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- ▪ 示意图 (schematic) 反映了开发人员对产品组成的认识； 不包含全部细节； 示意图不是唯一的
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- ◦ 对示意图中的元素(单元)进行聚类 (cluster) Cluster the elements of the schematic
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- ▪ 把示意图中的每个元素都划分到相应的组件中去； 为了控制这些选择的复杂性，可以假定每个元素都形成一个独立的组件，然 后在有利的情况下不断加以合并。为了确定哪些合并是有利的，需要考虑以下因素，这些因 素反映了前文所讨论的产品架构的内涵： #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-09a3-488f-8f99-58d7804d2e0b
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- • ·几何集成与精确性 Geometric integration and precision：把示意图中的几个单元集成到一个组件中，会使设计人员 <20><> 好地 控制这几个单元的实体关系。这样，就能使出于同一组件，需要精确定位或紧密集成 的单元得到最好的设计。 l·Assigning elements to the same chunk allows a single individual or group to control the physical relationships among the elements l ·Elements requiring precise location or close geometric integration can often be best designed if they are part of the same chunk
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- • ·功能共享 Function sharing： 当一个单独的实体组件可以实现产品的若干功能单元时，这些功能单元最 好集成在一起 When a single physical component can implement several functional elements of the product, these functional elements are best clustered together l For example, an integrated control panel on a car
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- • ·供应商能力 Capabilities of vendors： 一个可靠的供应商可能具有与产品开发密切相关的某种能力。为了很好 地利用这种能力，开发人员会把那些供应商有制造经验的单元集成到同一个组件中， 并交给供应商生产 ·A trusted vendor may have specific capabilities related to a project l· To best take advantage of such capabilities a team may choose to cluster those elements about which the vendor has expertise into one chunk
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@ -2032,6 +2033,7 @@
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-
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- ## ==Topic 12 / 13: Detail Design and Prototypes==
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- 此阶段的部门职责是 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-8ccf-4d7e-854d-5a9e89be62b0
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- ·营销Marketing
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- 制定营销计划 ·Develop marketing plan
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- 设计Design ¡
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@ -2045,6 +2047,7 @@
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- Define quality assurance processes 定义质量保证流程
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- 阶段 3 的输出是产品的控制文档,The output of Phase 3 is the control documentation for the product
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- 控制文件是The control documentation is: #flashcard
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id:: 648aff42-4eb9-44ef-a2b0-eb30eb9ca2c4
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- :描述要制造的每个零件的几何形状及其生产工具的图纸或计算机文件The drawings or computer files describing the geometry of each part to be made and its production tooling
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- 制造的过程描述和The process descriptions for the fabrication and
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- 产品的组装 assembly of the product
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@ -2052,7 +2055,9 @@
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- 什么是原型 :-> “依据一个或多个方面的兴趣而得到的产品的近似品”(an approximation of the product along one or more dimensions of interest)a smallscale modeli.e.¡ ·Industrial designers produce prototypes of their concepts, such as models¡ ·Engineers prototype a design¡ ·Software developers write prototypeprogramsPrototyping is the process of developing such an approximation of the product
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id:: 648adeaf-406c-446a-a293-4823cd212018
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- a 原型 (alpha prototype) :-> 通常用于评估产品是否按预期工作 Are typically used to assess whether the product works as intended
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id:: 648afdb9-4329-42c6-92eb-eb05e682abbb
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- β 原型 (beta prototype) :-> 通常用于评估可靠性和识别产品中的剩余缺陷 Are typically used to assess reliability and to identify remaining bugs in the product
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id:: 648afdb9-58e5-4934-bd39-d2bd66f0d417
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- ◦ Beta 原型在内部进行了广泛的评估，并且通常由客户在他们自己的使用环境中进行测试测试原型的目标通常是回答关于性能和可靠性的问题，以便为最终产品确定必要的工程更改 Beta prototypes are extensively evaluated internallyand are also typically tested by customers in their own use environment¡ The goal for the beta prototypes is usually to answer questions about performance and reliability in order to identify necessary engineering changes for the final product
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- 试产原型 (preproduction prototype)是整个公司生产的第一批产品生产过程 Are the first products produced by the entire production process
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- 软件模型、硬件模型（Soft Models、Hard Models）
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@ -2060,28 +2065,34 @@
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- 什么是原型化（prototyping）:-> 原型化是快速组装工作模型 (原型 )的过程，目的是测试设计的各个方面，阐明想法或功能，并收集早期用户反馈。Prototyping is the process of quickly putting together a working model (a prototype) in order to test various aspects of a design, illustrate ideas or featuresand gather early user feedback
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id:: 648acec3-1352-4b73-86df-d4c008305bb5
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- 原型的作用 Uses of Prototypes #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-f8f5-4bfc-8062-62b71f0af4be
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- 学习(learning):原型通常用于回答“它能否工作?”和“它满足消费者需求的程度如何?”。 当回答这类问题时，原型就作为学习的工具。Answering questions about performance or feasibility , such as“Will it work?”“How well does it meet the customer needs?”
