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2-intelligent-transportation-system.md

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+# Intelligent Transportation Systems
+
+## Introduction to ITS: A key component in smart cities
+
+### Variants:
+
+    - Surface ITS
+    - Air transport
+    - Maritime
+
+### Methods and (information and communication) technologies (or bullshit buzzwords)
+
+- Fancy words used to achieve ITS, they are interconnected to each other
+- Also called features (? TODO verify in tutorial)
+- Smart sensing and computing
+    - Using mobile data
+    - Wearables sensing
+    - Vehicle based sensing
+- Smart performance
+    - Automation
+    - Real-time information
+    - Dynamic optimization
+- Smart Travel behavior
+    - Efficiency
+    - Reliability
+    - Safety
+- Smart Infrastructure
+    - Active travel
+    - Shared travel
+    - Data driven
+- Smart city planning and policy making
+    - Integrated development & Spatial planning
+    - Transportation & Traffic strategy
+    - Environment and public safety
+- Multi modal systems (????)
+
+### Examples in Smart City Planning and Policy Making
+
+- Smart intersections: reduce traffic jam, allow ambulance to pass with priority
+- Vehicle sharing
+- Active travel aka. walking: environment friendly
+- Public transport: Optimizes wait, and increases reliability
+
+## Reasons
+
+### Climate
+
+- Current situation: Climate changes leads to more extreme weather:
+    - Temperature
+        - Greenhouse gas emission
+    - Air pollution
+- ITS Vehicle features helps protecting the environment (Didn't elaborate):
+    - Speed vs. Pollutant: finding optimum speed for least $CO_2$
+    - BEV (Battery-based Electric Vehicles) vs. ICEV (Internal Combustion Engine
+      Vehicles):
+        - The emission of $CO_2$ during the life-cycle: manufacture, usage,
+          maintenance
+    - Optimizing the occupancy of public transport: the occupancy level (how
+      many people it holds) vs. The energy used
+        - $$Railways \gt Aircraft \gt Buses \gt LightVehicles$$
+
+### Safety
+
+- Current situation: Car accidents
+    - Driver failed to look properly
+    - Driver careless, reckless or in a hurry
+    - Failed to judge other's speed
+- ITS features can help to avoid accidents caused by drivers (Didn't elaborate)
+
+### Efficiency
+
+- Current situation: People spend a lot of time waiting for traffic jams
+- ITS feature can help reduce traffic congestion (Didn't elaborate)
+
+### Experience / Cost
+
+- ITS feature can help to improve public transport experience and cost.
+
+## Implementation
+
+### Implementing ITS with information and communication technology
+
+#### Information needed
+
+- Vehicle data
+- System data: infrastructure status, traffic, parking spaces
+- Intelligence: insights provided by data centers or cloud servers, by mining
+  data from the aforementioned sources or other sources
+
+#### Communication needed
+
+- Wireless
+- Mobile network
+- Road Side Unit (RSU): ICT(Information and Communication Technologies) gateway
+  deployed by the side of the road to facilitate wireless communication with
+  cars.
+
+### Vehicle to everything: V2X
+
+- Four types of communications
+    - V2V: Vehicle to vehicle
+    - V2I: Vehicle to infrastructure
+    - V2N: Vehicle to network
+    - V2P: Vehicle to pedestrian
+- Usage:
+    - Use RSU to connect to network
+    - Use V2I to monitor traffic
+    - Use V2V for safety and ADAS
+    - Use V2N to provide over the top cloud services
+
+### Data sources
+
+#### Smart Infrastructure: Road sensors
+
+- Disruptive vs Non-disruptive:
+    - ![sensors](./assets/2-sensors.png)
+
+#### Smart Vehicles: Vehicle mounted sensors
+
+- Radar: long range
+- Camera: efficient cost and FOV
+- Lidar: depth, mid range
+- Ultrasonic: Low cost, short range
+
+#### Vulnerable Road Users (VRU): Sensors carried by VRUS
+
+- Road safety in cities
+- Technologies:
+    - No tech: gesture
+    - Wireless tech: P2X cycle bag
+    - Visual tech: LED on cloth
+    - Control tech
+
+### Perception
+
+#### Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration System (VRCIS)
+
+- Integrates with cloud:
+    - Local: On board, millisecond level
+    - Cloud:
+        - Edge cloud, 100 ms
+        - Region cloud, seconds
+        - Central cloud, sub-minute
+- More processing the higher you go
+
+#### Collaborative perception
+
+- This is spatial only
+- Based on VRCIS, has a physical layer vs. cyber layer
+    - Physical layer(vehicle side, road side, VRU side) provides data /
+      insights, and send it to
+    - Cyber layer(edge, region, central cloud), which generates perceptual
+      fusion, then send it back to
+    - Physical layer, to give collaborative perception
+- Single Node: Perception Fusion Method
+    - Single view
+    - Multi view: many more sensors on a single node
+- Multi Node: collaborative view, vehicle side and road side donate data that's
+  coupled together, so a cloud can have better analysis
+
+#### Cross domain perception: not only spatial (shape), for example also traffic flow
+
+##### Macroscopic traffic flow: use image, spatial and time
+
+##### Microscopic: use many image
+
+## Summary: Smart mobility (Seems important)
+
+- Definition: Existing Transportation systems augment with ICT.
+- Intelligent vs. Smart:
+    - Intelligent when it offer insights and human act on these;
+    - Smart when it acts independently on insights in near-real time.
+- Reason:
+    - For safer, more efficient, more environment friendly, better experience,
+      more inclusive, and more.
+- Implementation:
+    - Deploy sensors in vehicles, roads, VRUs
+    - Allow them to communicate
+    - Allow them to exchange information with other infrastructure (e.g., mobile
+      network)
+    - Allow them to analyse/interpret data
+    - Allow them to communicate to generate collaborative knowledge