diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T06_37_52.702Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-15T12_01_59.762Z.Desktop.md similarity index 60% rename from logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T06_37_52.702Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-15T12_01_59.762Z.Desktop.md index cca30e5..b3fbc47 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-09T06_37_52.702Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_09/2023-06-15T12_01_59.762Z.Desktop.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ - [[学习任务]] - - Test timetable - - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) - - Daily reflection [[Daily reflections]] - What I've done - Morning: Workout - - Afternoon: Review [[产品开发]] and [[数据库]] - - Night: Review [[Java]] + - Afternoon: Review [[产品开发]] and [[Java]] + - Night: Review 数电 学交 - What I've thought #thoughts - Mood - - [[产品开发]] + collapsed:: true - ## Topic 6 - 10 - collapsed:: true - - ### Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发 + - ## Topic 6 - Phase 1: Concept Development 概念开发 + id:: 6482bafb-b96b-44c3-834b-8b4966c1dc0c + collapsed:: true - What is Concept Development? 概念开发是什么 - The needs of the target market are identified Alternative product concepts are generated and @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ - This can be concluded as 图解如下 - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289806889_0.png) - #### Identify Customer Needs 用户需求是什么 - - to understand customers needs, + - to understand customers needs, then to effectively communicate them to the development team 和研发队伍沟通 The output of this step is: @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ for many or all of the needs 把用户的需求整理成加权列表 - #### Establishing target specifications 确立规格要求 - 1. Prepare the list of metrics, i.e. the technical or - manufacturing features of the product based on - the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表 + manufacturing features of the product based on + the customer needs 准备一些数据的列表 - 2. Collect competitive benchmarking information 竞争对手的产品性能 - 3. Set ideal and marginally acceptable target values 理想的和可接受的要求 - 4. Reflect on the results and the process 通过结果和进一步完善 @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fragments the team generates 系统地寻找解决方法 - The result of this activity is usually a set of 10-20 concepts – each is typically represented by a sketch - and a brief descriptive text 产生10-20个概念 + and a brief descriptive text 产生 10-20 个概念 - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289726119_0.png) - #### Concept selection 选一两个出来 - the activity in which various @@ -62,30 +62,30 @@ - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686289907417_0.png){:height 564, :width 688} - There are 5 stages to the screening and evaluation process: 用以下方式选择好的概念 - - 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the - previous slides can be developed further using a - scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试 - - 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to - explain a concept 和客户沟通 - - 3. Technical screen 在科技实现上咨询第一方和第三方的专家 + - 1. Initial screen - The key evaluation criteria given in the table on the + previous slides can be developed further using a + scoring model or weighted checklist 用之前的要求测试 + - 2. Customer screen - An informal discussion with customers to + explain a concept 和客户沟通 + - 3. Technical screen 在科技实现上咨询第一方和第三方的专家 - informal technical discussions with experts - extensive analysis by a 3 rd party - - 4. Final screen 最终测试 + - 4. Final screen 最终测试 - Involves the use of screening models and computer assessment programs - - 5. Business analysis 看下赚不赚钱 + - 5. Business analysis 看下赚不赚钱 - preliminary marketing plans, - technical plans, - financial reviews and - projected budgets - #### Concept testing 测试 - There are 7 steps to this process - - 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的 - - 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象 - - 3. Choose a survey format 格式 - - 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念 - - 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想 - - 6. Interpret the results 分析结果 - - 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进 + - 1. Define the purpose of the concept test 定义测试的目的 + - 2. Choose a survey population 选问卷调查的目标对象 + - 3. Choose a survey format 格式 + - 4. Communicate the concept 和目标对象沟通这个概念 + - 5. Measure customer response 客户怎么想 + - 6. Interpret the results 分析结果 + - 7. Reflect on the results and process 用结果改进 - #### Setting final specifications 最终规格 Target specifications are revisited after a concept has been selected and tested - #### Project planning 计划 @@ -98,31 +98,31 @@ - 拿出去卖亏不亏钱 - #### Benchmarking & modelling - 和竞争对手比较，品质行不行 - - 往年题考点 - - Prototypes (2019 - - Physical prototype, (5 marks) (2019 - - Analytical prototype, (5 marks) (2019 - - Comprehensive prototype. (5 marks) (2019 - - Costs (2019 - - Component costs, (5 marks) (2019 - - Support costs, (5 marks) (2019 - - Indirect allocations as part of Overhead costs. (5 marks) (2019 - - New products and New product development (2019 - - Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982) Classification Scheme (2019 - - Repositioning (4 marks) (2019 - - four (4) elements through which products can be differentiated (2019 - - the five alternatives that are open to the firm ( 2018 - - kinds of new products identified by Booz Allen and Hamilton ( 2018 - - four elements where values can be added to the basic or ‘core’ product to augment its appeal ( 2018 - - Product life cycle (2019 - - prototyping ( 2018 - - three phases of prototyping ( 2018 - - uses of prototypes ( 2018 - - system-level design (2019 - - product architecture (2019 - - key characteristics of modular and integral architecture. (2019 - - three (3) main types of modular architecture. (2019 - - IP ( - - the concept ( - - what sort of intellectual property copyright can protect and what form of protection it gives. ( - - benefits and limitations of using patents ( + - ## 往年题考点 + - ### Prototypes (2019) + - Physical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Analytical prototype, (5 marks) (2019) + - Comprehensive prototype. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### Costs (2019) + - Component costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Support costs, (5 marks) (2019) + - Indirect allocations as part of Overhead costs. (5 marks) (2019) + - ### New products and New product development (2019, 2018) + - #### Booz, Allen & Hamilton (1982) Classification Scheme (2019) + - Repositioning (4 marks) (2019) + - four (4) elements through which products can be differentiated (2019) + - the five alternatives that are open to the firm ( 2018) + - kinds of new products identified by Booz Allen and Hamilton ( 2018) + - four elements where values can be added to the basic or ‘core’ product to augment its appeal ( 2018) + - Product life cycle (2019) + - #### prototyping ( 2018) + - three phases of prototyping ( 2018) + - uses of prototypes ( 2018) + - ### system-level design (2019) + - product architecture (2019) + - key characteristics of modular and integral architecture. (2019) + - three (3) main types of modular architecture. (2019) + - ### IP ( 2018) + - the concept ( 2018) + - what sort of intellectual property copyright can protect and what form of protection it gives. ( 2018) + - benefits and limitations of using patents ( 2018) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_27_20.850Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-15T12_02_00.764Z.Desktop.md similarity index 88% rename from logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_27_20.850Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-15T12_02_00.764Z.Desktop.md index 5a349b2..8ffe6c9 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-11T09_27_20.850Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/journals/2023_06_11/2023-06-15T12_02_00.764Z.Desktop.md @@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ id:: 64856c09-6826-4ed3-b21e-380d43ea95a6 - What I've done - 上午看[[学交]]，写[[数据库]]题 + - 下午看[[产品开发]] + - 晚上看数电和毛概 - What I've thought #thoughts - Mood - @@ -402,6 +404,7 @@ 2. 如何评估项目状态？ 3. 团队可以采取哪些行动来纠正与项目计划不符的不良偏差？ - ## Topic 3: Opportunity Identification + id:: 648594af-3833-4991-a4c2-2e9c8430a122 collapsed:: true - Opportunity, definition and types - Definition: @@ -609,20 +612,105 @@ - 我们的筛选标准是否存在偏见，或者主要基于对最终产品成功的最佳估计？ - 结果的机会是否激发团队的激情？ - ## Topic 5: Identify Customer Needs (Preliminary of Concept Development) + id:: 64859157-dc41-453d-95ea-39e2280ea735 + collapsed:: true + - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) + collapsed:: true + - **Definition**: the function that links the consumer, customer + and public to the marketer through information + – information used + - **Goal**: + collapsed:: true + - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; + - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; + - to monitor marketing performance; + - to improve understanding of the marketing process + - When to use it? + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) - **Gather** raw **data** from customers - - **Market Research** for NPD (New Product Development) - - **Definition**: the function that links the consumer, customer - and public to the marketer through information - – information used - - **Goal**: - - to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; - - to generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions; - - to monitor marketing performance; - - to improve understanding of the marketing process - - When to use it? - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) - - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer - needs + logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true + - **Interviews**: One or more development team members discuss with a single customer + - **Focus groups**: A moderator facilitates a two-hour discussion with a group of 8 or 12 customers + - **Observing** the product in use + - **Surveys**: direct mail or web-based questionnaires; + - **Interpret** the raw **data** in terms of customer needs + logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true + - The data gathered in Step 1 then has to be used to + express the customers’ needs in terms of what the + product has to do, not in terms of how it might do + - Use positive, not negative phrasing + - Express the needs as attributes