow people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. + - 所有者可以控制并从使用他们的知识产权中获得回报，这鼓励了进一步的创新和创造，对我们所有人都有好处。The owner can control and be rewarded for the use of their IP, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all. + - DONE Week 3 + - ## Topic 11: ==System Level Design== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w3/t11 + collapsed:: true + - 系统级设计（System-level Design）产品架构可以描述为 :Product Architecture can be described as: #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-baec-4117-9da9-5c12dcb2dd38 + collapsed:: true + - 1."the **scheme** by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact” + - 2.**Functional** – individual operations and transformations that contribute to its overall performance + - 3.**Physical** – parts, components and subassemblies that implement the product’s functions + - 目的 :-> 架构决策允许将这些物理模块的详细设计和测试分配给团队、个人和 /或供应商，以便不同部分的开发可以同时进行 Architectural decisions allow the detailed design and testing of these physical blocks to be assigned to teams, individuals, and/or suppliers, so that the development of different portions can be carried out simultaneously + id:: 648adea3-e0aa-4145-888e-45d2711be5ae + - 模块化架构 Modular & integral architecture: types of modular architecture #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b4ef-4ae0-aac3-74b22ee2c63a + collapsed:: true + - ◦ 模块化架构 modular architecture 特点： #flashcard + extra:: 理解：当每个功能都只被一个组件完成时，并且组件之间的配合十分完美时，这种架构允许在不改变的情况下只改变一组而不影响整体功能。也就是说各个组件可以单独设计 + id:: 648afdb9-ff7c-4958-8c43-61f5f2e9c502 + collapsed:: true + - 1.各个组件分别实现一个或多个功能Each chunk implements one or a few functions entirely. · + - 2.组件之间的关系是明确的，这种关系往往是实现一个产品功能的基础 ·The interactions between chunks are well defined. ·Modular architecture has simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform. + - ▪ 槽形模块架构 Slot-modular (the most common type) #flashcard + extra:: 例子：汽车上的收音机接口与速度仪、仪表盘的接口都不同 + id:: 648afdb9-30e4-4982-bcf6-511478cabfdc + collapsed:: true + - 每个接口都与于其它接口类型不同， Each of the interfaces between chunks in a slot-modular architecture is of a different type from the others – + - 产品中的组件不能互换 therefore the various chunks in the product cannot be interchanged + - ▪ 总线模型 Bus-modular #flashcard + extra:: 例子：轨道照明 + id:: 648afdb9-d501-4bcb-a79e-8a859f57c162 + collapsed:: true + - 有一个通用总线，其他组件通过同类型的接口连接到这个总线上 There is a common bus to which the other chunks connect via the same type of interface + - ▪ 组合型模块架构 Sectional-modular + extra:: 例子：分体沙发 + collapsed:: true + - 所有接口都是同类型的，但是没有一个所有组件都与之相联的元件。 1.All interfaces are of the same type, there is no single element to which all the other chunks attach + - 组装是通过将同样的接口相连接而完成的2.The assembly is built up by connecting the chunks to each other via identical interfaces + - ▪ There are implications to the decisions you make about product architecture · + collapsed:: true + - Product change + - ·Modular chunks allow changes to be made to a few isolated functional elements of the product without necessarily affecting the design of other chunks · + - Motives for change include #flashcard + id:: 648afb1a-e204-4958-9376-00dff9d8890f + collapsed:: true + - upgrades, add-ons, + - adaptation, + - wear, + - consumption + - , flexibility in use, + - reuse + - ▪Product **variety** l Variety refers to :-> the range of product models the firm can produce within a particular time period in response to market demand + id:: 648adea3-42a7-4192-8e0e-9bd19e753f1d + collapsed:: true + - Products built around modular product architectures can be more easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing system + - ◦ 集成化架构 Integral architecture 特点： #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-dd91-4bd0-99fc-9e1ff3d553e3 + collapsed:: true + - 1.产品的每个功能由多个组件组成Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks, or a chunk may implement many functions + - 2.每个组件参与多个功能的单元实现The interactions between chunks are poorly + defined + - 3.组件之间的互相关系不明确，这种相互关系对基本功能来说不重要 理解：不同于模块化结构，因为集成化结构的功能是由多个组件构成的，所以改变一个功能或者零件都涉及到多个组件的改变 Integral architecture generally increases performance and reduces costs for any specific product model. + - 建立产品架构（四步法） + collapsed:: true + - ◦ 创建产品示意图 Create a schematic of the product + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 示意图 (schematic) 反映了开发人员对产品组成的认识； 不包含全部细节； 示意图不是唯一的 + - ◦ 对示意图中的元素(单元)进行聚类 (cluster) Cluster the elements of the schematic + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 把示意图中的每个元素都划分到相应的组件中去； 为了控制这些选择的复杂性，可以假定每个元素都形成一个独立的组件，然 后在有利的情况下不断加以合并。为了确定哪些合并是有利的，需要考虑以下因素，这些因 素反映了前文所讨论的产品架构的内涵： #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-09a3-488f-8f99-58d7804d2e0b + collapsed:: true + - • ·几何集成与精确性 Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员 �� 好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。 l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a single individual or group to control the physical relationships among the elements l ·Elements requiring precise location or close geometric integration can often be best designed if they are part of the same chunk + - • ·功能共享 Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement several functional elements of the product, these functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car + - • ·供应商能力 Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team may choose to cluster those elements about which the vendor has expertise into one chunk + - • ·设计或技术生产的相似性 Similarity of design or production technology 当两个或更多的功能单元可能用同样的设计或生产技术完 成时，将这些元素集成到同一组件中将会使设计或生产更经济 When two or more functional elements are likely to be implemented using the same design and/or production technology, then incorporating these elements into the same chunk may allow for more economical design and/or production + - • ·集中修改 Localisation of change 当开发人员预计某些单元可能要做大量的修改时，就有必要把该单元独立为 一个模块化的组件，这样对该组件的修改就不会影响到其他的组件。 When a team expects there to be a great deal of change in an element, it makes sense to isolate that element into its own modular chunk l In that way, any necessary changes to the element can be carried out without disrupting any of the other chunks + - • ·适合多样化 Accommodating variety 示意图中元素的聚类应该有利于企业按照客户的具体要求来对产品做出 改动。打印机将在全世界电力标准不同的各个地区销售。所以，开发团队为与直流供 电有关的元素建立了单独的组件。 ·Elements should be clustered together to enable the firm to vary the product in ways that will have value for customers l ·Example – a power supply needs to handle different mains supplies in different countries + - • ·标准化 Enabling standardisation 如果有一套元件在其他的产品中也可以使用，那么应该把它们集成到一个组件中。这样可以提高组件中各实体单元的生产质量。 l ·If a set of elements will be useful in other products, they should be clustered together into a single chunk l· This allows the physical elements of the chunk to be produced in higher quantities + - • ·关联的便利性：有些相互作用可以在长距离内方便地传递。 + - ◦ 设计简略的几何结构 Create a rough geometric layout + collapsed:: true + - 几何结构可以采用草图、计算机模型或物理模型(例如卡板纸或泡沫制成)在二维平面或者三维空间中进行设计。设计几何结构时，设计人员要考虑组件之间的几何关系是否可以实现，并确定组件间的基本空间关系。 A geometric layout can be created in 2 or 3 dimensions or as physical models l· an example can be found on a later slide ¡ ·Creating a geometric layout forces the team to consider l ·whether the geometric interfaces among the chunks are feasible and l ·to work out the basic dimensional relationships among the chunks + - ◦ 确定基本的和附属的相互作用关系 Identify the fundamental and incidental  interactions + collapsed:: true + - ▪ 各个组件可能是由不同的个人或小组设计的。组件之间存在着确定或不确定的相互作用关 系，所以各个小组要协调他们的设计，交流各自的信息。为了更好地管理这种协作过程，开发人员应该在系统设计阶段明确组件之间那些已知的相互作用。 + - 组件之间的联系有两种类型。 + collapsed:: true + - 首先是基本的相互作用关系 (fundamental interaction), 它与 示意图中连接各组件的那些线条相对应。例如， 一张纸从纸张托盘移动到打印装置中，因为 这种基本的相互作用关系是系统运行的基础，所以，在最早设计示意图时就应该计划好，并 要很好地加以理解。其次是附属的相互作用关系 (incidental interaction), 它是功能单元特定的 实体设置或组件之间具体的几何排列造成的。例如，纸张托盘中的传动器所引起的震动会干 扰打印墨盒在 X 轴的精确定位。 It is most likely that a different person or group will be assigned to design each chunk ¡ Because the chunks interact with one another in both planned and unintended ways, these different groups will have to coordinate their activities and exchange information ¡ To manage this coordination process better, the team should identify the known interactions between chunks during the system-level design phase There are two categories of interaction l Fundamental ¡ Those which correspond to the lines on the schematic that connect the chunks to one another ¡ These are the fundamental interactions of the systems operation l Incidental ¡ Those that arise because of l the particular physical implementation of functional elements, or l because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks ¡ An incidental interaction graph is used to document this type of interaction, see next slide + - + - ## ==Topic 12 / 13: Detail Design and Prototypes== + deck:: 2023t1/product/w3/t12 + collapsed:: true + - 此阶段的部门职责是 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-8ccf-4d7e-854d-5a9e89be62b0 + - ·营销Marketing #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-d389-400b-8eea-c748ed5124c2 + - 制定营销计划 ·Develop marketing plan + - 设计Design ¡ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e0fc-4374-a756-f1b6ac6333f8 + - 定义零件几何图形Define part geometry + - 选择材料 Choose materials + - 分配公差Assign tolerances + - 完整的工业设计控制文件Complete industrial design control documentation + - ·制造·Manufacturing #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3ea9-43b2-9ab4-4d205fd7b6ed + - Define piece-part production processes 定义零件生产流程 + - Design tooling 设计工装 + - Define quality assurance processes 定义质量保证流程 + - 阶段 3 的输出是产品的控制文档,The output of Phase 3 is the control documentation for the product + - 控制文件是The control documentation is: #flashcard + id:: 648aff42-4eb9-44ef-a2b0-eb30eb9ca2c4 + - :描述要制造的每个零件的几何形状及其生产工具的图纸或计算机文件The drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part to be made and its production tooling + - 制造的过程描述和产品的组装The process descriptions for the fabrication and assembly of the product + - 要购买的零件的规格· The specifications of the parts to be purchased + - 什么是原型 :-> “依据一个或多个方面的兴趣而得到的产品的近似品”(*an approximation of the product* along one or more dimensions of interest)a small scale modeling.¡ ·Industrial designers produce prototypes of their concepts, such as models¡ ·Engineers prototype a design¡ ·Software developers write prototype programs Prototyping is the process of developing such an approximation of the product + id:: 648adeaf-406c-446a-a293-4823cd212018 + - a 原型 (alpha prototype) :-> 通常用于评估产品是否按预期工作 Are typically used to assess whether the product works as intended + id:: 648afdb9-4329-42c6-92eb-eb05e682abbb + - β 原型 (beta prototype) :-> 通常用于评估可靠性和识别产品中的剩余缺陷 Are typically used to assess reliability and to identify remaining bugs in the product + id:: 648afdb9-58e5-4934-bd39-d2bd66f0d417 + extra:: ◦ Beta 原型在内部进行了广泛的评估，并且通常由客户在他们自己的使用环境中进行测试测试原型的目标通常是回答关于性能和可靠性的问题，以便为最终产品确定必要的工程更改 Beta prototypes are extensively evaluated internally and are also typically tested by customers in their own use environment¡ The goal for the beta prototypes is usually to answer questions about performance and reliability in order to identify necessary engineering changes for the final product + - 试产原型 (preproduction prototype)是整个公司生产的第一批产品生产过程 Are the first products produced by the entire production process + - 软件模型、硬件模型（Soft Models、Hard Models） #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-8f45-41e1-b289-04400b5e90e6 + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686840524822_0.png) + - Soft model + - Rough modelling, Use to assess the overall size, proportion, + and shape of many proposed concepts / + ideas + - Fast evaluation of basic sizes and + proportions + - Reshaped and refined by hand to explore + and improve its quality + - Hard model + - Technically non-functional yet a replicas or + copies of the final design + - Sometimes made from wood, dense foam, + plastic, or painted + - Have some “working” features such as + button that push or sliders that move + - 控制模型和 CAD 模型 Control Models and CAD Models + - 从 CAD 数据构建和匹配的模型Model that is constructed and matched from CAD data + - 产品的完整模型和完整详细的组成Complete model and fully detailed composition of the product + - 由于成本或时间短缺，该模型的组件将被简化或忽略· ··Component of this model will be simplified or neglected due to cost or time shortages + - 什么是原型化（prototyping）:-> 原型化是快速组装工作模型 (原型 )的过程，Prototyping is the process of quickly putting together a working model (a prototype) + id:: 648acec3-1352-4b73-86df-d4c008305bb5 + - 目的是 :-> 测试设计的各个方面，阐明想法或功能，并收集早期用户反馈。 in order to test various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or features and gather early user feedback + id:: 648b168d-0c56-4fb0-a5fd-d24a5bb8c06a + - 原型的作用 Uses of Prototypes #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-f8f5-4bfc-8062-62b71f0af4be + - 学习(learning):原型通常用于回答“它能否工作?”和“它满足消费者需求的程度如何?”。 当回答这类问题时，原型就作为学习的工具。Answering questions about performance or feasibility , such as“Will it work?”“How well does it meet the customer needs?” + - 沟通（communication）沟通 (communication): 原型加强了开发团队与高层管理者、供应商、合作人、开发团队 扩展成员、消费者及投资者间的沟通。·Demonstration of a product to get feedbackfrom all stakeholders·A physical, tactile, 3D representation of aproduct is much easier to understand than averbal description or even a sketch of aproduct 例子：以一个可见的、能 触知的三维图形来表现一个产品，比语言草图描述更易理解。在 PackBot 概念开发中，通过利 用“可视、可感知”的原型，设计工程师、经理、供应商和顾客间的沟通得到加强。新的消 费者经常对 PackBot 底盘过于狭小不满意，然而，实物模型清晰地展示了有限的空间。 + - 集成 integration  原型用于确保产品的子系统及组件能如预期的一样协同工作。综合化的实体原型在产品开发项目中作为集成工具最为有效，因为它们要求零件、各部件间协调，并与零件组成一个产品。要做出这样的原型，需产品开 发团队成员相互协作。如果产品任何组件的组合妨碍了 产品的整体功能，这一 问题只能在综合化的实体原型中 通过集成来检测。·Prototypes are used to ensure that componentsand subsystems of the product work together as expectedl ·Comprehensive physical prototypes are the most effective as integration tools in product development projects because they require the assembly and physical interconnection of all of the parts and subassemblies that make up a productl ·The integration of the prototype forces coordination between different members of the product development teaml ·For example: alpha or beta test models + - 里程碑 milestones  尤其是在产品开发的后期，原型用于验证产品在功能上已达到期望水 平。里程碑原型提供可触知的目标，表明了进展情况，并用来加强进度安排。Provide goals for the development team’s schedule· Milestone prototypes are defined in the product development project plan 这种原型的数量和它们的时间是整个开发计划的关键要素之一作为一个基本案例，开发团队应该考虑使用 alpha、 beta 和预生产原型作为里程碑 The number of such prototypes and their timingis one of the key elements of the overall development planl ·As a base case, the development team should consider using alpha, beta and pre-production prototypes as milestones¡ e.g. first testable hardware + - 原型分类 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5d76-4273-af44-f89d6adc854e + - 实体/解析 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e204-4ec9-ad13-a1a2a89e7cbb + - Physical prototypes are :-> tangible artifacts created to approximate the product ¡ ·Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation ¡· Examples of physical prototypes include l ·models which look and feel like the product l ·proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly l· experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product 例子：一个木制的玩具模型 + id:: 648adea3-30f6-4214-ab85-0a41dbfffa93 + - Analytical prototypes :-> represent the product in a non-tangible, usually mathematical, manner¡ ·Interesting aspects of the product are analysed, rather than built 例子：数学分析、建模 + id:: 648adea3-43b4-4c38-8202-edd69837cf83 + - 综合/专一 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-046b-4558-b7db-116856c4b577 + - ◦ 综合 (comprehensive) :-> 能完成产品的绝大多数属性。·Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product¡ ·A comprehensive prototype corresponds closely to the everyday use of the work prototype – i.e. it is a full-scale, fully operational version of the product 例子：β 原型，用来给测试功能 + id:: 648adea3-d8ea-4659-a743-2089ecce3d97 + - ◦ 专一化原型 (focused prototype) :-> 只履行(完成)产品的某个或某些属性。 + id:: 648acfc3-52b6-457c-be20-de52d48db117 + extra:: Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype + - 一个普遍的做法是用两个或多个专一化原型一起探查一个产品的所有性能。这些 原型包括外观 (looks-like)原型和工作原理 (works-like)原型。通过制造两个分离的专一化原型，开发团队可以比制造一个综合化原型更早地解决问题。·Focused prototypes implement one, or a few, of the attributes of a product¡· Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype + - 选择原型类型的原则 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-30b3-4b79-9261-098c21872aa1 + - Analytical vs. physical + - ·分析原型通常比物理原型更灵活 ·Analytical prototypes are in general more flexible than physical prototypes + - 需要物理原型来检测意料之外的现象 ·Physical prototypes are required to detect unanticipated phenomena + - Features of prototypes + - 原型可以降低高成本迭代的风险 ·Prototypes may reduce the risk of costly iterations + - 原型可以加速其他开发步骤 ¡ ··Prototypes may expedite other development steps + extra:: 示例 :在零件设计 -模具设计 -成型流程中添加原型制作步骤 + - A prototype may restructure task dependencies 原型可以重构任务依赖关系 + - 市场、技术风险还有综合模型成本之间的关系 :-> 总结起来就是技术、市场风险越高，制作的模型就越多。综合模型制造成本越高，制作的模型就越少。（**即风险和模型数量成正比，成本和模型数量成反比）** + id:: 648afdb9-9b3e-464e-a381-6b6270c64efd + - 制定原型计划（四步） #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-4219-4f20-a6fb-d82381a36dd7 + - 界定原型的目的·define the purpose of the prototype 原型的四个目的是：学习、沟通、集成和里程碑。在界定原型目的的过程中，开发团队列出具体的学习与沟通需求，也列出了集成需求以及这一原型是否作为整个产品开发项目中的一个里程碑。l ·The team lists its specific learning andcommunication needsl ·Team members also¡ ·list any integration needs¡· decide whether or not the prototype isintended to be one of the major milestonesof the overall product development project 例子：车轮原型的目的是决定车轮的抗震性能和安全性能。虽然学习原型的目的专注于性能，但开发团队还是要考虑材料的制造成本，其中，很多材料是不可铸造的，必须机加。 + - 建立原型的近似水平 Establish the level of approximation of the prototype 对原型进行计划需要确定原型与最终产品的相似程度。开发团队应考虑一个实体化原型是否必需，或一个解析化原型能否最好地满足它的要求。在大多数情况下，最好的原型是那个满足步骤 1 所设定目的的最简单原型 The degree to which the final product will be approximated in the prototype must be defined l The team should consider whether a physical prototype is necessary or whether an analytical prototype would best meet its needs 例子:对于车轮原型，团队要根据冲击效果来决定车轮的材料和几何形状。然而，车轮的其他 方面可能被忽视，包括生产方法(铸模或者机加)、驾驶系统的附件和铁轨带、车轮的颜色和 整体造型等。团队中一名成员先前就研究了轮辐弯曲效果的解析化原型，她认为原型的物理 特征对于确认她的分析很有必要。她发现抗震效果和车轮力量之间存在一个基本的取舍关系， 因为抗震需要轮辐柔韧，而车轮力量需要车轮尺寸更大。因此，团队使用解析型原型和物理原型来决定轮辐的尺寸。 + - 制定实验大纲 Outline an experimental plan 大多数情况下，在产品开发中使用原型可以看成一个实验。好的实验有助于从原型化活动 中获取最大价值。实验计划包括确认各种实验变量、测试草案、进行哪些测试的指示以及分 析最终数据的计划。当必须探索许多变量时，有效的实验设计将极大地加快这一进程。·The use of a prototype in product development can be thought of as an experimentl ·Good experimental practice helps to make sure that you get the maximum value from the prototyping activity 例子：对于车轮原型测试，团队决定只改变轮辐的材料和网的几何形状。根据解析化原型，团队 选择了两种样式的轮辐，每种轮辐又选择了 6 种材料，总共进行了 12 次实验。团队设计了一 个结实的平台，每个车轮被安装后由不同的高度落入平台，通过观察平台的受重就可以测试 车轮传递给 PackBot 的冲击力。在完成所有的实验后，相关人员会观察车轮落下的损伤，包括 裂纹和塑性变形，然后再提高一个高度进行测试。这些测试的结果不仅可以用来选择最好的轮辐几何和材料，而且可以改善车轮的物理解析化原型。 + - 制定采购、建造和测试的时间表 Create a schedule for procurement,construction and testing 因为建造和测试一个原型可以看作整体开发项目内的一个子项目，因此，开发团队会从制 定原型化活动计划中获益。对于一个原型计划，有三个日期特别重要：第一，部件可装配的日期(这一 日期有时被称为“部件水桶 (bucket of part)”日期);第二，原型进行首次测试的日 期(这一 日期有时被称为“冒烟实验 (smoke test)”日期，因为在这天，开发团队将首次在产品中通电并在电器系统中“寻找烟”);第三，完成测试并产生最终结果的日期。Three dates are particularly important in defining a prototyping effort¡ ·The team defines when the parts will be ready to assemble¡ ·The team defines the date when the prototype will first be tested¡ ·The team defines the date when it expects to have completed testing and produced the final results + - Strategies: #flashcard + id:: 648b2bc6-9816-4452-bf2e-75d6981cac3e + - Use prototypes to reduce uncertainty + Make models with a defined purpose + - Consider multiple forms of prototypes + - Choose the timing of prototype cycles + - Many early models are used to validate concepts + - Relatively few comprehensive models are + necessary to test integration + - Plan time to learn from prototype cycles + - Avoid the “hardware swamp” - where you keep + building different ways out of a problem without + stopping to think + - DONE Week4 + deck:: 2023t1/product/w4 + - ## Topic 18 初创企业和企业家精神 + - 什么是创业（startup） + collapsed:: true + - 定义：创业公司是指经营历史有限的公司 这些公司通常是新成立的，正处于市场开发和研究阶段 通常它涉及一些新颖的技术或技术的使用，但关键是从技术中赚钱的连贯方法高科技(如电信、软件)与生物技术或医疗有很大不同\n A startup company or start-up is a company with \na limited operating history These companies, generally newly created, are in a \nphase of development and research for markets Typically it involves some novel technology, or \nuse of technology, but crucially… \nl a coherent means for making money from the \ntechnology High-tech (e.g. telecom, software) is very different \nfrom bio-tech or medica + - Spin-out 通常是从大学或其他公司中分离出来的、基于某项技术或研究成果的企业项目，可能已经得到了某些技术或资金上的支持。而创业公司则是在任何地方创建的初创企业，不一定与任何大学或公司有直接关联。然而，如果一个 Spin-out 从大学或公司分离出来并作为一个独立的企业开始运营，那么它也可以被认为是一个创业公司。 + - 企业家 entrepreneur + collapsed:: true + - Definition: :-> 拥有一家新企业或合资企业，并且承担固有风险和后果的全部责任·has possession over a new enterprise or venture·assumes full accountability for the inherent risks \nand the outcome + id:: 648afdb9-8b0a-450f-a32f-360b652f6f50 + - 企业家精神/创业行为 Entrepreneurship + collapsed:: true + - 它指的是 :-> 个人或团队通过创造新的商业机会、设计并开发新产品或服务、组织资源和着手实现创新的一系列行动和过程。 ·Entrepreneurship is the **practice of starting new** organisations or **revitalizing mature organisations**, *particularly new businesses* - generally in response to identified opportunities + id:: 648afdb9-d3d8-4527-bd63-2b84df539122 + - 两种创新/企业家精神 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-cfc9-4215-972f-a19feed04e7d + collapsed:: true + - 社会（social）\n 目的在造福社会而不是去赚钱，包括商业、公众等，如扶贫、环境、文化与艺术\n·Aim is to create social change rather than\nmake money Often involves business, public & charity organisations\n·Examples\nl poverty relief\nl environment\nl arts & culture + - 技术 Technological\n·目标是获得独立性，以利用某项技术。\n·经常是由于在大公司中受挫而导致的。Aim is to gain independence to exploit a technology Often results from being frustrated in a large company + - 影响成功创业的因素 + collapsed:: true + - 支持创业的组织 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5804-4c67-ba71-df7abfda3c60 + collapsed:: true + - business incubators 企业孵化 + - science parks 科学园区 + - Non-Government Organisations + - government + - 小企业会面临的风险 #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-5cf5-43c6-9d96-b957e829cdb6 + collapsed:: true + - 努力工作，自己做大多数决定涉及相当大的风险融资成本高没有规模经济 Hard work, making most decisions on your own Considerable risks involved Costly to raise finance No economies of scale + - 创业的优劣势 + collapsed:: true + - Advantages: #flashcard + id:: 648b01b2-b79e-4a14-84b3-3009c7bd6e8f + collapsed:: true + - Independence + - Financial opportunities + - Community service + - Job security + - Family employment + - Challenge + - Disadvantages: #flashcard + id:: 648b01cc-3ccf-4336-a531-725d62f89bc7 + collapsed:: true + - Sales fluctuations + - Competition + - Increased responsibilities + - Financial losses + - Employee relatoins + - Laws and regulations + - Risk of failure + - 早期决定 + collapsed:: true + - 什么类型的业务–type of business + collapsed:: true + - 可扩展的全球技术公司Scalable, global technology player + - 有长期 R&D 计划的生物技术企业Biotech business with long-term R&D plans + - 具有中期增长计划的制造工厂 Manufacturing facility with medium growth plans + - 互联网服务商 Service provider + - 生活方式商业lifestyle business + -  什么形式的所有权——如个体经营者？ + collapsed:: true + - 营销商 Sole Trader + collapsed:: true + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686821512069_0.png) + - 伙伴关系 Partnership + collapsed:: true + -  两个或两个以上的人结合资源，形成合伙关系 双方(或多方)之间存在合同。Two or more people combine resources and form partnership, Contract exists between the two (or more) parties; + - 条款包括:terms include: #flashcard + id:: 648b024a-a6bd-4252-9a61-aecc0e8417f6 + collapsed:: true + - 各合伙人认缴的出资额The amount of capital subscribed by each partner + - 如何确定利润并在合伙人之间分配How profits will be determined and allocated between partners + - 合伙人的工资分配Salary allocation for the partners + - 合伙企业的解散程序 Procedure for dissolving the partnership + - 比如说你想开一家茶百道的奶茶店，你和茶百道总公司就构成了加盟关系。也比较类似于你和同伴合伙开一家公司，按照技术、资金投入占比进行股权分配和分红。当然要考虑到如果你不想在这个公司干了该怎么把钱拿回来，这就是退出机制（解散程序） + - 有限责任公司 Limited Company #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-01bc-4cb9-9a0b-f74ad94fbe2c + collapsed:: true + -  在这种情况下，有限意味着所有者不再对其公司的债务承担无限责任 在美国，这些被称为股份有限公司所有公司都有在公司投资的股东 所有公司都有董事，他们是由股东选出来管理公司的\n·Limited in this instance meaning that the owners no \nlonger have unlimited liability for the debts of their \ncompanies \n·In the US, these are known as incorporated \ncompanies \n·All companies have shareholders who have \ninvested in the company \n· All companies have directors who are selected by \nthe shareholders to run the company\n\n 公司所有者的个人财产和资产是与公司完全独立的，这意味着企业的债务不会由个人承担，仅限于承担其所持有的股份投资。这种特殊的财务安排可以帮助创业者控制风险并保护个人财产不受经营活动的影响。 + -  你是被技术驱动还是被市场驱动？ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-d5d9-445b-a4c3-aa68dd432b3d + collapsed:: true + - 市场驱动型就是根据市场需求来设计产品。 + - 技术驱动型就是发明出来一个技术后看这个技术能运用在哪，然后告诉用户这个技术有多棒 + -  谁是你的客户？ #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-7f1e-4250-8708-521b0671de67 + collapsed:: true + - B2C (business to consumer) + - B2B (business to business) + - 高科技创新企业是怎么样走到一起的 + collapsed:: true + -  技术 + - 知识产权(保护) + - 愿景(技术能引领到哪里？ + - 有市场吗 + - 人事部门 + - 科学领袖\ + - 业务经理 + - 资金筹集者 + - 科学家 + - 工程师金钱 + - Technology Intellectual Property (Protection) The Vision (Where can the technology lead? Is there \na market for it) Personnel\nl Scientific leaders\nl Business managers\nl Fund Raisers\nl Scientists/Engineers Money + - 创建高新企业的阶段\nThe stages for creating a hitech start-up #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3129-4e6c-8322-a704741423a4 + collapsed:: true + - 1.评估机会-产生、评估和提炼商业概念 \nassess the opportunities - generate, evaluate & \nrefine the business concept + - 2.制定商业计划并决定合资企业的结构 \nDevelop the business plan and decide on the \nstructure of the venture + - 3.获得必要的资源和资金 \nAcquire the necessary resources and funding + collapsed:: true + - 筹资阶段 fund-raising stage + collapsed:: true + - 投资前期 Pre-investment + collapsed:: true + - 大学基金、朋友、银行贷款  5k- 50k\n 构建演示者，构建商业计划\nPre-investment \n·University fund, friends, bank loan  £5k-£50k \n build demonstrator, build business plan \n\nPre-investment（前投资）阶段通常通过大学基金、亲友关系或银行贷款等方式筹集资金，金额在 5,000 英镑至 50,000 英镑之间。这个阶段主要用于制作展示装置（demonstrator）并编制商业计划。 + - A 轮 Round A 天使投资，或特别启动基金 \n10 万至 50 万 \n 建立董事会、部分高管团队 \n5 - 10 名员工\nl Angels, or special startup funds \nl £100k-£500k \nl Establish board, partial executive team \nl 5 - 10 employees + - B 轮 \n 风险投资\n1 米至 5 米 \n 完整的董事会和高管团队。扩展到 20+\nl Venture Capital\nl £1M-£5M\nl Complete board and exec team. Expand to 20+ + collapsed:: true + - 风险投资 VCs(Venture Capitalists) + collapsed:: true + - 收集资金(例如从养老基金)然后将这些资金投资到创业公司的公司 + - 追求高风险、高回报 + - 价值需要大幅提升 10 倍或更多 + - 在公司股权中持有大量股份 + - 预计只有十分之一的人会成功\n A company that collects funds (e.g. from pension \nfunds) and then invests those funds in startups Go for high-risk, high reward Need very large uplift in value, 10 times or more Take large stake in company equity Expect only 1 in 10 to succeed + - 退出阶段 exit\nExit 阶段 + collapsed:: true + - （退出阶段）是指企业从一个环节成功转向下一个环节，或者从某一市场上成功退出。在创业公司中，Exit 通常是指公司被收购或上市交易。 + - 筹资过程 + collapsed:: true + - Elevator pitch/executive summary: 简短陈述/执行摘要； + - Business plan, presentation, management team: 商业计划、演示文稿、管理团队； + collapsed:: true + - Business plan 的两个基本功能 + collapsed:: true + - 1.通过规划公司未来的发展方向和制定战略来指导公司。 \nGuiding the company by charting its future course \nand defining its strategy for following it.（内部） + - 2.吸引将提供所需资本的贷款人和投资者。Attracting lenders and investors who will provide needed capital.（外部） + - 什么是商业计划 + collapsed:: true + -  你计划进入的市场\ + - 你对这个市场贡献的独特 �� 引人注目的特点 + collapsed:: true + - 知识产权 + - 商业模式和财务 + - 团队和公司发展与战略 + - 投资主张 + - 退出策略 + - The market you plan to enter\nl The unique and compelling features of your \ncontribution to this market\nl Intellectual property\nl Business model and Financials\nl Team and Company development \nand strategy\nl Investment proposition\nl Exit strategy + - 为什么需要商业计划 + collapsed:: true + - 在公司创始人之间提供一份关于未来发展方向的正式协议 可以减少创始人的自欺欺人 定义责任和奖励 帮助将抽象的目标转化为明确的目标 A business plan… provides a formal agreement between the \founders of a company about the direction to be \taken can reduce self-delusion among st the founders defines responsibilities & rewards helps to translate abstract goals into explicit operational needs + - 商业模式（如何赚钱） + - 商业计划的关键要素 + collapsed:: true + - 标题页和目录 + - 行动纲要 + - 愿景和使命 + - 陈述公司历史 + - 商业和工业概况 + - 商业策略 + - 产品/服务描述 + - 市场战略 + - 记录市场索赔 + - 显示客户兴趣 + - 竞争对手分析管理团队的描述 + - 业务计划 + - 预计财务报表 + - 贷款或投资建议 + - Title Page and Table of Contents Executive Summary Vision and Mission Statement Company History Business and Industry Profile Business Strategy Description of Products/Services Marketing Strategy\nl Document market claims\nl Show customer interest Competitor Analysis Description of Management Team Plan of Operation Projected Financial Statements Loan or Investment Proposa + - 准备商业计划的技巧 + collapsed:: true + - 确保你的计划有一个吸引人的封面。(第一印象至关重要。)去掉你计划中所有的拼写和语法错误。让你的计划在视觉上吸引人。包括一个目录，让读者可以轻松地浏览您的计划。让它变得有趣。你的计划必须证明生意会赚钱(不一定马上赚钱，但最终会赚钱)。使用电子表格生成财务预测。总是包括现金流预测。保持你的计划“简洁”——25 到 40 页长。永远说实话。\n Make sure your plan has an attractive cover. (First impressions are crucial.) Rid your plan of all spelling and grammatical errors. Make your plan visually appealing. Include a table of contents to allow readers to navigate your plan easily. Make it interesting Your plan must prove that the business will \nmake money (not necessarily immediately, \nbut eventually). Use spreadsheets to generate financial \nforecasts. Always include cash flow projections. Keep your plan “crisp” – between 25 and 40 pages long. Tell the truth – always. \n + - Business survey: 商业调查； + - Due diligence: 尽职调查； + - Valuation, ownership, control, legal issues: 估值、所有权、控制权、法律问题； + - FUNDING: 融资。 + - 4.