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the growth or scaling phase.
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- Digital Project Management
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- Terms
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- **Digital Project Manager**: the glue that brings
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- **Digital Project Manager** :-> the glue that brings
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together many facets of a successful digital product—
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customers, design, engineering, operations, sales,
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marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more.
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- **Developers or engineers** – the people who will code, test and deploy the digital application that will be used by customers.
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- **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers
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- **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product.
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- mistakes to avoid
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- mistakes to avoid #flashcard
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- Having the _wrong data_
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- _Resistance_ from staff
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- Underestimate _costs_
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- ## Topic 10: Intellectual Property
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- 知识产权分类
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- 专利 (patent):专利是政府向发明人授予的暂时垄断权，以排除他人使用该发明。在美国，专利有效期自其存档日期起共20年。“ 专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约”专利是由政府授予的有限时间的垄断，作为交换，它向公众传授新的有用的知识 其目的是通过授予临时垄断来鼓励一个经济体内部的创造力和创新·a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention ¡ ·“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state¡· A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge ¡ ·The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopolyThis means that individuals and organisations will know that any l· idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and l ·any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others（也就是说个人和组织将知道他们所研发的想法将得到保护，同时任何投资回报（ROI）将由他们获得，而不是别人）
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- ◦ 专利分类
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- ◦ 专利分类 #flashcard
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- ▪ 设计专利(design patent)设计专利提供了一种法定权利，可以排除其他人用与设 计专利中描述的相同的装饰性设计来生产和销售一件产品。设计专利可以被看成是一件产品 装饰性设计的“版权”。
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- ▪ 实用新型专利 (utility patent)美国法律允许为与下列事物有关的发明申请专利：新工艺、机器、制品、合成物，以及对 上述事物新的和有用的改进。Patents are granted to individuals and organisations who can lay claim to a new product or manufacturing process, or to an improvement of an existing product or process that was not previously known（只用记这个）
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- • 法律要求被授予专利的发明的要求、特点 ：Patents – Requirements
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- ◦ 工业应用Industrial application如果发明可以是机器、产品或工艺，则该发明应被视为能够进行工业应用专利是关于产品 /工艺的，因此最终目标是行业应用。即被授予专利的发明必须在某种情况下对某些人有用·The invention shall be taken to be capable of industrial application if it can be a machine, product or processl ·Patents are about products/processes and therefore the final aim is industry application (unlike, for example, PhD research)
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- ◦ 新颖 (novel): 新颖的发明是还没有公开的，在现有产品、出版物或先前专利中未见的发明。新颖性的定义还与实际发明的披露有关。·‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’ – the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK) ¡ ·A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid在英国，如果你要申请一个专利，它必须从未在公众里出现过
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- ◦ 创造性步骤Inventive step当对本领域技术人员来说不显而易见时，发明应被视为包括创造性步骤‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘
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- ◦ 专利的花费The cost of patents
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- ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损）
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- ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others
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- ▪ 法院费用Court fees 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce itl ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts
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- ◦ 专利的花费The cost of patents
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- ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required :-> 可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损）
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- ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents :-> 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others
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- ▪ 法院费用Court fees :-> 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce itl ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts
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- ◦ 关键术语Patents – Key Terms
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- ▪ 上诉权Offensive right要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为 requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款）
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- ▪ 现有技术Prior art专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly
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- ▪ 上诉权Offensive right :-> 要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为 requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款）
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- ▪ 现有技术Prior art :-> 专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly
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- ▪ 防御性权利Defensive right以专利形式公开现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护。它可以阻止竞争对手为公开的发明申请专利。因此，尽早申请很重要·the disclosure of this prior art in the form of the patent is a defensive protection for the owner – it can block a competitor from patenting the disclosed inventionl· Therefore it is important to apply early（比如现在有一项技术，你和你的竞争对手都在研究。如果你提前把这个技术申请专利的话，那么这个技术就归你所有，别人就不能用或者用了要给你交钱，这样就能在技术上占据优势，来保护自己的公司。由于专利是先到先得，所以如果别人先申请了的话你就申请不了了）
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- ◦ 专利地域性：国际专利条约一般是指，在决定谁在其他国家享有优先权时，以你在自己国家的申请日为申请日
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- ◦ 专利的好处
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