of the product - Organize **the needs** into a hierarchy of needs + logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true + - **Structure** the needs into + collapsed:: true + - **Must-haves** – *“I wont buy without”* + - **Delighters** – *“What an unexpected treat”* + - **Linear Satisfiers** – *“The more the merrier”* + - **Neutrals** – *“No big deal”* + - This is the *Kano* classification + - Consumer needs can be very **elusive** + - **Intuitions** are often wrong - Establish the **relative importance** of the needs - - **Reflect** on the results and the process \ No newline at end of file + logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true + - Measuring **preference** is central to market research + - **Reflect** on the results and the process + logseq.order-list-type:: number + collapsed:: true + - Questions to ask: + collapsed:: true + - Have we interacted with all **important customers** in + our target market? + - Can we see the **latent needs** of customers beyond + our current product range? + - Can we **further involve** any of the customers in our + product development? + - Did we involve the **right people** in our organisation? + - Can we **improve** our process? + - ## 第五主题：识别顾客需求（概念开发的初步阶段） + collapsed:: true + - **NPD（新产品开发）的市场调研** + - **定义**：通过信息将消费者、顾客和公众与营销人员联系起来的功能 + - **目标**： + - 识别和定义市场营销机会和问题； + - 生成、改进和评估市场营销行动； + - 监测市场营销绩效； + - 提高对市场营销过程的理解 + - 何时使用？ + ![image.png](../assets/image_1686475631266_0.png) + - 从顾客那里收集原始数据 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - **面谈**：一个或多个开发团队成员与单个顾客讨论 + - **焦点小组**：一个主持人与8至12位顾客进行两小时的讨论 + - 观察产品的使用情况 + - **调查**：直邮或基于网络的问卷调查； + - 将原始数据解读为顾客需求 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 然后，必须使用在步骤1中收集到的数据来表达顾客的需求，而不是以产品如何满足需求的方式来表达 + - 使用积极的、而非消极的措辞 + - 将需求表达为产品的属性 + - 将需求组织成层次结构 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 将需求分为以下部分： + - **必备项** - “如果没有这个，我就不会购买” + - **惊喜项** - “真是个意外的惊喜” + - **线性满足项** - “越多越好” + - **中立项** - “无关紧要” + - 这是*Kano*分类 + - 消费者需求可能非常难以捉摸 + - 直觉经常是错误的 + - 确定需求的**相对重要性** + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 测量**偏好**是市场调研的核心 + - **反思**结果和过程 + logseq.order-list-type:: number + - 需要问的问题： + - 我们是否与目标市场中的所有**重要顾客**进行了互动？ + - 我们能否看到顾客在我们当前产品范围之外的**潜在需求**？ + - 我们能否在产品开发中**进一步吸引**任何顾客的参与？ + - 我们是否在组织中吸引了**合适的人员**？ + - 我们能否改进我们的流程？ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_24.415Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T12_02_01.103Z.Desktop.md similarity index 95% rename from logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_24.415Z.Desktop.md rename to logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T12_02_01.103Z.Desktop.md index c0ad98d..7753156 100644 --- a/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-14T12_31_24.415Z.Desktop.md +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/总复习2023t1/2023-06-15T12_02_01.103Z.Desktop.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ - [[总复习2023t1]] {{renderer :todomaster}} + id:: 64895ec0-51b1-47d6-9243-404b6e52d576 - DONE [[Java]] {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true SCHEDULED: <2023-06-12 Mon> @@ -313,10 +314,10 @@ B. .维护世界和平问题 C. 反对霸权主义、强权政治问题 D. 建⽴国际经济政治新秩序问题 - A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 - B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 - C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 - D. 实现全⼈类的解放 + A. 提⾼中国的国际地位 + B. 维护世界和平，促进⼈类共同繁荣和发展 + C. 反对霸权主义和强权政治 + D. 实现全⼈类的解放 - extra:: 是全球的南北 id:: 64895ec0-83fb-4abe-9f80-566a43e15750 1. 和平与发展是时代的主题，**和平与发展**的核⼼问题是( {{c1 a}} ). #flashcard @@ -866,13 +867,12 @@ - DONE XML - DONE Data Mining - DONE NoSQL - - LATER Theory + - DONE Theory :LOGBOOK: CLOCK: [2023-06-04 Sun 16:27:23]--[2023-06-04 Sun 16:54:55] => 00:27:32 :END: - DONE Block 1 deck:: 2023t1/database - collapsed:: true - DONE DBMS - Database is :-> a shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. id:: 648974ba-3221-48b2-8f9c-2d9275174f48 @@ -954,10 +954,10 @@ id:: 648974ba-9b7a-4543-b243-e7a78cfc8175 - a ternary relationship is not the same as three binary relationships! - DONE basic concepts associated with Entity-Relationship(ER) model. - - LATER Forming sql queries + - DONE Forming sql queries - DONE Review relational algebra https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-relational-algebra-in-dbms/ - LATER review lab2 - - LATER SQL join + - DONE SQL join - DONE Block 2 - DONE EER - Most useful additional concept of EER model: @@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ - Process of minimizing differences between entities by identifying their common characteristics. - - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard + - Two constraints that may apply to a #flashcard id:: 64896085-645b-408f-b17a-109b6cd82aeb specialization/generalization: - participation constraints :-> Determines whether every member in superclass @@ -1006,13 +1006,15 @@ - The instances of a potential subclass participate in a relationship unique to that subclass. - DONE Designing databases - Understand Database Design Methodology #flashcard + id:: 6489a99e-3ed0-4673-814d-f823e4998168 - Conceptual database design - - The process of constructing a model of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. + - The process of