成长和收获风险\nGrow and harvest the venture + - 企业失败的原因 + collapsed:: true + - 缺乏技能 + -  销售问题 + -  财务控制 + -  缺乏资金 + -  融资成本高 + -  破产的顾客 + -  过度交易开发 + -  营销问题 + - 官僚主义 + l lack of skills + l sales problem + l financial control + l lack of funds + l high cost of finance + l insolvent customers + l overtrading development + l marketing issues + l red tape (bureaucracy) + - ## Topic 19 + - The scope and objectives of cybersecurity + - Definition :-> Cybersecurity is the application of technologies, + id:: 648ae156-d60a-4df9-b0ef-6d1404a44712 + processes and controls to protect systems, + networks, programs, devices and data from cyber + attacks + - Objective :-> It aims to reduce the risk of cyber attacks, and + id:: 648ae15b-9229-4b0f-bcaa-8cd716c52a08 + protect against the unauthorised exploitation of + systems, networks and technologies + - Trends and drivers of cybersecurity + - Information Security + - Definition :-> Seeks to protect all information assets, whether in + id:: 648ae194-a96a-4fe0-903a-5d0de2d0344d + hard copy or in digital form + - Concepts: #flashcard + id:: 648ae25d-6a9e-423b-bceb-ac5d9b378bf8 + - confidentiality + - Confidentiality means that :-> only people with the right + id:: 648ae279-8cbc-457a-815b-9110beb1209a + permission can access and use information + - Ensuring confidentiality :-> encryption, access controls + id:: 648ae29c-80ff-417b-b260-17d9d4b37b6b + - Compromising confidentiality :-> (intentional) + id:: 648ae2a7-de20-4ef5-92aa-c25a3475088f + shoulder surfing, social engineering; (accidental) + publication + - integrity, and + - Integrity means that :-> information systems and their + id:: 648ae2db-d473-4637-9883-b9881abb341c + data are accurate, Changes cannot be made to data without + appropriate permissions + - Ensuring integrity :-> controls ensuring the correct + id:: 648ae2e9-3893-4534-839b-f74b0a47b967 + entry of information, authorization, antivirus + - Compromising integrity :-> (intentional) employee or + id:: 648ae2f5-d95e-4fae-b43b-0b10e8eefcf0 + external attacks; (accidental) employee error + - Authentication is :-> the process of validating the + id:: 648ae307-4640-478a-97cc-42102626dbb3 + identity of a registered user or process before + enabling access to protected networks and systems. #flashcard + - Analogue + - signatures, handwriting, in person attestation, + witnesses, notary + - Digital + - username and password, digital signatures, + fingerprints or face recognition + - availability of information + - Availability is :-> the security goal of making sure + id:: 648ae327-b6e7-429a-b6a5-2141ae9de3cb + information systems are reliable + - Individuals with proper permission can use systems + and retrieve data in a dependable and timely + manner + - Ensuring availability :-> recovery plans, backup + id:: 648ae332-cf7f-401b-a309-8aae86bb5c39 + systems + - Compromising availability :-> (intentional) denial of + id:: 648ae33a-8f36-4048-8ac7-8dfbd51a2b44 + service (DoS) attack, (accidental) outage + - Privacy and Data Protection + - Data privacy are the regulations, or policies, that + governs the use of my data when shared with any + entity, while data protection is the mechanism — + that is, the tools and procedures — to enforce the + policy and regulation, including the prevention of + unauthorized access or misuse of the data that I + agreed to share + - Information Security x Privacy #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-e32c-41ca-aead-2d027d4c3fea + - Information security and privacy are **closely related, + but distinct concepts** + - Privacy is :-> an individual’s right to control the use and + id:: 648ae1b1-50af-4fe1-92ea-4924a940f6ec + disclosure of their own personal information + - Information security is :-> the process used to keep + id:: 648ae1b7-d101-4cab-bf62-d30b99c4a004 + data private + - Security is the process; privacy is the result + - Cybercrime + - Cybercrime is :-> an act that violates the law, by using + id:: 648afdb9-c1a5-4942-91b2-fb9a455b75ca + information and communication technology (ICT) to + either target networks, systems, data, websites + and/or technology or facilitate a crime + - Drivers of Cybersecurity #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-3c18-4a35-8f03-3252710b99c7 + - Legal and regulatory + - Commercial + - Technical + - Key concepts + - Vulnerabilities :-> weakness or flaw in the information system that can + id:: 648ae352-f31c-437b-bc7f-e07e266f239e + be exploited + - Threats :-> anything that can cause harm to an information + id:: 648ae35f-8842-4358-93fd-1f6fa1bb72a4 + system – successful exploits of vulnerabilities + - Relationship between a vulnerability and a threat #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-a664-4f39-9264-9962fc02e7ac + - An organization does not have sufficient controls + to prevent an employee from deleting critical + computer files **(lack of controls – vulnerability).** + An employee could delete files by mistake + **(employee – source of threat) (deleting critical + files – threat).** If the files are deleted, successful + exploit of the vulnerability has taken place. If the + file is not recoverable, the incident harms the + organizations and its security. Availability is + compromised. + - Risks :-> a likelihood that a threat will exploit a vulnerability + id:: 648ae35f-621c-42e5-ac5e-0040b762e74f + and cause harm, where the harm is the impact to + organization, **Risk = vulnerability + threat** + - Safeguards :-> safeguard reduces the harm posed by information + id:: 648ae360-054d-4a49-9dd6-bb0f8c3e5c25 + security vulnerabilities or threats + - Risk management :-> Risk management as means to justify information + id:: 648ae14d-ad8d-4662-b153-b3372c7b1a28 + security laws, process of listing the all the relevant factors and + taking steps to control them where possible + - Information Security Management + - To effectively assess the security needs of an + organization and to evaluate and choose various + security products and policies + - Methods: #flashcard + id:: 648afdb9-52cf-48f4-ab98-560e43a318b2 + - Categorize information + - Identify legal obligations + - Assess vulnerabilities, threats and risks + - Safeguards + - Development of standards + - process to take + - requirements to meet + - LATER 概率论 (隔了一个周末) + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> + - LATER 概率论 {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 16:47:39]--[2023-06-03 Sat 16:47:40] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - LATER Mind map + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-16 Fri 15:00:23]--[2023-06-16 Fri 15:18:37] => 00:18:14 + :END: + - DONE Ch1 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-16 Fri 15:31:10]--[2023-06-16 Fri 17:15:08] => 01:43:58 + :END: + - Experiment, Sample Space and Random Event ![section 1.2.pdf](../assets/section_1.2_1686899993390_0.pdf) + - Events as Sets + - Definition of Classical Probability, Geometric Probability and Frequency ![section 1.3.pdf](../assets/section_1.3_1686900041785_0.pdf) + collapsed:: true + - **Classical** if + - 1. E contains **only different limited basic** events, that is, + $$ Ω = \{ω1 , ω2 , · · · , ωn \}. $$ + We call this kind of sample space simple space, and + 2. all outcomes are equally likely to occur. + - **Geometric** if + - (i) the sample space is a **measurable** (such as length, area, + volume, etc.) region, i.e., $$0 < L(Ω) < ∞$$, and + - (ii) the probability of every event $$A ⊂ Ω$$ is proportional to the + measure $$L(A)$$ and has nothing to do with its position and + shape. + - The **Frequency** Interpretation of Probability + - Let E be an random experiment, A be an random event. + Suppose that E was repeated n times under similar conditions. + Let fn (A) be the times that A occurs. The ration + $$Fn (A) = + \frac{ fn (A)}{n}$$ + is said to be the frequency of event A in the n trials. If n is + large enough, the probability of event A will be approximated + by Fn (A). + - Problems of Each Interpretation of Probability + - Similarity of the Above Interpretations of probability + - For classical random experiment E, the probability has the fol- + lowing properties: + (i) for every event A, P (A) ⩾ 0, + (ii) P (Ω) = 1, + (iii) for every finite sequence of n disjoint events A1 , A2 , · · · , An , + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686901196592_0.png) + - Property (iii) is called finite additivity. + - Axiomatic Definition of Probability ![section 1.4.pdf](../assets/section_1.4_1686901294123_0.pdf) + - Let P (A)(A ∈ F ) be a non-negative set function on the σ-algebra + F . P (A) is called the probability measure or probability of + event A if it satisfies the following three axioms: + Axiom 1. for every A ∈ F , P (A) ⩾ 0; + Axiom 2. P (Ω) = 1; + Axiom 3. (countable additivity) for every infinite sequence of + countable disjoint events A1 , A2 , · · · , + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686901606535_0.png){:height 185, :width 405} + The sets in σ-algebra F are called events. F is called to be the + algebra of events. ==The triple (Ω, F , P ) is a probability space + or probability triple.== + - Properties of Probability + - $$P (∅) = 0.$$ + - For every finite $$A1 , A2 , · · · , An$$, + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686901672954_0.png) + - For every event A, $$P (A) = 1 − P (A)$$. + - If A ⊂ B, then P (B − A) = P (B) − P (A) and P (A) ⩽ P (B). + - ==For every two events A and B,== + $$P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (AB)$$ + - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686901846112_0.png) + - The ((648c1a97-e67b-471b-b07f-ae24970d60f6)) of Conditional Probability ![section 1.5.pdf](../assets/section_1.5_1686903326304_0.pdf) + - ![Screenshot from 2023-06-16 16-17-56.png](../assets/Screenshot_from_2023-06-16_16-17-56_1686903487884_0.png) + - ((648c1afb-77a7-4f91-b6e9-20351b320254)) + - ((648c1b5f-f72c-495e-8c8a-b184c8682d74)) + - ((648c1bb4-f300-43f1-a55f-ca859720ee6b)) + - ((648c1e25-4336-48ba-bd20-d156a4c8df7a)) ![section 1.6.pdf](../assets/section_1.6_1686904326481_0.pdf) + - ((648c1e7c-ce3f-4aea-bff6-4d35373becbb)) + - ((648c1ea8-997d-4d93-b7ac-c7a5b9300bed)) + - Pairwise independence $$\neq$$ Mutually independence + - ((648c2162-314d-4d4b-a3f6-29e39fdcc83b)) + - ((648c206e-8ce7-4a74-9ba5-4991d761909f)) + - ((648c27ed-e09d-4f1a-8100-7ae2dfff1c8e)) + - ((648c27f9-f944-4bf8-9e44-cb3e9048d286)) + - + - NOW Ch2 Random Variable + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-16 Fri 17:15:12] + :END: + - The Definition of a Random Variable ![section 2.1.pdf](../assets/section_2.1_1686906920851_0.pdf) + - ((648c2860-5454-45f1-80f8-1c85bce84fd1)) + - ((648c290a-3532-4e56-8536-258daf7b00a7)) + - Distribution Function + collapsed:: true + - ((648c2970-9091-4f46-8745-b0c10cdeb832)) + - ((648c2994-36eb-44bf-8038-e49d2390a5b0)) + - ((648c2a73-3961-4723-90e8-5f160bb18e0d)) ![section 2.2.pdf](../assets/section_2.2_1686907456219_0.pdf) + - ((648c2a88-3d0f-47d2-be44-21df002a1def)) + - ((648c2abf-5c5e-4af9-9e13-bb566f3206e8)) + - ((648c2b26-e92d-43f7-b8e1-60b51a2b5268)) + - Discrete type + - Definition: ((648c2be0-787e-4e1f-8d0c-b859f0d08383)) + - Continuous type + - ((648c2c54-b536-40ba-8191-ef1aeb2be0b9)) + - ((648c2c9a-fcca-43e3-94a6-466f52131b48)) + - ((648c2d05-82d4-472f-901c-b362852e2a3a)) + - 换元的示例 + - ((648c2de1-d9a7-4760-bb4f-beec4b41102c)) + - + - LATER 学积分 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 17:05:07]--[2023-06-03 Sat 17:05:08] => 00:00:01 + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:06]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:07] => 00:00:01 + CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:17]--[2023-06-03 Sat 21:07:18] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - LATER 写题（作业，对答案） + - LATER 总复习, 考试6.19，杰克6.8 + - LATER 看完网课和串讲 [[Jun 17th, 2023]] + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-16 Fri 14:42:58]--[2023-06-16 Fri 14:55:49] => 00:12:51 + :END: + - [6-8](https://meeting.tencent.com/user-center/shared-record-info?id=7bb557da-b99f-4316-ab5e-fe96befe28b0&from=3) + - LATER 写思维导图 + - [[Jun 16th, 2023]]: Ch 1 - 3 + - [[Jun 17th, 2023]]: Ch 6-8 + - LATER 做题 [[Jun 18th, 2023]] + - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) +- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230613-135128-FGMY57F.md b/pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230613-135128-FGMY57F.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ec8d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230613-135128-FGMY57F.md @@ -0,0 +1,792 @@ +- [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + title:: 总复习2023t1 + - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:09:23]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:51] => 01:17:28 + :END: + - DONE lab + - DONE 写 lab8 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:06:46]--[2023-06-09 Fri 16:26:50] => 01:20:04 + :END: + - DONE (考前)复习 labs + collapsed:: true + - DONE [#A] 从 t14 复制过来 + - 1 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 2 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 3 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 4 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 5 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 6 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - 7 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:02]--[2023-06-10 Sat 21:08:03] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 课件 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 + :END: + - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 + :END: + - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers + - DONE java file IO + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 16:44:33]--[2023-06-09 Fri 17:13:37] => 00:29:04 + :END: + - DONE Buffered Reader / Writer + - DONE File objects + - DONE GUI (自学不考) + collapsed:: true + - DONE Graphics Classes: Color, Font, FontMetrics, JLabel + - StringBuffer vs. StringBuilder + - String is immutable whereas StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable classes. + - StringBuffer is thread-safe and synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not. That’s why StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer. + - String concatenation operator (+) internally uses StringBuffer or StringBuilder class. + - For String manipulations in a non-multi threaded environment, we should use StringBuilder else use StringBuffer class. + - DONE 题 + - DONE 看 qm 上错题 [gradeplus](https://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/grade/report/user/index.php?id=21582) + - DONE this 的用法 + collapsed:: true + - In Java, the `this` keyword is a reference to the current