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- 沟通（communication）沟通 (communication): 原型加强了开发团队与高层管理者、供应商、合作人、开发团队 扩展成员、消费者及投资者间的沟通。·Demonstration of a product to get feedbackfrom all stakeholders·A physical, tactile, 3D representation of aproduct is much easier to understand than averbal description or even a sketch of aproduct 例子：以一个可见的、能 触知的三维图形来表现一个产品，比语言草图描述更易理解。在 PackBot 概念开发中，通过利 用“可视、可感知”的原型，设计工程师、经理、供应商和顾客间的沟通得到加强。新的消 费者经常对 PackBot 底盘过于狭小不满意，然而，实物模型清晰地展示了有限的空间。
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- 集成 integration 原型用于确保产品的子系统及组件能如预期的一样协同工作。综合化的实体原型在产品开发项目中作为集成工具最为有效，因为它们要求零件、各部件间协调，并与零件组成一个产品。要做出这样的原型，需产品开 发团队成员相互协作。如果产品任何组件的组合妨碍了 产品的整体功能，这一 问题只能在综合化的实体原型中 通过集成来检测。·Prototypes are used to ensure that componentsand subsystems of the product work together as expectedl ·Comprehensive physical prototypes are the most effective as integration tools in product development projects because they require the assembly and physical interconnection of all of the parts and subassemblies that make up a productl ·The integration of the prototype forces coordination between different members of the product development teaml ·For example: alpha or beta test models
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- 里程碑 milestones 尤其是在产品开发的后期，原型用于验证产品在功能上已达到期望水 平。里程碑原型提供可触知的目标，表明了进展情况，并用来加强进度安排。Provide goals for the development team’s schedule· Milestone prototypes are defined in the product development project plan 这种原型的数量和它们的时间是整个开发计划的关键要素之一作为一个基本案例，开发团队应该考虑使用 alpha、 beta 和预生产原型作为里程碑 The number of such prototypes and their timingis one of the key elements of the overall development planl ·As a base case, the development team should consider using alpha, beta and pre-production prototypes as milestones¡ e.g. first testable hardware
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- 原型分类 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-5d76-4273-af44-f89d6adc854e
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- 实体/解析 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-e204-4ec9-ad13-a1a2a89e7cbb
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- Physical prototypes are :-> tangible artifacts created to approximate the product ¡ ·Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation ¡· Examples of physical prototypes include l ·models which look and feel like the product l ·proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly l· experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product 例子：一个木制的玩具模型
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id:: 648adea3-30f6-4214-ab85-0a41dbfffa93
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- Analytical prototypes :-> represent the product in a non-tangible, usually mathematical, manner¡ ·Interesting aspects of the product are analysed, rather than built 例子：数学分析、建模
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id:: 648adea3-43b4-4c38-8202-edd69837cf83
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- 综合/专一 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-046b-4558-b7db-116856c4b577
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- ◦ 综合 (comprehensive) :-> 能完成产品的绝大多数属性。·Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product¡ ·A comprehensive prototype corresponds closely to the everyday use of the work prototype – i.e. it is a full-scale, fully operational version of the product 例子：β 原型，用来给测试功能
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id:: 648adea3-d8ea-4659-a743-2089ecce3d97
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- ◦ 专一化原型 (focused prototype) :-> 只履行(完成)产品的某个或某些属性。一个普遍的做法是用两个或多个专一化原型一起探查一个产品的所有性能。这些 原型包括外观 (looks-like)原型和工作原理 (works-like)原型。通过制造两个分离的专一化原型，开发团队可以比制造一个综合化原型更早地解决问题。·Focused prototypes implement one, or a few, of the attributes of a product¡· Examples of focused prototypes include foam models toexplore the form of a product and wire wrapped circuit boards to investigate the electronic performance of product design¡ ·A common practice is to use two or more focused prototypes together to investigate the overallperformance of a product·By building two separate focused prototypes, the team may be able to answer its questions much earlier than if it had to create one comprehensive prototype
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id:: 648acfc3-52b6-457c-be20-de52d48db117
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- 选择原型类型的原则 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-30b3-4b79-9261-098c21872aa1
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- ·分析原型通常比物理原型更灵活 ·Analytical prototypes are in general moreflexible than physical prototypes
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- 需要物理原型来检测意料之外的现象 ·Physical prototypes are required to detect unanticipated phenomena
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- 原型可以降低高成本迭代的风险 ·Prototypes may reduce the risk of costly iterations
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- 原型可以加速其他开发步骤 ¡ ··Prototypes may expedite other development steps
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- A prototype may restructure task dependencies 示例 :在零件设计 -模具设计 -成型流程中添加原型制作步骤 原型可以重构任务依赖关系
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- 市场、技术风险还有综合模型成本之间的关系 :-> 总结起来就是技术、市场风险越高，制作的模型就越多。综合模型制造成本越高，制作的模型就越少。（**即风险和模型数量成正比，成本和模型数量成反比）**
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id:: 648afdb9-9b3e-464e-a381-6b6270c64efd