constructing a **model** of the data used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations. - Logical database design - - Maps the conceptual data model on to a logical model (e.g. relational), but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations. + - Maps the conceptual data model on to a **logical model (e.g. relational)**, but i*ndependent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations*. - Physical database design - - The process of producing a description of the implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS); + - The process of producing a description of the **implementation of the database (tailored to specific DBMS)**; - general steps for Database Design Methodology. #flashcard + id:: 6489a9b5-14ea-4b2b-bd47-07b93ae94124 - Gather requirements - Conceptual database design - Logical database design @@ -1020,7 +1022,7 @@ - DONE SQL - purpose and importance of SQL. - SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2 - collapsed:: true + id:: 6489c210-8ab6-4a38-979a-01af7618a3a4 major components: #flashcard - A DDL for defining database structure. - Create table @@ -1043,9 +1045,8 @@ - Join tables together. - Use subqueries. - update database and formulate queries using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. - - LATER [#A] Write some SQL!! + - DONE [#A] Write some SQL!! - DONE Block 3 - collapsed:: true - DONE DB transaction management - DONE Deadlock and how it can be resolved. #flashcard id:: 64841da4-d8ce-46f5-bbe6-4dee620cde75 @@ -1064,7 +1065,6 @@ - One transaction's failure causes many to fail. - DONE ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability): A set of properties that guarantee the reliability and integrity of database transactions. #flashcard id:: 64841da4-0055-4d34-9f61-1402ff068ec7 - collapsed:: true - Atomicity: :-> The property that ensures a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit of work. It either executes all its operations successfully or rolls back to the initial state if any operation fails. id:: 64841d38-4ea9-4b76-8585-8b9de23915da - Consistency: :-> The property that ensures a transaction transforms the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. It maintains data integrity and adheres to defined business rules. @@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ - In the 2PL protocol, transactions acquire and release locks on database objects (e.g., tables, rows) in two distinct phases: the growing phase and the shrinking phase. - - DONE How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard + - DONE [#A] How timestamping can ensure serialisability. #flashcard id:: 64842000-07a7-4439-8ce6-7789e0a3358d - By using transaction timestamps and enforcing the read and write validation checks, concurrency control mechanisms can ensure that @@ -1130,40 +1130,41 @@ - First Normal Form (1NF): :-> This is the most basic level of id:: 648974ba-7334-4e73-a0ae-6b8fc6ec99ab normalization. In 1NF, each table cell should contain _only a single value, and each column should have a unique name_. The first normal form helps to eliminate duplicate data and simplify queries. - - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other + - Second Normal Form (2NF): :-> 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring that each _non-key attribute_ be ==dependent on the primary key==. This means that _each column should be directly related to the primary key_, and not to other id:: 648974ba-cc9e-4cdf-a312-3af1bcab23f2 columns. - - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring + - Third Normal Form (3NF): :-> 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring id:: 648974ba-f325-450e-aede-9a7d92bcf888 that _all non-key attributes are **independent** of each other._ This means that each column should be **directly related to the primary key**, and not to any other columns in the same table. - - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ + - Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): :-> BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other words, BCNF ensures that _each non-key attribute is dependent **only on the candidate key**._ id:: 64842000-c15a-4b8f-95c3-d6c6e49e4af0 - Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is a further refinement of BCNF that ensures that _a table does not contain any multi-valued dependencies._ - Fifth Normal Form (5NF): 5NF is the highest level of normalization and involves decomposing a table into smaller tables to _remove data redundancy and improve data integrity._ - Anomaly - Update Anomalies #flashcard + id:: 6489a420-c0cb-4360-b34f-26a3a01ff46a - Insertion anomalies - - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the - inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For - example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if - it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the + - If there is a new row inserted in the table and it creates the + inconsistency in the table then it is called the insertion anomaly. For + example, if in the above table, we create a new row of a worker, and if + it is not allocated to any department then we cannot insert it in the table so, it will create an insertion