object within a non-static method or constructor. It represents the instance of the class on which the method or constructor is being called. + - When a class is instantiated to create an object, that object has its own set of instance variables and methods. The `this` keyword allows you to refer to those instance variables and methods from within the class itself. It is primarily used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters or local variables that have the same name. + - Here are a few common uses of the `this` keyword in Java: + collapsed:: true + - Accessing instance variables: You can use `this` to access or modify the instance variables of the current object. For example, `this.variableName` refers to the instance variable `variableName` of the current object. + - Invoking constructors: In a constructor, `this` can be used to invoke another constructor in the same class. It is useful for constructor chaining, where one constructor calls another constructor to initialize the object. + - Passing the current object as a parameter: Sometimes, you may need to pass the current object as an argument to another method. In such cases, you can use `this` to pass a reference to the current object. + - Returning the current object: A method can use `this` to return the current object. This is often used in method chaining, where multiple method calls are chained together on the same object. + - It's important to note that `this` can only be used within non-static contexts, as it refers to the current instance of the class. Static methods and variables do not belong to any specific instance, so `this` cannot be used inside them. + - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. + - DONE Past exam papers + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 + :END: + - DONE Access Modifiers + - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) + - Syntax: + - ```java + // This is a single line comment + + /* + * This is a regular multi-line comment + */ + + /** + * This is a Javadoc + */ + ``` + - @throws ExceptionType reason + - DONE Garbage collection + collapsed:: true + - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage + collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which + objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. + An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your + program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or + unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. + So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The + programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The + garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. + - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. + - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== + - **Component**: An object that the user can see on the screen and can also + interact with + - **Container**: A component that can hold other components + - **Event**: An action triggered by the user + - Designing a GUI involves creating components, putting them into containers, and + arranging for the program to respond to events (e.g. responding to mouse clicks). + - DONE ==Review Java File IO== + - DONE Exception Terms + - java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: + - IOException + - ArithmeticException + - NegativeArraySizeException + - ArrayStoreException + - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 + :END: + - inheritance + - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** + - polymorphism + - + - encapsulation + - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. + - abstraction. + - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. + - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or + [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). + - Overloading vs. overriding + - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters + - Interface + - DONE 毛概 {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看笔记 + - DONE 做题 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - DONE 整理错题 + deck:: 2023t1/Mao + - 在1978年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486eb88-490a-45f2-b393-89192dd5ea52 + A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 + C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 + D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 + - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard + extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 + id:: 6486eba2-9d71-4e27-a8f8-96947c0beda6 + A．科技创新 + B．理论创新 + C．⽂化创新 + D．⽣产关系创新 + - id:: 6486ebb8-4319-4e33-a901-221546ac6b28 + 4. 党的思想路线的实质和核⼼是（ {{c1 c}} ）#flashcard + A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 + C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 + - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 + id:: 6486ebbd-9c15-48d3-a273-aad64d4fadb2 + 5. 实事求是思想路线的根本体现是 （ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A．尊重群众、尊重实践 + B．⼀切从群众中来 + C．解放思想 + D．“三个有利于” + - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 + id:: 6486ebe6-ea17-4b3d-a855-1a992863e0e2 + 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard + A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 + C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ + - extra:: a: 抢国民党 + id:: 6486ebf2-991b-43fa-9baf-c2e94eec3230 + 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 + C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 + - extra:: 学苏联 + id:: 6486ebf5-ecb6-49f4-a22e-156de99c617c + 2. 20世纪50年代，⽑泽东提出，中国⼯业化道路的问题主要是指 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 + B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 + C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 + D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 + - extra:: b反右运动 c文革 d从来没有 + id:: 6486ec08-5315-4ddc-ad39-f87b1acf36ec + 3. 社会主义改造基本完成后，我国国家政治⽣活的主题是 ( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ + B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 + C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 + D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 + - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 + id:: 6486ec0b-b934-4f4a-b0ff-31c39c44e74d + 4. 我国在资本主义⼯商业进⾏社会主义改造实践中⼀个创新性办法是对⺠族资产阶级( {{c1 a}} ) #flashcard + A.和平赎买 + B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 + D.⽣活上给出路 + - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 + id:: 6486ec0e-3678-4e3c-95cc-a1eae493c278 + 5. ⽑泽东在《论⼗⼤关系》中提出我国社会主义建设必须围绕的⼀个基本⽅针是 （ {{c1 c}} ） #flashcard + A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 + B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 + C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 + D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ + - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard + extra:: 根本原则 + id:: 6486f101-7de3-4d01-81fa-f33ca1ce5395 + A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ + C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 + - id:: 6486f11d-fd1f-4050-b693-1d9e61525db2 + 3. 新时期的解放思想，关键就是对建设中国特⾊社会主义的⾸要的基本理论问题的重新认识，这就 + 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard + A.什么是实事求是 + B. 怎样建设党 + C.什么是⻢克思主义 + D. 什么是社会主义 + - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + id:: 6486f139-1b96-4fa2-801d-e6af909be90c + extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 + A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 + - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + extra:: d: 不谈这些 + id:: 6486f1db-f09d-45d5-982e-8a6d36c88ec0 + A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 + B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 + C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ + D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 + - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard + id:: 6486f20e-62ee-4487-855d-9fbfe95e4d8f + A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 + B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 + C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 + D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 + - 5.经过30多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 + 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard + extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 + id:: 6486f242-b267-4c28-825a-62182abcfbfe + A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 + B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 + 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 + C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 + D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 + - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + id:: 6486f2b8-2ef5-461f-a6da-6dcae1737aa8 + extra:: b: 农村银行 + A. 股份制 + B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 + D.国家独资经济 + - id:: 6486fb7d-2914-45c7-99a3-81afc94e8c1a + 3. 国有经济在国⺠经济中的主导作⽤主要表现在 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 + B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 + C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== + D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 + - extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + 4. 在收⼊分配过程中，⽆论是⿎励⼀部分地区、⼀部分⼈先富起来，还是注重社会公平，其实质都 + 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 + C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益D.效率优先、兼顾公平 + - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 + id:: 6486fbcf-fce9-47eb-9471-93bb3fdbca43 + A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 + B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 + C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 + D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 + - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 + id:: 6486fc44-9b33-4eb1-bbc0-fc00aa42ed6c + A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 + B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 + C. 坚持四项基本原则 + D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 + - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486fcfb-2262-48e4-96dc-24b0ca4087e3 + extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 + A. ⼈⺠当家作主 + B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 + C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 + D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 + - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 + id:: 6486fe1f-1d2e-46de-8616-a9bb174c3ade + 4. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 爱国主义 + B. 集体主义 + C. 社会主义 + D. 为⼈⺠服务 + - id:: 6486fe3b-fd24-4e3f-980d-d02c66e3fe18 + 5. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 为⼈⺠服务 + B. 集体主义 + C 诚实可信 + D 爱国主义 + - id:: 64870181-4942-41c3-9f04-54ccd35a73ad + 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 以⼈为本 + B. 以⺠为本 + C 社会公平 + D 公平和正义 + - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 + id:: 648701b2-ad29-4bd5-9160-bcf973aaeb51 + A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 + B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ + C. 保证劳动者充分就业 + D. 实现共同富裕 + - extra:: + id:: 648702a3-ce36-474c-8427-ba505b748de2 + 5. “⼗⼀五”规划根本⽬的是以⼈为本，执政为⺠，其含义( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 + B. 不断推进共同富裕 + C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 + D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 + - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 + id:: 648702cb-b4d4-470c-b1c3-187aa64ba582 + 2. 台湾问题的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 祖国统⼀ + B. ⼀国两制 + C. ⼀国两政府 + D. “三通” + - id:: 6487034e-025b-4a2e-9bee-ba856180c7cd + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - id:: 648704bb-1b44-4b7a-9b56-4f8ee1e102f0 + 4. 中国外交政策的基本**⽬标**是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 + B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 实现全⼈类的解放 + - extra:: 是全球的南北 + id:: 648704ff-5743-4233-9a16-3c196737e5aa + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 + id:: 64870507-34f9-422d-b543-727494bcc448 + 3. 当前维护世界和平的根本途径是( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 + B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 加强国际⼲预 + - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 + id:: 64870715-f684-48d8-894c-ad2bddd5f912 + 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 + B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 + D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 + id:: 64870745-dadb-467b-a90c-33a99cb70f54 + 3. 我国新时期爱国统⼀战线从根本上说，是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. 爱国主义性质的 + B. 政治联盟性质的 + C. 社会主义性质的 + D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 + - extra:: 硬背吧 + id:: 648707a6-6088-409d-a3d1-5666d23c5af7 + 4. 新时期我国爱国主义的主题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 + B. 实现国家统⼀ + C. 加强⺠族团结 + D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ + - extra:: 重点是体制 + id:: 648707f5-4cc3-43f4-9709-34f99e05481e + 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 加强党的领导 + B. 改善党的领导体制 + C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 + D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 + - extra:: 共产党纯变态 + id:: 648708c8-b45f-48b3-bb42-4dff84cbea23 + 3. 政党区别于其他政治团体的根本标志是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 + B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 + C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 + D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 + - id:: 6487090c-61e8-44ed-81a4-f3e07e1a8731 + 4. ⼀个政党在社会历史进程中是否起促进作⽤，取决于该党是否( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. 取得执政地位 + B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 + C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 + D. 