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- 制定原型计划（四步） #flashcard
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id:: 648adeaf-4219-4f20-a6fb-d82381a36dd7
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- 界定原型的目的·define the purpose of the prototype 原型的四个目的是：学习、沟通、集成和里程碑。在界定原型目的的过程中，开发团队列出具体的学习与沟通需求，也列出了集成需求以及这一原型是否作为整个产品开发项目中的一个里程碑。l ·The team lists its specific learning andcommunication needsl ·Team members also¡ ·list any integration needs¡· decide whether or not the prototype isintended to be one of the major milestonesof the overall product development project 例子：车轮原型的目的是决定车轮的抗震性能和安全性能。虽然学习原型的目的专注于性能，但开发团队还是要考虑材料的制造成本，其中，很多材料是不可铸造的，必须机加。
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- 整体步骤就是 :-> 1.确定目的 2.建立原型的近似水平，看是否有必要，或者要测试哪些方面 3.确定实验大纲 4.指定日期
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id:: 648ad052-defe-4065-92dc-9754c5fcc0af
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- 好处 Benefits of prototyping #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-5c43-4adb-b7a9-45fcd8b28d74
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- Reduce uncertainty
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- Make models with a defined purpose
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- Consider multiple forms of prototypes
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- Spin-out 通常是从大学或其他公司中分离出来的、基于某项技术或研究成果的企业项目，可能已经得到了某些技术或资金上的支持。而创业公司则是在任何地方创建的初创企业，不一定与任何大学或公司有直接关联。然而，如果一个 Spin-out 从大学或公司分离出来并作为一个独立的企业开始运营，那么它也可以被认为是一个创业公司。
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- 企业家 entrepreneur
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- Definition: :-> 拥有一家新企业或合资企业，并且承担固有风险和后果的全部责任·has possession over a new enterprise or venture·assumes full accountability for the inherent risks \nand the outcome
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id:: 648afdb9-8b0a-450f-a32f-360b652f6f50
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- 企业家精神/创业行为 Entrepreneurship
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- 它指的是 :-> 个人或团队通过创造新的商业机会、设计并开发新产品或服务、组织资源和着手实现创新的一系列行动和过程。 ·Entrepreneurship is the **practice of starting new** organisations or **revitalizing mature organisations**, *particularly new businesses* - generally in response to identified opportunities
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id:: 648afdb9-d3d8-4527-bd63-2b84df539122
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- 两种创新/企业家精神 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-cfc9-4215-972f-a19feed04e7d
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- 社会（social）\n 目的在造福社会而不是去赚钱，包括商业、公众等，如扶贫、环境、文化与艺术\n·Aim is to create social change rather than\nmake money Often involves business, public & charity organisations\n·Examples\nl poverty relief\nl environment\nl arts & culture
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- 技术 Technological\n·目标是获得独立性，以利用某项技术。\n·经常是由于在大公司中受挫而导致的。Aim is to gain independence to exploit a technology Often results from being frustrated in a large company
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- 影响成功创业的因素
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- 支持创业的组织 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-5804-4c67-ba71-df7abfda3c60
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- business incubators 企业孵化
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- science parks 科学园区
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- Non-Government Organisations
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- government
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- 小企业会面临的风险 #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-5cf5-43c6-9d96-b957e829cdb6
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- 努力工作，自己做大多数决定涉及相当大的风险融资成本高没有规模经济 Hard work, making most decisions on your own Considerable risks involved Costly to raise finance No economies of scale
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- 创业的优劣势
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- Advantages: #flashcard
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id:: 648b01b2-b79e-4a14-84b3-3009c7bd6e8f
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- Independence
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- Financial opportunities
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- Community service
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- Family employment
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- Challenge
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- Disadvantages: #flashcard
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id:: 648b01cc-3ccf-4336-a531-725d62f89bc7
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- Sales fluctuations
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- Competition
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- Increased responsibilities
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- 伙伴关系 Partnership
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- 两个或两个以上的人结合资源，形成合伙关系 双方(或多方)之间存在合同。Two or more people combine resources and form partnership, Contract exists between the two (or more) parties;
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- 条款包括:terms include: #flashcard
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id:: 648b024a-a6bd-4252-9a61-aecc0e8417f6
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- 各合伙人认缴的出资额The amount of capital subscribed by each partner