anomaly. - Deletion anomalies - - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or + - If we delete some rows from the table and if any other information or data which is required is also deleted from the database, this is called - the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, - if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of - Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the + the deletion anomaly in the database. For example, in the above table, + if we want to delete the department number ECT669 then the details of + Rajesh will also be deleted since Rajesh's details are dependent on the row of ECT669. So, there will be deletion anomalies in the table. - Modification anomalies - - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the - inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of - anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want + - When we update some rows in the table, and if it leads to the + inconsistency of the table then this anomaly occurs. This type of + anomaly is known as an updation anomaly. In the above table, if we want to update the address of Ramesh then we will have to update all the rows - where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, - then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to + where Ramesh is present. If during the update we miss any single row, + then there will be two addresses of Ramesh, which will lead to inconsistent and wrong databases. - - LATER Block 4 + - DONE Block 4 - DONE Distributed DBMS - DONE client server arch #flashcard id:: 648974ba-9c11-4816-9d5e-0623dc4d4d45 @@ -1190,7 +1191,8 @@ - Distribution Transparency: The database feels as a single, logical entity - Transaction Transparency: Ensures that all distributed transactions maintain distributed database’s integrity and consistency. - Performance Transparency: must perform as if it were a centralized DBMS. - - LATER advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases + - DONE advantages and disadvantages of distributed databases #flashcard + id:: 6489c210-385e-483b-aa5c-dbe688c5f43b - Advantages - Reflects organizational structure - Improved shareability and local autonomy @@ -1200,13 +1202,13 @@ - Economics - Modular growth - Disadbantages - - • Complexity - • Cost - • Security - • Integrity control more difficult - • Lack of standards - • Lack of experience - • Database design more complex + - Complexity + - Cost + - Security + - Integrity control more difficult + - Lack of standards + - Lack of experience + - Database design more complex - DONE XML - DONE XML definition and basic concepts #flashcard id:: 648974ba-afab-457e-9633-488450e9e16f @@ -1223,16 +1225,16 @@ - is a markup specification language - You can: design ways of describing information (text or data), usually for storage, transmission, or processing by a program (you can use it in combination with a programming language). - It says nothing about what you should do with the data (although your choice of element names may hint at what they are for). - - LATER Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard + - DONE Well-formed XML, Valid XML #flashcard id:: 648974ba-fb70-4207-8010-a8ddda35ccf7 - Adheres to basic structural requirements - Single root element - Matched tags, proper nesting - Unique attributes within elements - - LATER DTD, XSD + - DONE DTD, XSD - DTD: Defines the valid syntax of an XML document - XSD: a more comprehensive method of defining content model of an XML document. - - LATER Practice reading and writing XML, XSD + - DONE Practice reading and writing XML, XSD - DONE Data Mining - concept #flashcard id:: 648974ba-bf4c-4046-b7ce-510596ad421a @@ -1276,7 +1278,7 @@ - explain the application areas of NoSQL #flashcard id:: 648974ba-b39b-47b7-8b9f-ca9250bef8ba - NoSQL is an alternative, non-traditional DB technology to be - used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. + used in large scale environments where (ACID) transactions are not a priority. (low updates) - CAP theorem: #flashcard id:: 648974ba-910d-42ae-89a9-5017194f6827 - There are 3 main properties for distributed management: @@ -1285,10 +1287,25 @@ 2. Availability → Data is available, even if a server is down. 3. Partition Tolerance → A query must have an answer, even if the system is partitioned (unless there is a global failure). + - BASE: #flashcard + id:: 6489dbd1-f9aa-47fa-8e9f-dfb2c73eff3c + - **Basically Available:** + Instead of making it compulsory for immediate consistency, + BASE-modelled NoSQL databases will ensure the availability of data by + spreading and replicating it across the nodes of the database cluster. + - **Soft State:** + Due to the lack of immediate consistency, the data values may change + over time. The BASE model breaks off with the concept of a database that + obligates its own consistency, delegating that responsibility to + developers. + - **Eventually Consistent**: + The fact that BASE does not obligates immediate consistency but it does + not mean that it never achieves it. However, until it does, the data + reads are still possible (even though they might not reflect reality). - DONE Terms in: [chatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/c/db2ea8df-3bd0-4404-98ae-266afdd8fec1) - LATER Exercises - DONE past year exercise 1 - - LATER past year exercise 2 + - DONE past year exercise 2 - LATER past year exercise 3 - LATER [[产品开发]] {{renderer :todomaster}} collapsed:: true @@ -1315,4 +1332,4 @@ SCHEDULED: <2023-06-19 Mon> - {{embed ((647bf024-41f1-45e7-afaf-f49026e826d6))}} - ![2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg](../assets/2023-06-09-13-21-19.jpeg) -- +- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/总复习2023t1.md b/pages/总复习2023t1.md index 6d63cdb..023e0f3 100644 --- a/pages/总复习2023t1.md +++ b/pages/总复习2023t1.md @@ -1486,10 +1486,12 @@ - **Definition** :-> to develop new knowledge and apply scientific or engineering knowledge to connect the knowledge in one field to that in others id:: 64858d63-a50c-47ac-b805-f31a915f1be2 - Roles: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-7c92-47f1-b472-b961486ade03 - **Discovering and developing** new technologies Improving understanding of the technology in existing products - **Improving and strengthening** understanding of technologies used in manufacturing - **Understanding research results** from universities and other research institutions - Areas: #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-8615-41e8-a04c-750e66439bd7 - R&D for existing businesses - R&D for new businesses - R&D for exploratory research @@ -1543,6 +1545,7 @@ - 项目评价和优先级排序 Evaluate and prioritise projects - 如果能实施有效的管理，机会漏斗在一年中可以收集成百上千个机会，这些机会中有些对于企业的其他活动没有意义，因为在多数情况下，有太多的机会要求企业立即去把握。因 此，产品规划流程的第二步就是要选出最有希望的项目。对已有产品领域中新产品机会进行 评价和优先级排序时，需要仔细讨论以下四个基本方面：竞争策略、市场细分、技术曲线和产品平台。·In this step, the organisation is looking to decide which of the projects to pursue·There are four perspectives that can be used to assist in the evaluation and analysis of each of the projects l Competitive strategy l Market segmentation l Technological trajectories l Product platforms 在这么多提交上来的想法和项目中你要进行选择，选择一个好的项目最主要的是看它能不能挣钱。可以从以下四个角度去思考：1.技术曲线：有没有能力做成这个项目 2.产品平台：能不能做成一系列产品 3.市场细分：产品投放到哪，以及市场定位是什么 4.竞争策略：怎么在同类型产品中脱颖而出，占据市场 - 竞争策略 competitive strategy 决定了它在市场和产品上针对竞争者的基本运作方法 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-32ed-4584-af75-bc7392e2f6a9 * - ● 技术优势 (technology leadership): 为实施这一策略，企业必须强调新技术的研究和开发，并将其应用到产品开发流程中。 A focus on basic research and development of new technologies * - ● 成本优势 (cost leadership): 这一策略要求企业在生产效率上进行竞争，可以实行规模经济，使用先进的制造方法和低成本的劳动力，或者引入更好的管理生产系统。Competitive focus on production efficiency * - ● 以顾客为中心 (customer focus): 为实施这一策略，企业必须跟新老顾客保持密切联系以评价其需求和偏好的变化。精心设计的产品平台有助于快速开发拥有满足顾客 偏好的新特点或新功能的派生产品。这种策略将造就用来满足不同层次顾客需求的多种产品生产线。 The organisation works closely with customers to assess changing needs and preferences @@ -1551,6 +1554,7 @@ * - 技术曲线 Technological Trajectories 在技术密集型企业，产品规划的关键决策是什么时候在生产线上采用一种新的基本技术。When to shift to implementation of the new technology as part of the core product range * - 产品平台规划 Product Platform Planning 产品平台是指由一系列产品共享的一整套资产。通常，零件和部件是这些资产中最重要的部分。 一个有效的平台可以更快更容易地制造出许多衍生品，每种产品提供一个特定细分市场所需要的特点和功能由于平台开发项目在时间和资金上的消耗是衍生品开发项目的 2 ～ 10 倍，企业不可能使 每个项目都成为平台开发项目 - 评 价 全 新 产 品 的 机 会（这个不是四个基本方面里的，但 PPT 里写出来了，应该是指在四个基本方面结束/以外的评估方法）除了已有产品领域的新型产品之外，企业还将面对许多机会，如新的市场或全新技术。 尽管在使用新技术或为进入新市场而进行的产品开发中投入紧缺资源有很大风险，但是这 种投入对于定期更新产品组合是必要的 #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-a0fd-48ac-b086-2996279b109b - ● 市场规模(单位/年 · 平均价格) - ● 市场增长率(每年百分比) - ● 竞争激烈程度(竞争者的数量和实力) @@ -1877,6 +1881,7 @@ - Digital Project Management - Terms - **Digital Project Manager** :-> the glue that brings + id:: 648adeaf-2034-426d-ab31-c83d06e1c0b9 together many facets of a successful digital product— customers, design, engineering, operations, sales, marketing, finance, compliance, legal, and more. @@ -1886,6 +1891,7 @@ - **Experts in customer or user experience** who focus on how the product and associated services will be used by the customer, and who create the user interface, services and other interactions with the customers - **Sales and marketing experts**, who will actually get customers to use the product. - mistakes to avoid #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-6b3a-4fb1-afe9-fd8d786f6db3 - Having the _wrong data_ - _Resistance_ from staff - Underestimate _costs_ @@ -1893,8 +1899,10 @@ - A lack of _skills_ - ## Topic 10: Intellectual Property - 知识产权分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae540-d111-47d6-8742-5709ab330e29 - 专利 (patent):专利是政府向发明人授予的暂时垄断权，以排除他人使用该发明。在美国，专利有效期自其存档日期起共20年。“ 专利是个人或组织与国家之间的契约”专利是由政府授予的有限时间的垄断，作为交换，它向公众传授新的有用的知识 其目的是通过授予临时垄断来鼓励一个经济体内部的创造力和创新·a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention ¡ ·“a patent is a contract between an individual or organisation and the state¡· A patent is a limited-time monopoly, granted by government, in exchange for teaching the public new and useful knowledge ¡ ·The aim is to encourage creativity and innovation within an economy by granting a temporary monopolyThis means that individuals and organisations will know that any l· idea that is created from their R&D investment will be protected (if patentable), and l ·any Return On Investment (ROI) will be received by them and not others（也就是说个人和组织将知道他们所研发的想法将得到保护，同时任何投资回报（ROI）将由他们获得，而不是别人） - ◦ 专利分类 #flashcard + id:: 648ae546-f71a-4320-bb7c-15340bcd6e77 collapsed:: true - ▪ 设计专利(design patent)设计专利提供了一种法定权利，可以排除其他人用与设 计专利中描述的相同的装饰性设计来生产和销售一件产品。设计专利可以被看成是一件产品 装饰性设计的“版权”。 - ▪ 实用新型专利 (utility patent)美国法律允许为与下列事物有关的发明申请专利：新工艺、机器、制品、合成物，以及对 上述事物新的和有用的改进。Patents are granted to individuals and organisations who can lay claim to a new product or manufacturing process, or to an improvement of an existing product or process that was not previously known（只用记这个） @@ -1905,20 +1913,29 @@ - ◦ 新颖 (novel): 新颖的发明是还没有公开的，在现有产品、出版物或先前专利中未见的发明。新颖性的定义还与实际发明的披露有关。·‘an invention shall be taken as to be new if it does not form part of the ‘state of the art’ – the Patent Act 1977 section 2(1) (UK) ¡ ·A state of the art is defined as “all matter, in other words, publications, written or oral or even anticipated which will render a patent invalid在英国，如果你要申请一个专利，它必须从未在公众里出现过 - ◦ 创造性步骤Inventive step当对本领域技术人员来说不显而易见时，发明应被视为包括创造性步骤‘an invention shall be taken to involve an inventive step when it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art ‘ - ◦ 专利的花费The cost of patents #flashcard + id:: 648ae578-d2df-4a05-8b3f-c14cb0c6c9eb - ▪ 所需缴纳年费Annual fees required :-> 可能很贵组织必须权衡成本和收益l ·Can be expensivel ·Organisations have to weigh up the cost vs the benefits（如果一个专利需要每年交很贵的专利费，但是无法投入生产的话就会导致亏损） + id:: 648ae582-c9b5-4239-9d3b-8067a3537035 - ▪ 专利代理人Patent agents :-> 拥有科学知识或者法律知识的专家必须有专家来准备专利并检查他人侵权行为l ·Experts who have scientific or engineering and legal knowledge l· Experts will have to be paid to prepare patents and check for infringements by others + id:: 648ae585-7f30-4254-a523-9097bb9aa003 - ▪ 法院费用Court fees :-> 只拥有专利没有意义，除非能执行它可能意味着有昂贵的诉讼费l ·There is no point in having a patent unless you enforce itl ·This can mean expensive litigation in national courts + id:: 648ae587-c976-430d-9f2a-f1b4627252b7 - ◦ 关键术语Patents – Key Terms - ▪ 上诉权Offensive right :-> 要求专利所有人起诉侵权者，这很贵，专利侵权不会导致自动罚款，只有专利所有人会监督其他组织或个人的行为 requires that the patent owner sues the infringer l· This is expensive l· Patent infringement does not lead to an automatic fine, only the patent owner polices the actions of other organisations or individuals（也就是说如果别人侵犯了你的专利权，不会自动对他罚款，只有你发现并上诉了才能对他进行罚款） + id:: 648ae591-defb-43aa-8dbb-cc7da735911d - ▪ 现有技术Prior art :-> 专利中描述的发明，无论是否是要求保护的发明的一部分，都被法律系统认为是公知的an invention described in a patent, whether part of the claimed invention or not, is considered by the legal system to be known publicly + id:: 648ae594-2c94-4a76-b55c-7796c9b2b747 - ▪ 防御性权利Defensive right :-> 以专利形式公开现有技术是对所有者的防御性保护。它可以阻止竞争对手为公开的发明申请专利。因此，尽早申请很重要·the disclosure of this prior art in the form of the patent is a defensive protection for the owner – it can block a competitor from patenting the disclosed inventionl· Therefore it is important to apply early（比如现在有一项技术，你和你的竞争对手都在研究。如果你提前把这个技术申请专利的话，那么这个技术就归你所有，别人就不能用或者用了要给你交钱，这样就能在技术上占据优势，来保护自己的公司。由于专利是先到先得，所以如果别人先申请了的话你就申请不了了） + id:: 648ae597-8660-4209-bbf6-4e3a658f536c - ◦ 专利地域性：国际专利条约一般是指，在决定谁在其他国家享有优先权时，以你在自己国家的申请日为申请日 - ◦ 专利的好处 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5be-f9c8-49f4-9b6d-aa644128135b - ▪ 在专利期限内，只有所有者 (个人或组织 )才能从发明中受益。专利所有者可以自己在法商业上利用他们的想，也可以向其他机构收取专利使用费，从而找到一个替代收入来源。这在组织没有资源或市场知识来开发与专利相关的发明时特别有用·Only the owner (individual or organisation) can benefit from the invention for the duration of the patent·Patent owners can commercially exploit their ideas themselves or they can charge other organisations to use their patent – thereby identifying an alternative source of income¡ ·This is particularly useful where an organisation does not have the resources or market knowledge toexploit the invention associated with the patent（比如使用专利权/专有技术使用权入股） - ◦ 专利限制 collapsed:: true - ▪ 原则上，必须申请专利。申请专利的国家为了享有专利保护，专利申请应符合形式和实质要求，专利发明应向公众公开。这些要求在法律上和技术上可能很复杂，遵守这些要求通常需要法律专家的帮助。如果专利侵权，就要由专利所有人在法庭上为专利辩护，这对小企业来说可能非常昂贵，而且通常是不可能的。保持专利有效需要年费¡ ·A patent must be applied for, in principle, in each country in which you seek patent ¡ ·In order to enjoy patent protection, an application for a patent shall comply with both formal and substantive requirements, and a patented invention shall be disclosed to the public¡· These requirements can be legally and technically complex, and their compliance often requires a legal expert’s assistance ¡ ·It is up to the patent owner to defend a patent in the courts if there is infringement, which can prove very expensive and often impossible for a small business¡ ·Annual fees are needed to keep the patent in force首先是专利申请很难，你要符合专利申请的条件。其次申请后的专利应该向共中披露，对于有些公司来说可能不愿意公开。而专利又是个很复杂的事情，不仅要有技术专家还得请法律专家。如果侵权诉讼你要支付一笔昂贵的律师费用和其他费用，而且一般来说专利侵权能难界定，并且很难打官司同时每年还得上交专利年费。 - ◦ 专利里的内容 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5c8-e194-4a0a-ada3-3ac640729f64 collapsed:: true - ▪ ·发明领域¡ ·Field of the inventionl ¡ · - 描述解决的问题·Describe the problem addressed¡ @@ -1930,15 +1947,18 @@ - :实现本发明的最佳方式使用示例和实施模式·the best way to implement the invention Examples of use and modes of implementation - 要求这项发明到底是什么 Claims What exactly is the invention - ◦ 申请专利的六个步骤 #flashcard + id:: 648ae5e3-1eb4-4d37-97ce-c4226124d6ac collapsed:: true - ![image.png](../assets/image_1686824439230_0.png) - 商标 (trademark): 商标是政府授予商标拥有人的、与一类产品或服务相关的特定名 称或标志的排他性使用权。商标的基本功能是专门识别产品或服务的来源或原产地，因此它是原产地标记与商业形象、商誉密切相关。商标专用权产生于与商品和服务有关的标志的使用，它持续 10年，之后只要没有异议，它可以反复更新¡· The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so it serves as a badge of origin¡ ·Closely associates with business image, goodwilland reputation¡ ·Trademark exclusive rights arise from the use of the sign in relation to goods and services, it lasts 10years after which it can be renewed repeatedly for as long as there are no objections - ◦ 注册商标的法律要求 - ▪ 注册的法律要求 : #flashcard + id:: 648ae61f-665c-4e88-8801-17a4c6f34ed2 - 1.一个标志A sign - 2.与起源不同Distinctive as to origin - 3.能够以清晰、精确的方式表现出来Capable of being represented in a clearand precise manner - 某些标志永远不能注册 :-> 不是标志，没有特色，描述性，违反公共政策，欺骗性，等等。有些商标不能注册，因为市场上已经存在相同或相似的商标 + id:: 648ae62b-2880-4605-8aef-ebd61a95b160 - 产品外观设计designs for product appearance产品整体或部分的特征，特别是产品本身或其装饰的线条、轮廓、颜色、形状、纹理或材料只有其实际形状、结构、图案或装饰所赋予的外观才能得到保护，而不是任何潜在的想法它赋予所有者在其地理管辖范围内 (英国 /欧盟 )阻止任何人复制其产品外部设计的权利.在美国设计专利注册可以持续 25年，但必须每五年更新一次`A registered design protects the external shape of the productl `Only the appearance given by its actual shape, configuration, pattern or ornament can be protected, not any underlying idea ¡` It gives the owner the right to stop anyone copying the external design of their product, within their geographical jurisdiction (UK / EU)¡ ·In the US similar protection exists under the concept of a design patent¡ T·he registration can last 25 years, but it must be renewed at five-yearly intervals - ◦ 注册要求 - ▪ 1.新颖 @@ -1950,11 +1970,13 @@ - 2.版权授予专有权，如复制作品、向公众传播、提供或分发作品的权利 - 3.奏鸣曲将作为作者作品受到版权保护，奏鸣曲的录音将受到相关权利的保护1.It arises automatically from the moment it has beenfirst recorded and does not require any formal registration2.Copyright grants exclusive rights such as to the right to reproduce the work,communicate it to the public,make it available, or distribute it3.A sonata will be protected as an authorial work by copyright, a sound recording of the sonata will be protected by related rights - 知识产权战略：保护公司无形资产 #flashcard + id:: 648ae67f-8cbb-47cd-bb19-166f4a8d926d - 产品 /服务开发Product / service development - 知识产权保护IP Protection - 知识产权商业化IP Commercialization - 构思过程Ideation process - 知识产权定义 #flashcard + id:: 648ae68b-e450-490f-a0bb-90055a272ab7 - 知识产权，通常被称为 IP，是指由人类智力或创造性活动创造的无形资产。Intellectual property, often known as IP, refers to intangible assets created by human intellectual or creative activity - 知识产权允许人们像拥有有形财产一样拥有自己的创造力和创新。 Intellectual property rights (IPRs) allow people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property. - 所有者可以控制并从使用他们的知识产权中获得回报，这鼓励了进一步的创新和创造，对我们所有人都有好处。The owner can control and be rewarded for the use of their IP, and this encourages further innovation and creativity to the benefit of us all. @@ -1963,7 +1985,9 @@ - 系统级设计（System-level Design） 产品架构可以描述为 :“ 将产品的功能元素排列成物理块以及块之间相互作用的方案”功能性——有助于整体绩效的单个操作和转换.物理–实现产品功能的零件、组件和子组件（通俗来讲，顺序是完成相应功能的零件 component--->组件 chunks---->产品，产品架构就是以实体组件来实现产品的各功能单元，并使各组件相互作用的配置方案） Product Architecture can be described as: 1."the **scheme** by which the functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact” 2.**Functional** – individual operations and transformations that contribute to its overall performance 3.**Physical** – parts, components and subassemblies that implement the product’s functions - 目的 :-> 架构决策允许将这些物理模块的详细设计和测试分配给团队、个人和 /或供应商，以便不同部分的开发可以同时进行 Architectural decisions allow the detailed design and testing of these physical blocks to be assigned to teams, individuals, and/or suppliers, so that the development of different portions can be carried out simultaneously + id:: 648adea3-e0aa-4145-888e-45d2711be5ae - 模块化架构 Modular & integral architecture #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-b4ef-4ae0-aac3-74b22ee2c63a - ◦ 模块化架构 modular architecture 特点：1.各个组件分别实现一个或多个功能 2.组件之间的关系是明确的，这种关系往往是实现一个产品功能的基础 ·Each chunk implements one or a few functions entirely. ·The interactions between chunks are well defined. ·Modular architecture has simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform. 理解：当每个功能都只被一个组件完成时，并且组件之间的配合十分完美时，这种架构允许在不改变的情况下只改变一组而不影响整体功能。也就是说各个组件可以单独设计 - ▪ 槽形模块架构 Slot-modular (the most common type) 每个接口都与于其它接口类型不同，产品中的组件不能互换 Each of the interfaces between chunks in a slot-modular architecture is of a different type from the others – therefore the various chunks in the product cannot be interchanged 例子：汽车上的收音机接口与速度仪、仪表盘的接口都不同 - ▪ 总线模型 Bus-modular 有一个通用总线，其他组件通过同类型的接口连接到这个总线上 There is a common bus to which the other chunks connect via the same type of interface 例子：轨道照明 @@ -1972,6 +1996,7 @@ - Product change - ·Modular chunks allow changes to be made to a few isolated functional elements of the product without necessarily affecting the design of other chunks · - Motives for change include #flashcard + id:: 648afb1a-e204-4958-9376-00dff9d8890f - upgrades, add-ons, - adaptation, - wear, @@ -1979,7 +2004,9 @@ - , flexibility in use, - reuse - ▪Product **variety** l Variety refers to :-> the range of product models the firm can produce within a particular time period in response to market demand l Products built around modular product architectures can be more easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing system - - ◦ 集成化架构 Integral architecture 特点： + id:: 648adea3-42a7-4192-8e0e-9bd19e753f1d + - ◦ 集成化架构 Integral architecture 特点： #flashcard + id:: 648adeaf-dd91-4bd0-99fc-9e1ff3d553e3 - 1.产品的每个功能由多个组件组成 - 2.每个组件参与多个功能的单元实现 - 3.组件之间的互相关系不明确，这种相互关系对基本功能来说不重要 理解：不同于模块化结构，因为集成化结构的功能是由多个组件构成的，所以改变一个功能或者零件都涉及到多个组件的改变