符合统治阶级的需要 + - LATER [[学交]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-13 Tue> + - DONE 看格式要求 _Follow the ABC (Abstract Body Conclusion) Format for all Letters/Memos_ + - DONE Job application letter + - Cover letter (application letter) + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + [Your name] + [Your address] + [Your city, state and zip code] + + [Date] + + [Hiring manager's name] + [Hiring manager's title] + [Company name] + [Company address] + [Company city, state and zip code] + + Dear [Hiring manager's name], + + I'm writing to express my interest in the position of [job title] at [company]. [Explain how you heard about the job and name your contact if you were referred by someone within the company.] I believe my [skills and qualifications] make me an ideal fit for this job. + + [Use the second paragraph to elaborate on how you would help the company. Reference specific campaigns or projects when possible.] + + [Use the third paragraph to summarize your key qualifications. Elaborate on your most important accomplishments and include details that you were unable to provide in the more concise format of your resume.] + + [Use the fourth paragraph to briefly explain why you want to work for this company. Mention the additional documents included with your cover letter, and express your excitement about moving forward in the hiring process.] + + Sincerely, + [Your name] + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE Academic + - DONE research proposal + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + Your proposal should include the following: + + 1. TITLE + + Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research approach or key question + + 2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE + + You should include: + + the background and issues of your proposed research + identify your discipline + a short literature review + a summary of key debates and developments in the field + + 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) + + You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY + + You should provide an outline of: + + the theoretical resources to be drawn on + the research approach (theoretical framework) + the research methods appropriate for the proposed research + a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and methods + + 5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE + + You should include an outline of the various stages and corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the research, including writing up your thesis. + + For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. + + For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY + + You should include: + + a list of references to key articles and texts discussed within your research proposal + a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed research + + #+END_VERSE + - DONE academic paper + - DONE abstract + - Major Types of Abstract - Descriptive Abstracts + - ● Short -uaually less than 120 words. + - ● Includes: + - ● purpose of the paper/work (objectives) + - ● metho used + - ● scope of the paper/work + - ● introducing the subject. + - ● Doesn’t include: + - ● results, conclusions and recommendations + - It aims to provide the reader with brief summaries (1-2 sentences) of each of the sections of the paper. + - ● A descriptive abstract summarizes the main points of a document without + providing any analysis or interpretation, simply describing what the document + contains. It is typically very short and doesn't provide any information beyond + what you would find in the document's table of contents. + - ● An outline of your work + - •Major Types of Abstract - Informative Abstracts + - ● Fairly short - from 250 words to a page or more. + - ● Include: + - ● purpose of the work/paper (research background /objectives) + - ● method used + - ● scope of the work + - ● results / findings + - ● conclusions and recommendations + - ● contributions, novelty (optional) + - It focuses on providing the results of the research and describing the + conclusion, contribution and vovelty that can be drawn from these + results. + - DONE introduction + - a clear sense of purpose, + thorough understanding of reader needs, and + close attention to correct formats. + - Research paper introductions are always unique. + After all, research is original by definition. However, they often + contain six essential items. These are: + - **An overview of the topic.**Start with a general overview of + your topic. Narrow the overview until you address your paper’s specific + subject. Then, mention questions or concerns you had about the case. + Note that you will address them in the publication. + - **Prior research.**Your introduction is the place to review + other conclusions on your topic. Include both older scholars and modern + scholars. This background information shows that you are aware of prior + research. It also introduces past findings to those who might not have + that expertise. + - **A rationale for your paper.**Explain why your topic needs to + be addressed right now. If applicable, connect it to current issues. + Additionally, you can show a problem with former theories or reveal a + gap in current research. No matter how you do it, a good rationale will + interest your readers and demonstrate why they must read the rest of + your paper. + - **Describe the methodology you used.**Recount your processes to + make your paper more credible. Lay out your goal and the questions you + will address. Reveal how you conducted research and describe how you + measured results. Moreover, explain why you made key choices. + - **A thesis statement.**Your main introduction should end with a + thesis statement. This statement summarizes the ideas that will run + through your entire research article. It should be straightforward and + clear. + - **An outline.**Introductions often conclude with an outline. + Your layout should quickly review what you intend to cover in the + following sections. Think of it as a roadmap, guiding your reader to the + end of your paper. + - These six items are emphasized more or less, + depending on your field. For example, a physics research paper might + emphasize methodology. An English journal article might highlight the + overview. + - DONE conclusion + - Presenting the last word on the issues you raised in your paper. + - Summarizing your thoughts and conveying the larger implications of your study. + - Demonstrating the importance of your ideas. + - Introducing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. + - DONE Report + - Informal + - DONE letter report + - Format + - #+BEGIN_VERSE + This form is used in the case of brief and informal reports. Its main parts are: + + Heading; + Date; + Address; + Salutation; + Body; + Complimentary close; + Signature. + + The body of the letter can be divided into the following parts: + + Introduction: Here the writer states the problem. + Findings: Here the finding of the investigation are presented. + Recommendation: After the findings, recommendations are given in the last paragraph of the body. + + The sample is given below to give an idea about the structure of a report. + #+END_VERSE + - Sample + - ```text + Opex Apparel Ltd. + (A house for best Garments) + Dhanmondi, Dhaka + + 25th, May 2021 + + Managing Director + Opex Apparel Ltd. + Dhanmondi, Dhaka. + + Ref: Negligence of duty by the staff in our Uttara Showroom. + + Dear Sir, + + In accordance with” your instructions, I personally visited our Uttara + showroom to look into its functioning. I made some investigation and + therefore submitting my report hereunder. + + A number of worthy customers purchased some exclusive garments + but found some problems with fitting after purchase. They tried their + best to return the garments but failed because there was no + attendant to take the complaint and providing the change. As a + result, they made a phone call to our complaint department and filed + complaints regarding this issue. + + In our Uttara branch, there is only one attendant named Mr. Saker to + handle the after-sales service. He has been found to be irregular for + the last three (3) months. As a result, our customers are getting + dissatisfaction causing a decrease in our sales. In this age of + competition, losing customers means “Red Alert to the business. + + I have no hesitation to recommend that Mr. Saker may be served + with a notice and a really efficient and active man may be sent there + for proper functioning. + + I hope that quick action will be taken based on my recommendation + for the betterment of our company. + + Yours faithfully + + M. A Khan Secretary + ``` + - DONE memo report + - Format + - Abstract + - Clear statement of memo's purpose + Outline of main parts of memo + - Body + - Supporting points, with strong points at the beginning and/or end + Frequent use of short paragraphs or listed items + Absolute clarity about what memo has to do with reader + Tactful presentation of any negative news + - Conclusion + - Clear statement of what step should occur next + Another effort to retain goodwill and cooperation of readers + - Sample: + - ```text + MEMORANDUM + + DATE: + + TO: + + FROM: + + SUBJECT: + + I'm writing to inform you that [statement, reason for writing memo]. + + As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening + paragraph]. + + Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your + cooperation as [official business information] takes place. + ``` + - Formal + - DONE Letter Text Combination Form + - Types + - proposal: A proposal report is a document that outlines a plan or suggestion for a + particular project, initiative, or course of action. It is typically + prepared by an individual or a team who wants to propose a specific + idea, action, or solution to a problem. The purpose of a proposal report + is to convince the intended audience that the proposed plan is viable, + beneficial, and worth pursuing. + - feasibility: A feasibility report determines the outcome of a proposed solution by analyzing all relevant factors. + - progress: A progress report is a document that provides an update on the status, + achievements, and ongoing activities of a project, task, or initiative. + It is typically prepared on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or + quarterly, to inform stakeholders about the progress made toward + established goals and objectives. + - evaluation: An evaluation report is a document that assesses and analyzes the + performance, effectiveness, or impact of a project, program, policy, or + initiative. It provides an in-depth examination and critique of the + subject being evaluated, based on specific criteria and objectives. + - problem analysis: A problem analysis report is a document that examines and analyzes a specific problem or issue in depth. It aims to identify the root causes + of the problem, understand its impact, and propose potential solutions + or recommendations. + - recommendation: Recommendation reports, also known as justification reports, propose a specific idea to the reader and provide evidence to support the + recommendation. + - Template + - ```text + Report on [topic of the report] + Submitted on [date of submission] + Summary or Abstract + [This summarizes the contents of the report, including your main findings and + overall conclusion.] + Introduction + [This provides insight into the purpose of the report.] + Background + [This section provides background information for the reader to understand the + context of the remaining content.] + Methodology + [This section explains to the reader what method you followed to gather your + findings and make your conclusions. For example, describe if you're using + qualitative or quantitative methods in your research.] + Findings + [Present your findings based on your research.] + Conclusions + The main issues we found were as follows: + [Outline the main issues to address based on your findings.] + Recommendations + To address these central issues, we recommend the following steps: + [Offer clear recommendations of actions based on your findings and conclusions + to help solve the problem.] + Appendix + [List any references used for your research, including articles, papers, or other + sources. You can also include any reference materials, such as surveys, tables, + charts, or diagrams referenced in your report.] + ``` + - LATER 写几篇试试手 + - LATER 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> + - DONE 看 block4 + collapsed:: true + - SI bytes: + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686315189766_0.png) + - LATER 做往年题 + - LATER Review slides + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 + :END: + - DONE Tutorial 1 + collapsed:: true + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 + :END: + - DONE Base conversion + - Integer + - Digits + - DONE LSB, MSB + - DONE ==2's complement== + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 + :END: + - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) + - Invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - convert from 2's complement (negative numbers) + - subtract 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - invert the bits of that representation + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - or: + - invert bits + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - add 1 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - Subtraction with 2's complement + - DONE Floating point formats + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 + :END: + - IEEE 754 FP + - $$ Value = (-1)^s * 1.f * 2^{e-127} $$ + - s: sign + - f: Mantissa + - e: exponent + - Parity + - LATER Tutorial 2 + - LATER Tutorial 3 + - LATER Tutorial 4 + - LATER 数据库 + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-15 Thu> + - {{embed ((647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f))}} + - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-16 Fri> + - DONE 整理考点 + :LOGBOOK: + CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:10]--[2023-06-09 Fri 15:05:11] => 00:00:01 + :END: + - LATER See past exam papers + - LATER 整理 ppt + - DONE Week 1 + - {{embed ((648581e7-cc5c-4514-9c2a-0b6af4adc5bb))}} + - {{embed ((648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122))}} + - [Topic 4: Product Planning](https://docs.google.com/document/d/17RTFywNdyxAnf7qcb4drrn_shtRjSRhO/edit) + - {{embed ((64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735))}} + - DONE Week 2 + - {{embed ((6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c))}} + - {{embed ((64857305-2925-485f-9aed-e15511b42149))}} + - {{embed ((64857305-a186-4927-890d-607f66d97f95))}} + - DONE Week 3 + - DONE Week4 + - LATER 概率论 (隔了一个周末) + collapsed:: true + SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> + - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} + - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) +- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T13_35_12.395Z.Desktop.md b/pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230614-232025-FGMY57F.md similarity index 66% rename from logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T13_35_12.395Z.Desktop.md rename to pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230614-232025-FGMY57F.md index 900e690..8dcea85 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T13_35_12.395Z.Desktop.md +++ b/pages/总复习2023t1.sync-conflict-20230614-232025-FGMY57F.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + title:: 总复习2023t1 - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> @@ -44,12 +45,12 @@ - DONE 课件 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 10:47:42]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:02] => 03:24:20 :END: - DONE 看 revision (java file IO 可以考前再看一遍) collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 11:40:14]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:33] => 01:18:19 :END: - DONE [#A] Review past exam papers - DONE java file IO @@ -83,8 +84,8 @@ - Overall, the `this` keyword provides a way to refer to the current object and access its members, helping to avoid naming conflicts and make the code more readable. - DONE Past exam papers :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 12:58:29] => 15:21:13 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:05]--[2023-06-12 Mon 17:55:24] => 03:43:19 :END: - DONE Access Modifiers - DONE Javadoc tags and modifiers [tutorial](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_documentation.htm) @@ -103,14 +104,14 @@ - @throws ExceptionType reason - DONE Garbage collection collapsed:: true - - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage - collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which - objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. - An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your - program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or + - **The working:** Java garbage collection is an automatic process. Automatic garbage + collection is the process of looking at heap memory, identifying which + objects are in use and which are not, and deleting the unused objects. + An in-use object, or a referenced object, means that some part of your + program still maintains a pointer to that object. An unused or unreferenced object is no longer referenced by any part of your program. - So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The - programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The + So the memory used by an unreferenced object can be reclaimed. The + programmer does not need to mark objects to be deleted explicitly. The garbage collection implementation lives in the JVM. - **Eligibility for garbage collection:** An object is said to be eligible for GC(garbage collection) if it is unreachable. - DONE ==THREE main concepts when doing GUI programming in Java== @@ -127,18 +128,19 @@ - ArithmeticException - NegativeArraySizeException - ArrayStoreException - - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. + - LATER four fundamental OOP concepts. :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 + CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:16]--[2023-06-12 Mon 14:12:18] => 00:00:02 :END: - inheritance - Inheritance in Java is **a concept that acquires the properties from one class to other classes** - - ## polymorphism + - polymorphism + - - encapsulation - Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of **wrapping the data** (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as **data hiding**. - abstraction. - Data **abstraction** is the process **of hiding certain details** and showing only essential information to the user. - - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or + - Abstraction can be achieved with either **abstract classes** or [**interfaces**](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_interface.asp) (which you will learn more about in the next chapter). - Overloading vs. overriding - When two or more methods in the same class have the same method name but different parameters, this is called overloading. In contrast, overriding occurs when two methods have the same name and parameters @@ -151,213 +153,252 @@ :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:00]--[2023-06-11 Sun 09:51:01] => 00:00:01 :END: - - DONE 整理错题 + - DONE 整理错题 deck:: 2023t1/Mao - - 在 1978 年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-db81-4923-8c25-48429b1b0999 + - 在1978年的关于真理标准问题的⼤讨论中，邓⼩平指出，关于真理标准问题的讨论实质就在于( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486eb88-490a-45f2-b393-89192dd5ea52 A.是否坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 B.是否坚持实践是==检验真理==的唯⼀标准 C.是否坚持解放思想、实事求是 D.是否坚持中国共产党的领导 - 创新包括各⽅⾯的创新，如理论创新、技术创新、制度创新等，其中在各项创新中处于先导地位的是 （ {{c1 b}}）#flashcard extra:: 社会主义主打一个空想 - id:: 64895ec0-eb6a-4252-9bb6-89eff3bc6e76 + id:: 6486eba2-9d71-4e27-a8f8-96947c0beda6 A．科技创新 B．理论创新 C．⽂化创新 D．⽣产关系创新 + - id:: 6486ebb8-4319-4e33-a901-221546ac6b28 + 4. 党的思想路线的实质和核⼼是（ {{c1 c}} ）#flashcard A.⽣产关系适合⽣产⼒ B.理论联系实际 C.实事求是 D.在实践中检验真理和发展真理 - extra:: 三个有利于：改革得失 + id:: 6486ebbd-9c15-48d3-a273-aad64d4fadb2 + 5. 实事求是思想路线的根本体现是 （ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard A．尊重群众、尊重实践 B．⼀切从群众中来 C．解放思想 D．“三个有利于” - 4．中国共产党在新⺠主主义⾰命领导权问题上有着深刻认识，党认为实现对⾰命的领导权的根本 - id:: 64895ec0-a0c3-4205-9240-3bbea356fab0 - 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard + id:: 6486ebe6-ea17-4b3d-a855-1a992863e0e2 + 保证是（ {{c1 c}} ）。 #flashcard A.动员全⺠开展武装⽃争 B.建⽴最⼴泛的⼈⺠统⼀战线 C.加强中国共产党的建设 D.扩⼤⾰命的影响⼒和控制⼒ - extra:: a: 抢国民党 - id:: 64895ec0-f849-4a5c-8fe9-d3deb0e3fdcb - 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard - A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 - C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 + id:: 6486ebf2-991b-43fa-9baf-c2e94eec3230 + 1. 建国初期我国社会主义国营经济建⽴的主要途径是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + A. 没收官僚资本 B. 没收帝国主义在华企业 + C. 剥夺封建地主阶级的财产 D. 赎买⺠族资产阶级的财产 - extra:: 学苏联 + id:: 6486ebf5-ecb6-49f4-a22e-156de99c617c + 2. 20世纪50年代，⽑泽东提出，中国⼯业化道路的问题主要是指 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard A.优先发展重⼯业的问题 B.将落后的农业国建设成为先进的⼯业国的问题 C.重⼯业、轻⼯业和农业的发展关系问题 D.建⽴独⽴的⽐较完整的⼯业体系问题 - - extra:: b 反右运动 c 文革 d 从来没有 + - extra:: b反右运动 c文革 d从来没有 + id:: 6486ec08-5315-4ddc-ad39-f87b1acf36ec + 3. 社会主义改造基本完成后，我国国家政治⽣活的主题是 ( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard A.集中⼒量发展社会⽣产⼒ B.正确处理⼈⺠内部⽭盾 C.进⾏思想战线上的社会主义⾰命 D.加强社会主义⺠主与法制建设 - extra:: 创新性方法：学苏联自由派 + id:: 6486ec0b-b934-4f4a-b0ff-31c39c44e74d + 4. 我国在资本主义⼯商业进⾏社会主义改造实践中⼀个创新性办法是对⺠族资产阶级( {{c1 a}} ) #flashcard A.和平赎买 B.剥夺⽣产资料 C.公私合营 D.⽣活上给出路 - extra:: 十大关系指出要多快好省建设社会主义基本思想 + id:: 6486ec0e-3678-4e3c-95cc-a1eae493c278 + 5. ⽑泽东在《论⼗⼤关系》中提出我国社会主义建设必须围绕的⼀个基本⽅针是 （ {{c1 c}} ） #flashcard A.发展⽣产⼒，把我国尽快地从落后的农业国变为先进的⼯业国 B.正确处理⽆产阶级同资产阶级的⽭盾 C.调动⼀切积极因素，为社会主义事业服务 D.彻底消灭剥削制度，继续肃清反⾰命残余势⼒ - - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard + - 1.社会主义的**根本**原则是（ {{c1 a}} ） #flashcard extra:: 根本原则 - id:: 64895ec0-3dc2-4451-a8fe-24381236c3fd + id:: 6486f101-7de3-4d01-81fa-f33ca1ce5395 A. 坚持以公有制为主体，实现共同富裕 B.扩⼤改⾰开放，增强综合国⼒ C.实⾏按劳分配，改善⼈⺠⽣活 D. 不断发展⽣产，增加社会财富 - 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard + - id:: 6486f11d-fd1f-4050-b693-1d9e61525db2 + 3. 新时期的解放思想，关键就是对建设中国特⾊社会主义的⾸要的基本理论问题的重新认识，这就 + 是( {{c1 d}} ) #flashcard A.什么是实事求是 B. 怎样建设党 C.什么是⻢克思主义 D. 什么是社会主义 - - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + - 5.坚持四项基本原则的核⼼是 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard + id:: 6486f139-1b96-4fa2-801d-e6af909be90c extra:: 共产党要独裁，别人都不行 - id:: 64895ec0-9e79-4649-93be-cf27f0fc42ba A.坚持社会主义道路 B.坚持⼈⺠⺠主专政 C.坚持共产党的领导 D.坚持⻢列主义、⽑泽东思想 - 3．社会主义初级阶段与新⺠主主义社会在经济基础⽅⾯的本质区别在于（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard extra:: d: 不谈这些 - id:: 64895ec0-7ac9-4e1d-bb5b-ce5ee51f4897 + id:: 6486f1db-f09d-45d5-982e-8a6d36c88ec0 A. 是否存在多种所有制经济 B. ⾮公有制经济是否成为社会主义经济的必要补充 C. 国有经济是否起主导作⽤ D. 公有制经济是否成为社会经济的主体 - 2.正确处理改⾰、发展、稳定三者关系的重要结合点是（ {{c1 b}} ）#flashcard - id:: 64895ec0-d70c-4c98-94bb-80fcbe503533 + id:: 6486f20e-62ee-4487-855d-9fbfe95e4d8f A.把改⾰的⼒度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统⼀结合起来 B.不断改善⼈⺠⽣活 C.在社会政治稳定中推进改⾰和发展 D.靠深化和继续发展解决改⾰和发展中产⽣的新问题和新⽭盾 - - 5.经过 30 多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 - 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard + - 5.经过30多年的对外开放，我国形成了全⽅位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局。所谓全⽅位就是 + 指（ {c1 a}）#flashcard extra:: 全方位：a; 多层次：合作框架, 宽领域：跨越政治 - id:: 64895ec0-0a5a-4f41-a262-adbb511a9af6 + id:: 6486f242-b267-4c28-825a-62182abcfbfe A.不论对资本主义国家还是社会主义国家，对发达国家还是发展中国家都实⾏开放政策 B. 根据各地区的实际和特点，通过经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区等不同开放程度的 各种形式，形成全国范围的对外开放 C．⽴⾜我国国情，对国际商品市场、国际资本市场、国际技术市场和国际劳务市场的开放 D. 坚持“引进来”和“⾛出去”相结合 - 1.我国现阶段公有制的主要实现形式是（ {{c1 a}} ）#flashcard + id:: 6486f2b8-2ef5-461f-a6da-6dcae1737aa8 extra:: b: 农村银行 - id:: 64895ec0-a04c-4640-a3a9-e1dd807a7745 A. 股份制 B.股份合作制 C.租赁、承包制 D.国家独资经济 + - id:: 6486fb7d-2914-45c7-99a3-81afc94e8c1a + 3. 国有经济在国⺠经济中的主导作⽤主要表现在 ( {{c1 c}} ) #flashcard A.国有资产在社会总资产中占有量的优势 B.国有经济能控制垄断性⾏业 C.国有经济对国⺠经济的==控制⼒== D.国有经济在国⺠经济中占主体地位 - - 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard + - extra:: 领导利益优先 + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + 4. 在收⼊分配过程中，⽆论是⿎励⼀部分地区、⼀部分⼈先富起来，还是注重社会公平，其实质都 + 是( {{c1 b}} ) #flashcard extra:: 领导利益优先 - id:: 64895ec0-a755-4622-9044-19bef1cbc32e - A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益 B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 - C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益 D.效率优先、兼顾公平 - - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486fb9c-3ec3-4817-a455-38bfcc043e24 + A．维护最⼴⼤⼈⺠的根本利益B.如何妥善协调各⽅⾯的利益关系问题 + C.兼顾不同⽅⾯群众的利益D.效率优先、兼顾公平 + - 1.新⺠主主义⾰命初期，⽑泽东⽐较了中外资产阶级⾰命的性质后，提出中国⾰命胜利后，应该建⽴的国家政权形式是 ( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard extra:: 共产党约等于革命民众 - id:: 64895ec0-8194-401b-9372-ecb960a032eb + id:: 6486fbcf-fce9-47eb-9471-93bb3fdbca43 A. ⼈⺠⺠主专政的国家 B. 各⾰命⺠众合作统治的国家 C. ⺠主联合政府的国家 D. 以⼯农为主的⼯农⺠主政权 - - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard + - 2.中国共产党和各⺠主党派合作的政治基础是 ( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard extra:: 四项基本原则不允许争议，指“社会主义”，“民主”，“共产党独裁”，“马列毛思想”不允许反对 - id:: 64895ec0-3678-4873-adfd-82b4df53da19 + id:: 6486fc44-9b33-4eb1-bbc0-fc00aa42ed6c A. 中国共产党和各⺠主党派全作的政治基础是 B. 遵循“⻓期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共”的⽅针 C. 坚持四项基本原则 D. 中国共产党是执政党，⺠主党派是参政党 - - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + - 5.社会主义⺠主政治的**本质**是 ( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + id:: 6486fcfb-2262-48e4-96dc-24b0ca4087e3 extra:: 红二代当家作主最重要 - id:: 64895ec0-da3e-46f8-92ab-c0da5efe157e A. ⼈⺠当家作主 B. ⼈⺠⺠主专政 C. ⼈⺠代表⼤会制度 D. ⼈⺠参与国家管理 - - A. 爱国主义 - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 - id:: 64895ec0-dd09-45f4-a3d4-073860b4dd0b + - extra:: 共产党最爱吹的金句 + id:: 6486fe1f-1d2e-46de-8616-a9bb174c3ade + 4. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 爱国主义 B. 集体主义 C. 社会主义 D. 为⼈⺠服务 + - id:: 6486fe3b-fd24-4e3f-980d-d02c66e3fe18 + 5. 社会主义道德建设的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 为⼈⺠服务 B. 集体主义 C 诚实可信 D 爱国主义 - 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 以⼈为本 - B. 以⺠为本 - C 社会公平 - D 公平和正义 - - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + - id:: 64870181-4942-41c3-9f04-54ccd35a73ad + 1. 社会主义和谐社会的核⼼价值是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 以⼈为本 + B. 以⺠为本 + C 社会公平 + D 公平和正义 + - 2 我国社会保障制度的基本⽬标是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard extra:: 竟然是和其他所有国家一样 - id:: 64895ec0-8e70-4ef1-81a7-5cd033cfac67 + id:: 648701b2-ad29-4bd5-9160-bcf973aaeb51 A. 保证⼈们最基本的⽣活需要 B. 使劳动者⽣活⽔平不断提⾼ C. 保证劳动者充分就业 D. 实现共同富裕 - - extra:: + - extra:: + id:: 648702a3-ce36-474c-8427-ba505b748de2 + 5. “⼗⼀五”规划根本⽬的是以⼈为本，执政为⺠，其含义( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard A. 不断推进⼈的全⾯发展 B. 不断推进共同富裕 C. 不断满⾜⼈⺠的物质⽂化⽣活需要 D. 不断创造共同富裕的物质基础 - - A. 祖国统⼀ - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 - id:: 64895ec0-11d5-40f6-84d9-dc9fef824774 + - extra:: 因为是假想敌，所以想要统一 + id:: 648702cb-b4d4-470c-b1c3-187aa64ba582 + 2. 台湾问题的核⼼是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 祖国统⼀ B. ⼀国两制 C. ⼀国两政府 D. “三通” - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - id:: 6487034e-025b-4a2e-9bee-ba856180c7cd + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，和平与发展的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + - id:: 648704bb-1b44-4b7a-9b56-4f8ee1e102f0 + 4. 中国外交政策的基本**⽬标**是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 实现全⼈类的解放 - extra:: 是全球的南北 - id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 - 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard - A. 南北问题 - B. .维护世界和平问题 - C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 - D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 + id:: 648704ff-5743-4233-9a16-3c196737e5aa + 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard + A. 南北问题 + B. .维护世界和平问题 + C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 + D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 - extra:: 美国=霸权主义，反对美国来维护世界和平 + id:: 64870507-34f9-422d-b543-727494bcc448 + 3. 当前维护世界和平的根本途径是( {{c1 c}} ). #flashcard A. 实⾏有效裁军和军控 B. 发挥联合国的维和作⽤ C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 D. 加强国际⼲预 - extra:: 民族资产阶级最后被收购了 - id:: 64895ec0-83af-4a8b-9fb9-805f7ec7d617 - 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard - A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 - B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 - D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + id:: 64870715-f684-48d8-894c-ad2bddd5f912 + 1. 中国新⺠主主义⾰命时期的统⼀战线包含着两个联盟。其中基本的、主要的联盟是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard + A. ⼯⼈阶级同城市⼩资产阶级的联盟 + B. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级等其他劳动⼈⺠的联盟 + C. 以⼯农联盟为主体的⼯⼈阶级同农⺠、⼩资产阶级和⺠族资产阶级的联盟 + D. ⼯⼈阶级同可以合作的⾮劳动⼈⺠的联盟 - extra:: 共产党你是会恶心人的 + id:: 64870745-dadb-467b-a90c-33a99cb70f54 + 3. 我国新时期爱国统⼀战线从根本上说，是( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 爱国主义性质的 B. 政治联盟性质的 C. 社会主义性质的 D. ⼈⺠⺠主性质的 - extra:: 硬背吧 + id:: 648707a6-6088-409d-a3d1-5666d23c5af7 + 4. 新时期我国爱国主义的主题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 建设有中国特⾊社会主义 B. 实现国家统⼀ C. 加强⺠族团结 D. 增强⼈⺠凝聚⼒ - extra:: 重点是体制 - id:: 64895ec0-21ac-4215-9fd7-63c4fff95559 - 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard - A. 加强党的领导 - B. 改善党的领导体制 - C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 - D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 + id:: 648707f5-4cc3-43f4-9709-34f99e05481e + 1. ⼗六届四中全会指出，提⾼党的执政能⼒的核⼼是( {{c1 d}} ). #flashcard + A. 加强党的领导 + B. 改善党的领导体制 + C. 建设⾼素质的⼲部队伍 + D. 保持党和⼈⺠群众的⾎⾁关系 - extra:: 共产党纯变态 + id:: 648708c8-b45f-48b3-bb42-4dff84cbea23 + 3. 政党区别于其他政治团体的根本标志是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard A. 政党是阶级⽃争发展到⼀定历史阶段的产物 B. 政党同国家政权紧密联系 C. 政党有⾃⼰的纲领 D. 政党有⾃⼰的奋⽃⽬标 + - id:: 6487090c-61e8-44ed-81a4-f3e07e1a8731 + 4. ⼀个政党在社会历史进程中是否起促进作⽤，取决于该党是否( {{c1 b}} ). #flashcard A. 取得执政地位 B. 代表先进⽣产⽅式 C. 维护⽆产阶级利益 @@ -416,7 +457,7 @@ 3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S) - You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring + You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY @@ -433,7 +474,7 @@ For full-time study your research should be completed within three years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration. - For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. + For part-time study your research should be completed within six years, with writing up completed by the eighth year. 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY @@ -672,59 +713,58 @@ - LATER 写几篇试试手 - DONE 数电 {{renderer :todomaster}} SCHEDULED: <2023-06-14 Wed> - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - collapsed:: true + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - DONE 看 block4 - deck:: 2023t1/Circuits + deck:: 2023t1/Circuits - Buses #flashcard what is it? connection types? - id:: 64895ec0-bc6b-4db5-b6a9-ce4cd728dd78 + id:: 6488641f-9ec8-4732-9f02-c4aeb2367d68 - Set of two or more electrical conductors representing a binary value - Often more than just a one-to-one connection - Data Storage Devices - - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? - id:: 64895ec0-0708-4f9d-b106-24296716fa8d + - Random Access: #flashcard Access parallel? Access time? address length? two categories of random access? + id:: dba98f43-3f8b-463d-81c5-c72ab1192ec8 - All memory contents can be accessed in the same time as each other. - Equal time to access any location - n-bit address - Volatile #flashcard: content lost? also called? two types? - id:: 64895ec0-ee26-4729-aaa3-56f824aa8d43 + id:: 64886486-510b-4bae-a96b-b3e1e2d7426a - Volatile memory loses its contents when the power is switched off - - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working - id:: 64895ec0-3638-4913-98ab-53cea78b5f2a - memory” #flashcard + - Volatile memory is commonly called {{c1 RAM(Random Access Memory)}}. Often used as “working + id:: 648864bd-5553-4cb9-9b3b-95704702ec3a + memory” #flashcard - Static RAM (SRAM): Uses {{c3 transistors}} to store a single bit - id:: 64895ec0-f8f6-4e99-8557-db4f6b38b40a + id:: 6488656f-d6e7-471c-a576-918f2a9539cd of information and does not need to be refreshed periodically. #flashcard - more expensive and less dense - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Uses a {{c2 capacitor}} to store the - id:: 64895ec0-dd35-4cf8-b386-5a244312a79b + id:: 6488659c-99ea-4bf5-9f22-dabeea3f51d9 data bit and needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain the charge in the capacitors. #flashcard - Because of the small cell size, DRAM can have very high densities. - It is the main memory in personal computers. - Non-volatile #flashcard data loss? abbrevation? - id:: 64895ec0-aad5-47f6-84a6-543ea7d930a5 + id:: 535e9457-c460-4f39-af70-29f1451ec6bd - Non-volatile memory keeps its contents even if there is no power to the device. - Non-volatile memory is commonly called as {{c1 ROM}} - id:: 64895ec0-e7ff-4a6c-bb06-731bb9f26413 + id:: 648864c3-9852-48f3-8aac-21adaab99963 - ROM - Definition :-> Read-Only Memory where the contents cannot be - id:: 64895ec0-0b10-47d5-9a55-d86e9d711777 + id:: 64886681-d990-45e3-afd3-e13d95459f58 changed by normal CPU operations. - used to store fixed data or information. - Mask ROM :-> programmed in manufacture - id:: 64895ec0-665d-48e3-9c6f-8d98d499fb44 + id:: 648866a8-81ed-435b-a946-d96ab208b17e - PROM :-> Programmable ROM - id:: 64895ec0-7ad7-4186-a070-46403fa1adbd + id:: 648866ae-85e5-4241-a1f9-fc2d32df9cda - EPROM :-> Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-d5d4-4888-8c51-0cc852162e81 + id:: 648866b2-2f28-4bc3-96ba-d05da9722b4f - EEPROM :-> Electrically Erasable PROM - id:: 64895ec0-82fd-4910-8365-bbcb7ec7b089 + id:: 648866b5-0447-4faf-8535-258f4c28d7d2 - Serial Access - Stores data bits in series Head must travel from current position to new address passing the @@ -738,24 +778,22 @@ - DONE 往年题 - DONE Review slides :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:05:19]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:37:27] => 01:32:08 :END: - DONE Tutorial 1 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:06:12]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:13:20] => 01:07:08 :END: - DONE Base conversion - Integer - Digits - If calculating integer part, from up to down :-> LSB to MSB - id:: 64895ec0-d31b-4520-9651-c06319d4fca2 - fractional part is the reverse, :-> from MSB to LSB, since we are multiplying. - id:: 64895ec0-eb02-4a85-b47c-e55ec4ff9e63 - DONE LSB, MSB - DONE ==2's complement== :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:32] - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:24:34]--[2023-06-11 Sun 20:32:57] => 00:08:23 :END: - convert to 2's complement (negative numbers) - Invert the bits of that representation @@ -775,10 +813,10 @@ - Subtraction with 2's complement - DONE Floating point formats :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 + CLOCK: [2023-06-11 Sun 20:53:09]--[2023-06-11 Sun 21:09:13] => 00:16:04 :END: - IEEE 754 FP - - $$ Value = (-1)^s _ 1.f _ 2^{e-127} $$ + - $$ Value = (-1)^s * 1.f * 2^{e-127} $$ - s: sign - f: Mantissa - e: exponent @@ -786,7 +824,7 @@ - DONE Tutorial 2 collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:02:54]--[2023-06-13 Tue 19:53:03] => 00:50:09 :END: - Drawing gates - Boolean algebra @@ -801,7 +839,7 @@ - Algebraic product of maxterms, POS, Canonical Product - DONE Tutorial 3 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 19:56:43]--[2023-06-13 Tue 20:31:16] => 00:34:33 :END: - Draw latches - SR @@ -817,28 +855,28 @@ - State diagram - DONE Tutorial 4 :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 20:36:09]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:21:19] => 00:45:10 :END: - Calculating address bits - Calculating bits required to select memory chips - draw diagrams - DONE Draw block diagram of circuit using decoder so that memory can be addrerssed :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686666046762_0.png) - DONE Draw block diagram of a system in which a memory space comprises multiple memory devices of smaller capacity and explain its operation :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: - DONE Mux switch :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665844966_0.png) - DONE Draw ROM :LOGBOOK: - CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 + CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12]--[2023-06-13 Tue 21:33:12] => 00:00:00 :END: ![image.png](../assets/image_1686663351367_0.png) The address is from b to a (down to up): @@ -854,9 +892,8 @@ ![image.png](../assets/image_1686665912325_0.png) - Transforming bit, byte, kb, mb, gb - LATER 看数据库 {{renderer :todomaster}} - deck:: 2023t1/database + id:: 647bf024-fa40-4786-9770-e16da8b57f0f - DONE 课件 - collapsed:: true :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:28]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:30] => 00:00:02 CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:01:41]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:19] => 00:36:38 @@ -870,212 +907,63 @@ :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 :END: - - DONE Block 1 - deck:: 2023t1/database - collapsed:: true + - LATER Block 1 - DONE DBMS - - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. - id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 - - Table :-> A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). - id:: 648974ba-7b5a-4cff-8d21-3bcc7e0c1fe8 - - Row/Record :-> A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. - id:: 648974ba-d192-4027-945a-9c6113ac218f - - Column/Field :-> A specific attribute or data element within a table. - id:: 648974ba-89e7-434a-b242-68a1ea3f7f6b - - Primary Key :-> A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. - id:: 648974ba-611e-4d5c-849b-9cd57b7bddb9 - - Foreign Key :-> A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. - id:: 648974ba-bc0d-4b78-a8cb-7a081ca1b2ac - - Relationship :-> The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. - id:: 648974ba-851d-42a7-95c1-2619fed22d3a - - Normalization :-> The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. - id:: 648974ba-53b0-4176-b67b-cd51d1ea09c6 - - Index :-> A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. - id:: 648974ba-2246-42c3-aa0c-7609107af7c5 - - Query :-> A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). - id:: 648974ba-4b3e-4f99-90fd-b4c9a1a43a53 - - SQL (Structured Query Language) :-> A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. - id:: 648974ba-a844-4e21-a1ca-e0b26668f1b7 - - CRUD Operations :-> An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. - id:: 648974ba-34d4-49df-91c9-b44b018120c6 - - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) :-> A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. - id:: 648974ba-4174-45b7-8903-38ffea39a200 - - Data Integrity :-> The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. - id:: 648974ba-7797-4a43-b644-f0780da5121b - - Database Schema :-> The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. - id:: 648974ba-7b5c-45d1-ac86-ef7211c9672a - - Database Management System (DBMS) :-> Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. - id:: 648974ba-627d-463c-9237-56777d45b8af - - DONE basic concepts of Relational model - - A data model :- > a graphical description of the - components of database. - - A relation, is :-> a two-dimensional table arranged in columns and rows. - id:: 648974ba-40ec-4600-af39-d438a5f75339 - - A relational database is :-> a collection of relations. - id:: 648974ba-c76d-4f2b-a8ad-ef1ad3a16b2c - - Candidate Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a2f3-43a1-a5ea-c170c68314e1 - - A set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple within a - relation. - - Uniqueness : In each tuple, candidate key uniquely identify - that tuple. - - Irreducibility: No proper subset of the candidate key has the - uniqueness property. - - Primary Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-c5dc-44cb-8894-8f5838714f2a - - Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely within - relation. - - Foreign Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-da05-48b6-aded-75d1ea5f1342 - - Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that - matches candidate key of some (possibly same) relation. - - Composite Key #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7242-4c00-b67b-5418c3f71e77 - - A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. - - Recursive Relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-eb07-4e80-a1c3-87555fb04d1a - - Relationship type where same entity type participates - more than once in different roles. - - Multiplicity :-> number (or range) of possible - id:: 648974ba-5d96-4c64-a1b0-e9e61aa3563a - occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a - single occurrence of an associated entity type - through a particular relationship. - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686723218703_0.png) - - Cardinality #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b24d-40a3-8669-9dbc85dedaf7 - - Describes {{c1 maximum}} number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. - id:: 648974ba-ea33-489d-bb7b-1951685babd0 - - Participation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6dc5-4805-9dfd-7db5a83efe3f - - Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. - - Gives the minimum number for an entity occurrences participating in a given relationship type. - - Ternary relationship #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 - - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. + collapsed:: true + - Relational Database: A database that organizes data into tables with rows and columns, maintaining relationships between tables using keys. + - Table: A collection of related data organized into rows (also called records) and columns (also called fields). + - Row/Record: A single set of data in a table, representing a specific instance or entity. + - Column/Field: A specific attribute or data element within a table. + - Primary Key: A unique identifier for each row/record in a table. It ensures the integrity and uniqueness of the data. + - Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, establishing a relationship between the two tables. + - Relationship: The connection between tables based on common data values, such as primary and foreign keys. + - Normalization: The process of organizing and structuring a database design to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. + - Index: A data structure that improves the retrieval speed of data from a database table by creating a quick reference to the location of the data. + - Query: A request for data or information from a database, usually written using Structured Query Language (SQL). + - SQL (Structured Query Language): A programming language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It allows you to create, modify, and retrieve data from databases. + - CRUD Operations: An acronym for Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations, which are the basic operations used to manage data in a database. + - ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Data Integrity: The accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored in a database. + - Database Schema: The structure or blueprint of a database, defining the tables, fields, relationships, and constraints. + - Database Management System (DBMS): Software that provides an interface to interact with databases, managing their creation, modification, and retrieval. + - DONE Relational Algrbra - LATER Forming sql queries + collapsed:: true - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - LATER review lab2 - LATER SQL join - - DONE Block 2 - - DONE EER - - Most useful additional concept of EER model: - specialization/generalization. - - Specialization - - Process of maximizing differences between - members of an entity by identifying their - distinguishing characteristics. - - Generalization - - Process of minimizing differences between - entities by identifying their common - characteristics. - - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard - id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb - specialization/generalization: - - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass - id:: 6489683b-319a-4173-a55b-6fa3b2c09aeb - must participate as a member of a subclass. - - May be mandatory or optional. #flashcard - id:: 648960d0-ae7f-4452-a1b9-cab8a9b13443 - - Mandatory: member of superclass must be - member of subclass - - Optional: member of superclass may be member - of subclass. - - disjoint constraints :-> Describes relationship between members of the subclasses and indicates whether member of a superclass can be a member of one, or more than one, subclass. #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-039f-4161-94b1-91177f713ee5 - - Disjoint: member of superclass is member of at most one subclass (or) - - Nondisjoint: member of superclass can be member of more than one subclass (and) - - Superclass / Subclass - - Superclass :-> An entity type that includes one or more distinct - id:: 64895f2f-b868-46ec-9d80-7079eaf3197d - subgroupings of its occurrences. - - Superclass/subclass relationship is {{c1 one-to-one - id:: 64895f70-57e0-4023-9c32-34f1380aba1e - (1:1).}} #flashcard - - Superclass may contain overlapping or distinct - subclasses. - - Not all members of a superclass need be a - member of a subclass. - - Subclass :-> A distinct subgrouping of occurrences of an entity - id:: 64895f39-d886-436b-9afe-ba75d37c8b45 - type. - - When to use them? either one or both #flashcard - id:: 6489683b-7d47-4246-afdf-83fdb35a00f6 - - There are attributes that apply to some (but not all) instances of an entity. - - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. - - DONE Designing databases - - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard - - Conceptual database design - - The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. - - Logical database design - - Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations. - - Physical database design - - The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS); - - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard - - Gather requirements - - Conceptual database design - - Logical database design - - Physical database design - - LATER SQL - - purpose and importance of SQL. - - retrieve data from database and formulate queries using SELECT and - - Use compound WHERE conditions. - - Sort query results using ORDER BY. - - Use aggregate functions. - - Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING. - - Join tables together. - - Use subqueries. + - LATER Block 2 + - LATER designing ER diagram - DONE Block 3 collapsed:: true - DONE DB transaction management - - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 - - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable - to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, - resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of - resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including - database management systems. - - Example: - - Cascading rollback #flashcard - id:: 64897f0b-dda6-4cc3-a9c3-cf630bcb0658 - - Cascading Rollback: a transaction (T1) causes a - failure and a rollback must be performed. Other - transactions dependent on T1's actions must also - be rollbacked, thus causing a cascading effect. - - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. - - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 - collapsed:: true - - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. - id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da - - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. - id:: 64841d38-2854-4dfb-8f21-0013fca66a0a - - Isolation: :-> The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. - id:: 64841d38-fd2b-435e-bd45-3bf487a74b6f - - Durability: :-> The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. - id:: 64841d38-950c-431e-8f28-ece98e230554 + - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. + - Atomicity: The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. + - Consistency: The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. + - Isolation: The property that ensures concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction operates in isolation until it completes, preventing interference or conflicts. + - Durability: The property that ensures committed changes made by a transaction are permanently saved and will survive any subsequent system failures or crashes. - DONE Concurrency control - - DONE Meaning of serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-5136-4d15-97c0-12087085b47f - - The objective of serialisability is to find nonserial schedules that are equivalent to some serial schedule. Such a schedule is called serialisable. - - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-8812-405f-b49a-69eec9a069d2 + - DONE Meaning of serialisability. + - DONE How locking can ensure serialisability. - Locking achieves serializability by using locks to control access to shared resources (e.g., database objects like tables or rows) and prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions. - - DONE 2PL #flashcard - id:: 64841da4-eab4-40db-819f-249fe1437250 + - DONE 2PL - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase and the shrinking phase. - - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard - id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d + - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. + - A deadlock is a situation in which two or more transactions are unable + to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, + resulting in a circular dependency and a system halt. It is a form of + resource contention that can occur in concurrent systems, including + database management systems. + - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that transactions are executed in a way that maintains data consistency and serializability. - - ==DONE Recovery Control== + - DONE Recovery Control - DONE Some causes of database failure. - System crashes, resulting in loss of main memory. - Power failures @@ -1084,23 +972,20 @@ - Natural physical disasters. - User mistakes. - Sabotage. - - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. #flashcard - id:: 64841f8f-5a9e-4f22-8f51-47931937998a + - DONE Purpose of transaction log file. - Contains information about all updates to database: - Transaction records. - Checkpoint records. - Often used for other purposes (for example, auditing). - For autiding - - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. #flashcard - id:: 64841f91-1d24-49f6-9f83-7c8b565c647f + - DONE Purpose of checkpointing. - When failure occurs, redo all transactions that committed since the checkpoint and undo all transactions active at time of crash. - DONE Normalization background-color:: yellow - - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) #flashcard - id:: 648428e1-e704-4e23-941d-af9833de6f93 + - DONE Functional dependencies [g4g](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-dependencies-in-dbms/) - In a relational database management, functional dependency is a concept that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes where one attribute determines the value of another attribute. It is denoted as **X → Y**, where the attribute set on the left side of the arrow, **X** is called **Determinant** , and **Y** is called the **Dependent**. @@ -1109,148 +994,128 @@ CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:55]--[2023-06-01 Thu 17:38:56] => 00:00:01 :END: - DONE kinds of NF [tutorial](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/normal-forms-in-dbms/) - - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of - id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab + - First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. - - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other - id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 + - Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be dependent on the primary key. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other columns. - - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring - id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 - that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. - - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ - id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 + - Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + that _all non-key attributes are independent of each other._ This means that each column should be directly related to the primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table. + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent only on the candidate key._ - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - - Anomaly - - Update Anomalies #flashcard - - Insertion anomalies - - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the - inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For - example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if - it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the - table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. - - Deletion anomalies - - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or - data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called - the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, - if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of - Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the - row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. - - Modification anomalies - - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the - inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of - anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want - to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows - where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, - then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to - inconsistent and wrong databases. - - LATER Block 4 + - DONE Block 4 - DONE Distributed DBMS - - DONE client server arch #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 + collapsed:: true + - DONE client server arch + collapsed:: true - Computers (client) connected over wired or wireless local area network (LAN) - The database itself and the DBMS are stored on a central device called the database server, which is also connected to the network. - - Distributed Database #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b13a-4f3f-8409-ea02b5ef5894 + - Distributed Database + collapsed:: true - A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically spread over a computer network. - - Distributed DBMS #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-997c-4f43-b2d6-d972cfc23d36 + - Distributed DBMS + collapsed:: true - Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users. - - the key issues #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-4c63-4215-b420-d537c2a93675 + - the key issues + collapsed:: true - Fragmentation - Allocation - Replication - - importance and different types of fragmentation #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-07aa-4c51-aa70-1c8dfb4570e7 + - importance and different types of fragmentation + collapsed:: true - Horizontal - Vertical - Mixed - - different types of transparency #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-6db5-4d3a-af62-1695e7c3a9b7 + - different types of transparency + collapsed:: true - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases + - advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases - DONE XML - - LATER XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f + collapsed:: true + - XML definition and basic concepts + collapsed:: true - eXtensible Markup Language - A meta-language (i.e. a language for describing other languages) that enables designers to create their own customised tags to provide functionality not available with HTML. - - LATER Relational model versus XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-d417-4eef-be28-46cd5894c5c7 + - Relational model versus XML + collapsed:: true - SQL + collapsed:: true - is a special-purpose programming language - You can: manage data in a relational databases. - XML + collapsed:: true - is a markup specification language - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 + - Well-formed XML, Valid XML + collapsed:: true - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Matched tags, proper nesting - Unique attributes within elements - - LATER DTD, XSD + - DTD, XSD + collapsed:: true - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of an XML document. - - LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD - DONE Data Mining - - concept #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a + collapsed:: true + - concept + collapsed:: true - The process of extracting valid, previously unknown, comprehensible, and actionable information from large databases and using it to make crucial business decisions. - - different applications #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-7440-4ac2-8730-b33e9f50570c + - different applications + collapsed:: true - Retail / Marketing - Banking - Insurance - Medicine - basic techniques - - predictive modelling, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a007-420c-87db-1a029c1a39e6 + collapsed:: true + - predictive modelling, + collapsed:: true - uses observations to form a model of the important characteristics of some phenomenon - - database segmentation, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-18a0-474e-96de-6a824969d0ec + - database segmentation, + collapsed:: true - Uses unsupervised learning to discover homogeneous subpopulations in a database to improve the accuracy of the profiles. - - link analysis, #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-0868-469f-9b8f-94a44163c87f + - link analysis, + collapsed:: true - Establishing links, called associations, between the individual records, or sets of records, in a database. - - deviation detection. #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-a77e-47ba-9f0d-6ed14e880333 + - deviation detection. + collapsed:: true - Identifies outliers, which express deviation from some previously known expectation and norm. - DONE NoSQL - - the motivation for NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-91af-424f-b392-928e947740de + collapsed:: true + - the motivation for NoSQL + collapsed:: true - By giving up ACID constraints, one can achieve much higher performance and scalability. - - explain the concepts of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-370b-44a8-9474-5b58d1d0dd28 + - explain the concepts of NoSQL + collapsed:: true - NoSQL databases (aka "not only SQL") are non-tabular databases and store - data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a + data differently than relational tables. NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, - key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and + key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads. - - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba + - explain the application areas of NoSQL + collapsed:: true - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. - - CAP theorem: #flashcard - id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 + - CAP theorem: + collapsed:: true - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: - 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to - ensure coherency). - 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. - 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system - is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + 1. Consistency → A data item has the same value at the same time (to + ensure coherency). + 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. + 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system + is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - LATER Exercises - LATER past year exercise 1