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- 如何确定利润并在合伙人之间分配How profits will be determined and allocated between partners
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- 合伙人的工资分配Salary allocation for the partners
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- 合伙企业的解散程序 Procedure for dissolving the partnership
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- 比如说你想开一家茶百道的奶茶店，你和茶百道总公司就构成了加盟关系。也比较类似于你和同伴合伙开一家公司，按照技术、资金投入占比进行股权分配和分红。当然要考虑到如果你不想在这个公司干了该怎么把钱拿回来，这就是退出机制（解散程序）
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- 有限责任公司 Limited Company #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-01bc-4cb9-9a0b-f74ad94fbe2c
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- 在这种情况下，有限意味着所有者不再对其公司的债务承担无限责任 在美国，这些被称为股份有限公司所有公司都有在公司投资的股东 所有公司都有董事，他们是由股东选出来管理公司的\n·Limited in this instance meaning that the owners no \nlonger have unlimited liability for the debts of their \ncompanies \n·In the US, these are known as incorporated \ncompanies \n·All companies have shareholders who have \ninvested in the company \n· All companies have directors who are selected by \nthe shareholders to run the company\n\n 公司所有者的个人财产和资产是与公司完全独立的，这意味着企业的债务不会由个人承担，仅限于承担其所持有的股份投资。这种特殊的财务安排可以帮助创业者控制风险并保护个人财产不受经营活动的影响。
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- 你是被技术驱动还是被市场驱动？ #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-d5d9-445b-a4c3-aa68dd432b3d
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- 市场驱动型就是根据市场需求来设计产品。
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- 技术驱动型就是发明出来一个技术后看这个技术能运用在哪，然后告诉用户这个技术有多棒
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- 谁是你的客户？ #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-7f1e-4250-8708-521b0671de67
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- B2C (business to consumer)
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- B2B (business to business)
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- 高科技创新企业是怎么样走到一起的
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- 工程师金钱
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- Technology Intellectual Property (Protection) The Vision (Where can the technology lead? Is there \na market for it) Personnel\nl Scientific leaders\nl Business managers\nl Fund Raisers\nl Scientists/Engineers Money
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- 创建高新企业的阶段\nThe stages for creating a hitech start-up #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-3129-4e6c-8322-a704741423a4
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- 1.评估机会-产生、评估和提炼商业概念 \nassess the opportunities - generate, evaluate & \nrefine the business concept
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- 2.制定商业计划并决定合资企业的结构 \nDevelop the business plan and decide on the \nstructure of the venture
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- 3.获得必要的资源和资金 \nAcquire the necessary resources and funding
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unauthorized access or misuse of the data that I
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agreed to share
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- Information Security x Privacy #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-e32c-41ca-aead-2d027d4c3fea
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- Information security and privacy are **closely related,
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but distinct concepts**
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- Privacy is :-> an individual’s right to control the use and
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- Security is the process; privacy is the result
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- Cybercrime
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- Cybercrime is :-> an act that violates the law, by using
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id:: 648afdb9-c1a5-4942-91b2-fb9a455b75ca
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information and communication technology (ICT) to
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either target networks, systems, data, websites
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and/or technology or facilitate a crime
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- Drivers of Cybersecurity #flashcard
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id:: 648afdb9-3c18-4a35-8f03-3252710b99c7
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- Legal and regulatory
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- Commercial
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- Technical
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id:: 648ae35f-8842-4358-93fd-1f6fa1bb72a4
|
||||
system – successful exploits of vulnerabilities
|
||||
- Relationship between a vulnerability and a threat #flashcard
|
||||
id:: 648afdb9-a664-4f39-9264-9962fc02e7ac
|
||||
- An organization does not have sufficient controls
|
||||
to prevent an employee from deleting critical
|
||||
computer files **(lack of controls – vulnerability).**
|
||||
|
|
@ -2374,6 +2402,7 @@
|
|||
organization and to evaluate and choose various
|
||||
security products and policies
|
||||
- Methods: #flashcard
|
||||
id:: 648afdb9-52cf-48f4-ab98-560e43a318b2
|
||||
- Categorize information
|
||||
- Identify legal obligations
|
||||
- Assess vulnerabilities, threats and risks
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue